煤矸石山刺槐林分生产力及生态效应的研究

通过野外实地观测 ,对煤矸石山 9年生刺槐林分 (株行距 1 .5 m× 2 .0 m)的生长规律、生产力水平和生态效应及其制约因素进行了研究。结果表明 :林分树高、胸径和材积具有不同的生长节律 ,树高的速生期出现最早 ,生长高峰出现在 1年生 (年生长量 1 .6 5 m) ,以后逐渐下降 ;胸径速生期出现在 2～ 4年生 (年生长量 0 .6～ 1 .0 cm) ,4年生以后便明显下降 ;材积速生期出现在 3～ 6年生 (单株材积年生长量 0 .0 0 1 m3以上 ) ,7年生以后明显下降。林分胸高直径分布的顶峰极度偏左 (偏度 SK达 0 .5 889) ,细小林木个体数量偏多 ,林分密度偏大 ,应进行间伐调整。刺槐林分具有明显减小煤矸石山渗透速率、提高持水、供水能力的作用 ,林地植树带初始入渗率为 7.4 1 mm· min- 1,稳渗率为 1 .75 mm· min- 1;而对照坡面初始入渗率高达 1 3.0 3mm· min- 1,稳渗率为 2 .1 8mm· min- 1。林分能防止矸石山酸化、增加矸石山全 N量并促进 N素的有效化 ,刺槐林地的 p H值为 7.6 8,比裸露矸石山 ( p H5 .4 7)高出 34 .7% ;林地有机质含量为 2 6 .1 2 % ,比裸露矸石山( 1 9.2 0 % )高出 36 % ;全 N量和速效 N量分别为 0 .33%和 5 2 .95 mg·kg- 1,分别比裸露矸石山高出 4 3.5 %和 2 0 .8%。     

广西石山人工林灌草多样性与环境因子的关系

以广西石山人工林群落调查数据为材料,采用双向指示种分类(TWINSPAN)、冗余分析(RDA)和典范对应分析(CCA)研究了9个生境变量、1林分类型因子与石山人工林多样性、草本和灌木植物组成的关系。结果表明,坡位是影响石山人工林物种组成多样性的最主要因子,露石率和坡度对石山人工林林下有害物种分布影响最大。石山人工林林下植被组成的主要决定因素是生境因子(解释率23%~55%),而树种选择是次要因素(解释率11%~17%)。石山梯地人工林的有害草本种类多于坡地,梯地的有害灌木种类少于坡地。石山人工林的有害植物种类少于封山育林地。     

石山巴豆与毛果巴豆叶中挥发油成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取石山巴豆和毛果巴豆叶中的挥发油,利用GC-MS联用仪对其化学成分进行分析和鉴定,以归一化法计算各个化学成分的相对含量。结果表明:从石山巴豆叶鉴定出39种化合物,占总量的95.96%,主要成分是α-松油醇(17.57%)、桉树醇(11.13%)、乙酸松油酯(9.07%)、倍半水芹烯(8.52%)等;从毛果巴豆叶鉴定出55种化合物,占总量的97.8%,以反式-橙花叔醇(9.48%)、α-松油醇(7.51%)、桉树醇(6.43%)、乙酸松油酯(6.72%)为主要成分。两种植物叶中的挥发油成分均以萜醇、倍半萜烯为主,并且其中多种成分具有生物活性,因此研究结果可为石山巴豆和毛果巴豆的开发利用提供科学依据。     

白头叶猴食谱与觅食时间分配的研究

白头叶猴生活在喀斯特石山环境 ,以树叶为食。对其进行跟踪观察表明白头叶猴有食物 42种 ,其中乔木占 42 .8% ,灌木占 2 6.1 % ,藤本占 2 1 .5% ,草本占 9.6% ,食物组成中树叶占63%— 95% ,果实占 5%— 35% ,花占 0— 6%。白头叶猴有两种觅食方式 ,每天猴群有觅食高峰 2次。白头叶猴觅食的持续时间占日活动时间分配的比例在一年中有季节性变化 ,表现为夏天低冬天高 ,分别为 1 0 .0 3% (6月份 )— 2 3.2 1 % (1 2月份 ) ,这与食物的丰盛状况有关。     

岩溶石山台湾桤木生长表现及根瘤生物量特征

了解台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)在岩溶石山的生长表现以及根瘤生物量的特征,对石山植被的恢复与重建具有重要意义。该文采用典型样地调查方法对岩溶石山4.5年生台湾桤木与速生乡土树种任豆(Zenia insignis)、顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)进行了调查研究,并用方差分析方法进行统计和评价。结果表明:台湾桤木平均胸径、树高、材积和冠幅分别为8.39 cm、7.72 m、0.0271 m3和3.18 m,均大于任豆和顶果木,且差异达到极显著水平;台湾桤木冠长达6.01 m,分别比任豆和顶果木增加106.53%和70.25%;台湾桤木在岩溶石山表现出速生的特性。对台湾桤木样株的根瘤生长状况进行深入调查分析发现,台湾桤木根瘤生物量平均每株达52.77 g,根瘤在水平方向分布从树干基部至树冠投影范围均有生长,离树干50 cm与离树干50～100 cm范围的根瘤生物量相近,离树干100 cm至树冠投影范围的根瘤生物量最多,三个地段的根瘤分别占整株根瘤生物量的15.7%、16.9%、67.4%;大根瘤(直径≥1 cm)在离树干100 cm至树冠投影范围分布...     

黑叶猴在旱季对喀斯特石山生境的利用

2005年12月～2006年2月,对广西弄岗国家级自然保护区喀斯特森林中的黑叶猴行为进行观察。用瞬时扫描法收集黑叶猴的栖息地利用数据,以分析该物种在旱季对喀斯特石山的利用策略。研究结果表明,黑叶猴对不同坡向的选择有明显差异,其中东向比例最高,达到64.95%;其次是北向,占20.22%;南向和西向最少,分别占9.08%和5.74%。黑叶猴在旱季对坡向的选择可能与温度调节有关。黑叶猴对不同的山体部位的利用不尽相同,猴群对崖壁的利用比例(40.27%)明显高于山脚(29.52%)、山坡(22.18%)和山顶(8.04%)。黑叶猴主要选择崖壁作为休息场所,占总记录的55.92%;主要选择山脚作为觅食场所,占总记录的59.71%。还发现黑叶猴对乔木的利用率最高,占总记录的68.04%;其次为裸岩,占27.27%;灌木最少,仅为4.69%。黑叶猴对不同山体部位的利用差异可能与猴群对觅食利益和捕食风险的权衡有关。本研究为深入了解黑叶猴的石山适应策略提供了基础,也为该濒危物种的栖息地保护提供了依据。     

石山苣苔属的潜在适生区特征及其环境驱动变量

石山苣苔属(Petrocodon Hance)是著名的观赏花卉之一，但气候动荡和人类活动的强烈干扰，使其绝大部分被评估为极危(CR),至少也是易危(VU)以上。为重建末次间冰期以来石山苣苔属潜在适生区的时空变化，探讨适生区对环境变化的响应关系，为石山苣苔属的起源、地理分化研究和中国特有种质资源保护、园林开发利用提供理论指导，该研究结合120个分布记录和17个环境变量，应用优化的MaxEnt模型和地理信息技术(ArcGIS)对石山苣苔属在中国及中南半岛的适生区及其分布格局进行模拟，并基于逐步多元线性回归分析、冗余分析和蒙特卡洛检验评估影响石山苣苔属当前地理分布的主导变量。结果表明：(1)优化的MaxEnt模型的预测精度高，AUC值大于0.96;石山苣苔属当前适生区从中国西南部连续分布至越南北部，零散分布于中国中部和南部、块状分布于缅甸北部，其中以中国云贵高原南部为最佳适生区。(2)制约石山苣苔属当前地理分布的主导环境变量为最干月降雨量(bio14)、最热季度平均降雨量(bio18)、最湿季降雨量(bio16)、温度变化方差(bio4)、最冷月最低温度(bio6)、海拔(alt)。(3)在...     

南方塑料温室内不同降湿处理效应比较

在具南方区域代表性的广西贺州现代农业科技示范园内 ,以单栋塑料温室为研究对象 ,设置地膜覆盖、滴灌、对照 (常规栽培 ) 3个处理 ,在严格控制和统一安排水、肥、病、虫等田间管理措施的前提下 ,与对照相比较 ,从对温室内空气湿度的动态变化状况、土壤湿度的动态变化状况、番茄生长发育的动态变化状况的影响等多个角度 ,研究与探讨了地膜覆盖与滴灌处理的直接与间接降湿效应。结果表明 :(1)运用地膜覆盖与滴灌 ,均能明显降低温室内的月平均相对湿度与绝对湿度 ,具有明显的降湿效果 ,其中以地膜覆盖效果最佳 ,滴灌次之。与对照相比 ,两者分别能使温室内月平均相对湿度降低 3%～ 11% ,2 %～ 6 % ;月平均绝对湿度降低 0 .8%～ 4 .0 h Pa,0 .4 %～ 1.5 h Pa。 (2 )与对照相比 ,地膜覆盖与滴灌处理分别能使番茄植株矮化 7.19%～2 1.2 4 %、3.2 4 %～ 8.70 % ,基茎增粗 12 .96 %～ 2 3.39%、10 .19%～ 19.35 % ,平均单株叶面积增加 4 4 .10 %～ 91.92 %、30 .0 0 %～ 82 .5 0 % ,叶面积指数增加 0 .0 9%～ 1.4 7、0 .0 7%～ 1.36 ,群体生长率平均值增加 1.89g/ (m2· d)、1.15 g/ (m2· d) ,相对生长率平均值减少 0 .0 0 7g/ (g· d)、0 .0 0 8g/ (g·d) ,净同化率平均值增加 0 .6 6 g/ (m2· d)、0 .10 g/ (     

岩溶穴居性陆氏石山苣苔群落物种组成与生态位分析研究

根据对陆氏石山苣苔模式产地的实地调查与取样,采用定量分析的方法,研究了其模式产地草本植物群落中重要值排名前20的物种优势度、生态位宽度、生态位重叠值以及环境土壤肥力值。结果表明:(1)陆氏石山苣苔在其模式产地中具有明显的优势度,且在Levins、Hurblert生态位宽度指数测度下均排位第二,表明对原生环境中资源的利用程度高,但Pianka生态位重叠显示当产生竞争关系时陆氏石山苣苔总是处于竞争劣势,竞争能力薄弱。(2)岩溶洞穴环境中不同空间上的环境资源存在明显差异,导致物种间的生态位重叠值与种间关系的复杂性,需依据物种的生物学特性和对环境的需求进行区别研究。(3)陆氏石山苣苔模式产地的资源环境因素彼此之间存在一定的相互关系,这构成了一种保护机制,从而缓解了陆氏石山苣苔因其自身竞争力薄弱产生的生存压力,建议后期工作中应优先加强对其环境的保护。     

中国石山叶猴生态学研究进展

喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境.石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头...     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Kuth</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saussurea lappa</Emphasis>) cultivation in the cold desert environment of the Lahaul valley,northwestern Himalaya,India: arising threats and need to revive socio-economic values

Surveys were conducted in the cold desert environment of the Lahaul valley in the northwestern Himalaya for assessing the past and present status of Kuth (Saussurea lappa) cultivation. The findings reveal that this age-old practice now is in bottleneck. Main factors responsible for this setback to the species were the lengthy cultivation cycle, small land holdings, and even fluctuating and relatively low market prices. Owing to these constraints farmers have now started replacing cultivation of this threatened herb with pea (Pisum sativum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and hop (Humulus lupulus L.). These crops obtained popularity due to comparatively more economic returns as well as their easy adaptability to the short growth season of the cold desert environment. Kuth cultivation in this region is among the interesting examples of domesticating wild medicinal herb by some innovative farmers during the 1920s. However, in the recent past farmers have been less interested to continue this practice due to its larger cultivation cycle, more profits with cash crops like pea and potato, and permit formalities at the time of export from the valley. In addition to being the oldest cash crop in the cold desert environment, Kuth is an endangered medicinal herb that has to be conserved on a priority basis. This study attempts to find out potential measures such as regular revision of market rates, development of existing uncultivable land under medicinal plant cultivation and strengthening the marketing network through establishment of federations of farmers at village level to revive cultivation of this important species.     

鼎湖山马尾松群落能量分配及其生产的动态

对鼎湖山马尾松群落各组分热值、能量现存量、能量净生产量及群落太阳能转化效率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)乔木层马尾松各器官热值相差不大,为19.02~20.30 kJ/g(总平均 19.34 kJ/g);灌木层植物热值低于乔木层,为16.55~18.78 kJ/g(总平均17.82 kJ/g);草本层植物热值低于灌木层,为13.07~16.16 kJ/g(总平均15.03 kJ/g)。(2)群落能量总现存量随时间而增加,且组分分配比例因年份不同而异。在 1990、1995和2000年分别为167 141.4、270 295.9和321 294.3 kJ/m2,其中乔木层占93.4%、79.8%和86.7%,林下层占3.5%、10.6%和7.2%,而地表现存凋落物层仅占3.2%、9.5%和6.1%。(3)群落在1990~1995年和1995~2000年期间能量净生产每年分别为 1 7083. 2 kJ/m2 和 21 571. 8 kJ/m2,其中乔木层占 96. 6%和95 5%,林下层仅占3.4%和5.0%。所有能量生产量中,群落自身增长能量(即年能量存留量)占 72.7%和57.6%,而释放到其它子系统的能量占27.3%和42.4%。(4)群落太阳能转化效率在 1990~1995 年和 1995~2001年分别为0.759%和0.958%,10年平均为0.873%。     

岩黄连规范化种植标准操作规程(SOP)

该操作规程明确规定了岩黄连的种质特征、产地环境、种子标准、育苗技术、栽培技术措施、采收加工、外观品质、成分含量、农药残留以及包装、储运方法等。基地生产应用表明:生长一年采收,平均每株鲜重0.2~0.3kg平均每株产品约0.02~0.03kg;产品以干燥品计岩黄连总碱含量茎叶部不低于0.1%、根部不低于0.2%;产品各项卫生质量均达到国家相关规定。     

1055. Tricyrtis lasiocarpa Matsumura: Liliaceae

Tricyrtis lasiocarpa Matsumura is a deciduous perennial herb endemic to Taiwan, often cultivated for its attractive flowers produced from late summer in to autumn. Tricyrtis lasiocarpa is illustrated here, t. 1055; its introduction, horticultural merits and cultivation are discussed.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cyanotis arachnoidea and Their Ecological Significance

The photosynthetic characteristics of Cyanotis arachnoidea Clarke was studied through shading experimentation in pot culture. The effect of different shade level on the photosynthetic rate, the characteristics of photosynthetic organs and the bio-production of C. arachnoidea were compared. The main results are as follows: 1. C. arachnoidea was a C3 type solaphilic and shade tolerant herb. Its light saturation point was about 650 μmol · m-2 · s-1 and the light compensation point was about 17 μmol · m-2 · s-1. Its CO2 compensation point was about 130× 10-6. 2. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of C. arachnoidea was about 12.45 μmol · m-2 · s-1. The diurnal variation regularity of its photosynthetic rates exhibited a double peak curve in which the main peak appeared during 11: 00～12: 00, and the second around 15: 00. 3. 20%～50% shading favored the growth of C. arachnoidea. In comparison with those with control treatment, the content of chlorophyll b with 20%～50% of shading treatment increased by 47 %～83%, and the photosynthetic production increased by 12 %～18 % as a result of increase in the net photosynthetic rate (relative photosynthetic rate).     

Endemic species and ecosystem sensitivity to climate change in Namibia

We present a first assessment of the potential impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the endemic flora of Namibia, and on its vegetation structure and function, for a projected climate in ～2050 and ～2080. We used both niche‐based models (NBM) to evaluate the sensitivity of 159 endemic species to climate change (of an original 1020 plant species modeled) and a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) to assess the impacts of climate change on vegetation structure and ecosystem functioning. Endemic species modeled by NBM are moderately sensitive to projected climate change. Fewer than 5% are predicted to experience complete range loss by 2080, although more than 47% of the species are expected to be vulnerable (range reduction >30%) by 2080 if they are assumed unable to migrate. Disaggregation of results by life‐form showed distinct patterns. Endemic species of perennial herb, geophyte and tree life‐formsare predicted to be negatively impacted in Namibia, whereas annual herb and succulent endemic species remain relatively stable by 2050 and 2080. Endemic annual herb species are even predicted to extend their range north‐eastward into the tree and shrub savanna with migration, and tolerance of novel substrates. The current protected area network is predicted to meet its mandate by protecting most of the current endemicity in Namibia into the future. Vegetation simulated by DGVM is projected to experience a reduction in cover, net primary productivity and leaf area index throughout much of the country by 2050, with important implications for the faunal component of Namibia's ecosystems, and the agricultural sector. The plant functional type (PFT) composition of the major biomes may be substantially affected by climate change and rising atmospheric CO₂– currently widespread deciduous broad leaved trees and C₄ PFTs decline, with the C₄ PFT particularly negatively affected by rising atmospheric CO₂ impacts by ～2080 and deciduous broad leaved trees more likely directly impacted by drying and warming. The C₃ PFT may increase in prominence in the northwestern quadrant of the country by ～2080 as CO₂ concentrations increase. These results suggest that substantial changes in species diversity, vegetation structure and ecosystem functioning can be expected in Namibia with anticipated climate change, although endemic plant richness may persist in the topographically diverse central escarpment region.     

西双版纳原始热带季节雨林生物量研究

用标准木回归分析法（ 乔木、木质藤本） 和样方收获法（ 灌木、草本） , 研究了西双版纳原始热带季节雨林生物量及其分配。雨林总生物量为６９２－５９０ ｔ／ｈｍ２ , 其分配为： 乔木层占９８－６６ ％ 、灌木层占０－７６ ％ 、木质藤本占０－５０ ％ 、草本层占０－０９ ％ , 生物量主要集中于乔木层。乔木层生物量的器官分配向树干和树根集中： 树干占６９－８０ ％ , 树根占２１－５６ ％ , 树枝占７－７７ ％ ,树叶占０－７７ ％ ; 生物量径级分配向中等径级（６０ ～７０ ｃｍ） 和最大径级（１５０ ～１６０ ｃｍ） 集中; 生物量垂直分配向上层集中; Ⅰ亚层（ 高度＞ ４０ ｍ） 占６０－５５ ％ 、Ⅱ亚层（２０ ～４０ ｍ） 占３６－７２ ％ 、Ⅲ亚层（３ ～２０ ｍ） 占２－７３ ％ ; 优势种番龙眼生物量占乔木层的２０－０７ ％ ; 乔木层叶面积指数为６－９１ 。     

滇东南岩溶山地次生林土壤种子库储量与优势成分

采用样线取样与温室萌发实验相结合的方法 ,调查了滇东南典型岩溶山地次生林的土壤种子库储量及其优势成分。结果发现 ,岩溶山地次生林下贮存有丰富的植物种子 ,在厚度为 1 0cm的表层土壤中的种子储量变动于 493 0～ 1 493 0粒 /m2 之间 ,高于对照成熟林的 3 780粒 /m2 。在 1 0cm的垂直剖面上 ,单位体积的种子储量在厚度为 0～ 2、2～ 5、5～ 1 0cm的三个层面间逐渐下降 ,但 5～ 1 0cm土层内仍然储藏了大量的种子。三种次生林的乔、灌、草、藤的比例组成与对照成熟林的差异不大 ,无论是种子个体数量还是物种种类数都以草本为主 (平均为 85 .5 %和 69.9% ) ,灌木次之 (平均为 1 2 .8%和 1 9.4% ) ,藤本 (平均为 1 .6%和 4.2 % )和乔木 (平均为 0 .6%和 6.5 % )稀少。在所研究的三个次生林样地内种子数量处于前三位的种子都来自菊科的紫茎泽兰 (Eupatoriumadenophorum) ,胜红蓟 (Ageratumconyzoides) ,劲直白酒草 (Conyzastricta) ,一点红(Emiliasonchifolia)等四个物种中的三个种 ,与成熟林下的土壤种子库中前三位物种基本相同。土壤种子库与地表植被间的相似性较小。     

Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans, a halotolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, improves yield and content of secondary metabolites in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell under primary and secondary salt stress

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), an integral component of Indian Ayurvedic medicine system, is facing a threat of extinction owing to the depletion of its natural populations. The present study investigates the prospective of exploitation of halotolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in utilising the salt stressed soils for cultivation of B. monnieri. The effects of two salt tolerant PGPR, Bacillus pumilus (STR2) and Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans (STR36) on the growth and content of bacoside-A, an important pharmaceutical compound in B. monnieri, were investigated under primary and secondary salinity conditions. The herb yields of un-inoculated plants decreased by 48 % under secondary salinization and 60 % under primary salinization than the non salinised plants. Among the rhizobacteria treated plants, E. oxidotolerans recorded 109 and 138 %, higher herb yield than non-inoculated plants subjected to primary and secondary salinity respectively. E. oxidotolerans inoculated plants recorded 36 and 76 % higher bacoside-A content under primary and secondary salinity respectively. Higher levels of proline content and considerably lower levels of lipid peroxidation were noticed when the plants were inoculated with PGPR under all salinity regimes. From the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that, the treatments with salt tolerant PGPR can be a useful strategy in the enhancement of biomass yield and saponin contents in B. monnieri, as besides being an eco-friendly approach; it can also be instrumental in cultivation of B. monnieri in salt stressed environments.     

Age stages in the ontogeny of cultivated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis> C.A. Mey

The ontogeny of perennial polycarpic herb Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae) under plantation conditions was described. Three periods (latent, pregenerative, and generative) and eight age stages have been identified in the ontogeny of cultivated P. ginseng. The generative period of this species is the longest ontogenetic period, which determines the timing of its cultivation in plantations.