多肽类药物的发展及其在制剂学上的难点

近些年,随着多肽合成工艺逐步成熟和药物制剂技术不断提升,多肽类药物受到国内、外研究者的广泛关注,与之有关的研发工作陆续展开。临床医学中,多肽类药物主要用于治疗肿瘤、糖尿病、骨质疏松症等多种复杂疾病,应用价值较高。在健康理念越来越受到人们重视之际,摸清多肽类药物当前的发展现状是非常有必要的,并且要对制剂学上暴露的问题展开探究,这是文章研究的重点,最后对多肽类药物制剂的研究进行展望,提出的观点、阐述的策略仅供参考。     

蛋白多肽类药物制剂的研究进展

相对于其他的给药途径,蛋白质多肽类药物的口服、经鼻、肺部给药途径更具可行性和商业价值。利用制剂学方法可提高蛋白质多肽类药物生物利用度。通过蛋白多肽类给药系统的评价,对近年来国内外此类药物在剂型、体内外稳定性及生物利用度等方面的研究进展予以综述。     

多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体的研究进展

脂质体做为多肽、蛋白类药物一种新型给药载体有控制药物释放、降低药物的毒性、提高药物的靶向性等突出优点,具有广阔的应用前景。本文通过查阅近10年来多肽和蛋白类药物脂质体研究的相关资料,总结论述了脂质体作为多肽、蛋白类药物载体在新的制备方法、新型脂质体、给药途径、产业化进展四个方面的最新研究动向,指出了多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体在研究应用中存在的不足,并展望了多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体未来发展的方向。     

蛋白多肽类药物长效化技术研究策略

多肽/蛋白质类药物普遍存在体内半衰期短的问题,使其应用受到了限制。近年来,蛋白质半衰期的研究取得了很大的进展,许多技术已经被提出并测试延长治疗性蛋白的作用时间,如与其他蛋白基因融合(免疫球蛋白域或血清蛋白,如白蛋白)、与聚合物结合(PEG化修饰、聚唾液酸化、HEP化等)。这些技术主要基于本身较长的半衰期及循环机制调控以延长多肽/蛋白质类药物的半衰期。针对上述的多种长效化方式及相关产品进行了综述与讨论,以期为此类药物的长效化研究提供思路。     

多肽类药物的研究进展

多肽在包括细胞增殖分化、免疫防御、肿瘤病变等在内的生命活动过程中起着至关重要的作用。自 1953 年首个人工合成的具有生 物活性的多肽问世至今,全球上市的多肽药物有 80 多个,有大量多肽药物进入临床研究。多肽类药物具有独特的优势：活性显著、特异性 强、毒性较弱,在体内不易产生蓄积,与其他药物的相互作用比较少。综述了目前国内外多肽药物的发展情况,希望对从事多肽类药物研 发的同行有所帮助。     

我国大麦醇溶蛋白多肽的多态性研究

对22个省的大麦农家品种487份和3个近缘野生种的10份材料,应用SDS-PAGE、IEF及双向电泳(IEF、SDS-PAGE)进行了醇溶蛋白多肽多态性的研究,主要结果如下:(1)B醇溶蛋白多肽多态性十分显著。经SDS-PAGE可分出16种带型,归为α、β、γ、ω四组,不同的多肽带型中间也有一些多肽是共有的;(2)5种带型的地理分布表明,具有同种带型的品种分布于一定的地理区域;各区域品种所具有带型类型的数目虽然不同,但表现出一定的趋向,这种趋向似与大麦进化和生态区域有关;(3)近缘野生大麦的带型有的与农家品种带型相似,有的则相异;但一些农家品种的带型在供试近缘野生种中还未找到与之相近的带型;(4)初步讨论了醇溶蛋白多肽多态性在品种鉴定上的应用和作为栽培大麦生态区域划分辅助手段的可能性。     

长效化融合蛋白药物及其药动学分析技术的研究进展

融合蛋白技术应用于生物制药行业已超过25年,其目的为改善原来天然蛋白的性质,从而具有新的理化特征和生物学功能,其中最为显著的特点是改善了小分子蛋白及多肽半衰期短的缺陷。基于该技术所诞生的融合蛋白类药物已成为当前生物药研发的热点。结合已上市融合蛋白类药物,通过与传统多肽蛋白类药物比较,重点突出融合蛋白类药物自身特点,主要从融合抗体Fc段和人血清白蛋白以延长小分子蛋白及多肽半衰期的角度对融合蛋白药物长效化策略进行评述;对融合蛋白类药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的显著特征进行概述;综述该类药物在体内的分析技术并指出当前分析技术的优缺点及发展方向,为长效化融合蛋白药物的设计、分析研究与开发提供依据和思路。     

利用蝎毒素分子骨架的蛋白质工程

利用蝎毒素的 α/β骨架设计新的多肽和蛋白质,不仅对于研究毒素本身结构和功能多样性十分重要,同时也为设计和开发新的多肽类药物提供了广阔的前景。本文就该领域的一些概况做一简要的介绍。     

皂苷类药物的制剂研究进展

皂苷类药物普遍分子量比较大,水溶性好,但不易透过细胞膜难以被人体吸收,因此口服制剂体内生物利用度较低.近年来对单体皂苷及总皂苷类药物制剂方面的研究越来越多,随着新型的给药系统和新辅料的出现,皂苷类药物在体内的生物利用度大大提高.本文主要介绍以单体皂苷或总皂苷活性部位为主药的制剂研究进展,以期为该类成分的进一步研究提供思路.     

环糊精及其衍生物在多肽/蛋白质类药物非注射给药体系中的应用

目前,多肽/蛋白质类药物多数需要采用注射剂型给药以确保其生物利用度。开发易于给药、病人顺应性高以及治疗费用更低的非注射剂型是非常有意义的。然而,多肽/蛋白质类药物直接进行非注射给药的生物利用度通常非常低,需要制备具有设计功能的载药系统,例如加入不同比例的酶抑制剂、吸收促进剂等以提高生物利用度。环糊精及其衍生物由于其能与客体分子形成包合物的特性,以及对粘膜的促渗透作用等,在多肽/蛋白质药物的非注射给药系统中获得了日益广泛的应用。综述了近年来环糊精及其衍生物在多肽/蛋白质类药物非注射给药体系中的应用情况。     

Antitumor drugs possessing topoisomerase I inhibition: applicable separation methods

Separation methods for antitumor drugs capable of topoisomerase I inhibition were reviewed in this study. Camptothecin (CPT) its related analogues seemed to be promising anticancer drugs that exhibit topoisomerase I inhibition. This group of compounds contain a closed α-hydroxy-δ-lactone ring (lactone form) that can undergo reversible hydrolysis to form the open-ring form (carboxylate form). In vitro pharmacological study showed that the antitumor activity of the lactone form was higher than that of the carboxylate form. Thus a quantitative method to separate these two forms is important to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these compounds. Nevertheless, current separation methods are complicated by the pH-dependent instability of the lactone moiety. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorometric detection has been widely used for the quantitation of the drug as the intact lactone form or as the total lactone carboxylate forms in biological matrices. In this report we reviewed current applicable chromatographic techniques for further bioanalytical studies of CPT derivatives including sample preparations, HPLC columns, mobile phases and additives.     

提高蛋白质和多肽类药物代谢稳定性的研究进展

蛋白质和多肽类药物在体内存留时间的长短极大地影响到药物的使用剂量和治疗效果。本文综合现有的资料,对包括蛋白酶的作用、物理和化学变化、给药方式等影响该类药物代谢稳定性的因素以及相应的解决方案作一综述。     

Approaches to rapid screening of pharmaceutical xenobiotic effects on microalgae via monitoring of photosynthetic apparatus condition

Journal of Applied Phycology - Pharmaceuticals (mostly antibiotics and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) are hazardous micropollutants (HMP). Incomplete degradation of the HMP leads to their...     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of the anti-Covid 19 agent,remdesivir, in vials and spiked human plasma

Following the sudden widespread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) which first appeared in Wuhan city. Remdesivir (REM) was the first medicine licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19 infected hospitalized patients. Hence, there was an urgent demand for the optimization of efficient selective and sensitive methods to be developed for the determination of REM in pharmaceuticals as well as biological samples. A sensitive and simple green spectrofluorimetric method has been developed to determine REM in pharmaceutical formulation, in addition to, spiked human plasma. The technique involves measuring the native fluorescence of REM in distilled water at 410 nm followed by excitation at 241 nm, giving a linear relationship over the range 50.00–500.00 ng/mL, and then improving the sensitivity of REM through micellar formation using 2.00% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A linear relationship has been obtained over the range 10.00–350.00 ng/mL having detection and quantitation limits of 2.34 and 7.10 ng/mL, respectively. Different analytical parameters have been carefully studied. A validation study has been conducted successfully in accordance with the FDA and the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. The developed methods' greenness was assessed utilizing a greenness profile and analytical eco-scale standards. Both methods were discovered to be environmentally friendly and could be successfully used for the determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma with good accuracy and high precision. As a result, the developed spectrofluorimetric methods could be ideally suited for determination of REM in quality control and medicinal laboratories.     

Determination of illicit and/or abused drugs and compounds of forensic interest in biosamples by capillary electrophoretic/electrokinetic methods

The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods in forensic toxicology for the determination of illicit and/or misused drugs in biological samples is reviewed in the present paper. Sample pretreatments and direct injection modes used in CE for analysis of drugs in biological fluids are briefly described. Besides, applications of separation methods based on capillary zone electrophoresis or micellar electrokinetic chromatography with UV absorbance detection to (i) analysis of drugs of abuse, (ii) analysis of other drugs and toxicants of potential forensic interest and (iii) for metabolism studies are reviewed. Also, alternative CE methods are briefly discussed, including capillary isotachophoresis and separation on mixed polymer networks. High sensitivity detection methods used for forensic drug analysis in biological samples are then presented, particularly those based on laser induced fluorescence. A glimpse of the first examples of application of CE–mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology is finally given.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽衍生多肽RHMP的重组制备及促角膜损伤修复的初步研究

利用基因工程技术高效制备具有促进角膜损伤修复功能的垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)衍生多肽RHMP,并在体外研究其生物学效应,为角膜疾病的治疗提供了新思路。采用基因重组技术表达重组肽RHMP,经Chitin-Beads柱纯化、HPLC及SDS-PAGE、质谱鉴定后,研究其对小鼠角膜损伤修复的影响。实验结果表明:利用基因重组技术制备的PACAP衍生多肽RHMP的分子量为3.4kDa,纯度为96%;将重组肽作用于创伤后的小鼠角膜,12h、24h、36h、48h后角膜修复率分别为(49.58±1.74)%、(93.66±3.39)%、(99.6±0.43)%、(99.8±0.14)%,而对照组修复率分别为(9.76±1.58)%、(29.02±1.63)%、(55.10±1.49)%、(78.59±2.52)%,P<0.001,差异具有统计学意义,重组肽RHMP可显著促进小鼠角膜损伤修复。因此,利用以上确立的表达、纯化策略,可实现新型基因重组PACAP衍生多肽RHMP的高效制备,重组多肽RHMP可快速有效地促进损伤角膜的修复,从而有望成为一种新型角膜损伤治疗药物;同时,建立的小鼠角膜上皮损伤模型可用于相关药物的生物学效应研究。     

Comparison of the physicochemical properties of a biosimilar filgrastim with those of reference filgrastim

Recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (filgrastim) is a therapeutic protein used primarily to reduce incidence and duration of severe neutropenia and its associated, and serious, complications. We have developed a biosimilar filgrastim (Hospira filgrastim; Nivestim?) designed to be comparable to Amgen filgrastim (Neupogen^®).An extensive characterization study assessed the physiochemical similarity of Hospira filgrastim to Amgen filgrastim. Both drugs were supplied in 1 ml glass, single-use, prefilled syringes (five batches of each product at 480 μg/0.5 ml and one batch of each product at 300 μg/0.5 ml). Samples were evaluated using state-of-the-art analytical methods (validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use or Pharmeuropa guidelines) to determine physicochemical properties, molecular characteristics, purity and biological activity. Samples were compared after long-term storage at 2–8 °C and storage at 40 °C (stress conditions) to evaluate their degradation impurity profiles.Hospira filgrastim and Amgen filgrastim were shown to have similar physicochemical properties, molecular characteristics, purity and biological activity. No significant differences in product-related impurities were recorded between Hospira filgrastim and Amgen filgrastim following storage for 12 weeks under stress conditions. These data show that the physicochemical profile of Hospira filgrastim is similar to that of Amgen filgrastim.     

Expert system for protein engineering: its application in the study of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and avian pancreatic polypeptide

Lucifer is a suite of programs for the conformational study of drugs, proteins and other biomolecules. The overall architecture and operation of the suite is outlined with worked examples. New procedures are also described for the identification of secondary structure template similarity based on theorem-proof algebra and for the rapid evaluation of the hydrophobic packing of a protein conformation. These are discussed in relation to the molecular-graphics modelling of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Although Lucifer is of proven worth for the study of biological peptides and for protein modelling against homologues, its applicability to de novo protein structure prediction is untested. A preliminary study of avian pancreatic polypeptide is of this character and is described here. The results of the above attempts are both informative and promising.     

The instability within: problems in current analyses of microsatellite instability

Microsatellite instability is regarded as one of the phenotypes of defective DNA mismatch repair and, consequently, as a marker of high risk for cancer. Despite numerous studies, the reported rates for positive microsatellite instability differ widely in each human malignancy. These discrepancies may relate to problems in the methods used. To establish a methodology for an accurate microsatellite instability analysis, technical requirements for a precise assay and biological conditions required for positive microsatellite instability were discussed. First, to describe microsatellite changes in detail, a sensitive detection system with linear detection characteristics and electrophoresis with standardised migration and minimised migration errors are considered to be necessary. Therefore, systems using fluorescent labelling and laser scanning are recommended. For reproducible polymerase chain reactions, it is essential to control the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in Taq polymerase. Second, as a biological condition for positive microsatellite instability, feasible selection and combination of microsatellite markers, mutations in specific DNA mismatch repair genes and existence of monoclonal populations enriched sufficiently in a sample are essential. Finally, one possible diagnostic criterion for positive microsatellite instability is proposed, that is the existence of one of the patterns shown in the panel (see Fig. 6) at one or more loci in a set of more than five microsatellite markers.     

Isolation and characterization of skin-type, type I antifreeze polypeptides from the longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus

The antifreeze polypeptides (AFPs) are found in several marine fish and have been grouped into four distinct biochemical classes (type I-IV). Recently, the new subclass of skin-type, type I AFPs that are produced intracellularly as mature polypeptides have been identified in the winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) and the shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). This study demonstrates the presence of skin-type AFPs in the longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus), which produces type IV serum AFPs. Using polymerase chain reaction-based methods, a clone that encoded for a type I AFP was identified. The clone lacked a signal sequence, indicating that the mature polypeptide is produced in the cytosol. A recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli and antifreeze activity was characterized. Four individual Ala-rich polypeptides with antifreeze activity were isolated from the skin tissue. One polypeptide was completely sequenced by tandem MS. This study provides the first evidence of a fish species that produces two different biochemical classes of antifreeze proteins (type I and type IV), and enforces the notion that skin-type AFPs are a widespread biological phenomenon in fish.