毛喉萜对小鼠骨髓细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞表面胰岛素受体和GM－CSF受体的下调作用

放射性标记受体分析表明毛喉萜可以降低小鼠骨央细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞表面的胰岛素和粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子受体数目,而且对ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的作用有剂量和时间依赖性,经ＦＳＫ处理的巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶活性增加,微丝更加舒展。     

优化mRNA翻译起始区提高人粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子在E．coli中的表达

人粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）是一种重要的造血生长因子．利用基因重组技术构建两个ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ表达菌株,一个为在不改变氨基酸顺序的前提下,对ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区核苷酸顺序进行优化突变（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｍ））,另一个为未突变的对照（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ））．经酶切电泳、ＤＮＡ测序、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ等分析鉴定,证明两者均能表达特异性的１４．６ｋＤｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ,但ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｍ）的表达水平较ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ）提高了１．２６倍,占菌体总蛋白的１６．９％．ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区二级结构预测分析表明,优化突变后生成自由能ΔＧ从原来的－１０．２提高至－９．４Ｋｃａｌ,ＡＵＧ从部分配对状态变为非配对状态．     

重组人GM－CSF／MCAF融合蛋白抗血清的制备与鉴定

重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）和人单核细胞趋化激活因子（ＭＣＡＦ）融合蛋白经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５和ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＦＦ两步柱层析,获得了电泳纯的ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ／ＭＣＡＦ融合蛋白。为进一步研究其结构与功能,我们以纯化的该融合蛋白为抗原免疫家兔制备抗血清。ＤｏｔＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ试验表明,该抗血清效价高、特异性好,可分别与ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ／ＭＣＡＦ、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ和ＭＣＡＦ发生反应。     

重组人GM－CSF／MCAF融合蛋白抗血清的制备与鉴定

重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）和人单核细胞趋化激活因子（ＭＣＡＦ）融合蛋白经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５和ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＦＦ两步柱层析,获得了电泳纯的ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ／ＭＣＡＦ融合蛋白。为进一步研究其结构与功能,我们以纯化的该融合蛋白为抗原免疫家兔制备抗血清。ＤｏｔＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ试验表明,该抗血清效价高、特异性好,可分别与ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ／ＭＣＡＦ、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ和ＭＣＡＦ发生反应。     

粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子诱导的巨噬细胞外向K+电流的特性

以粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ,１６ｎｇ／ｍｌ）长期（０．５－６ｄ）刺激小鼠腹腔渗了的巨噬细胞,采用全细胞膜片箝技术研究在ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ刺激过程中细胞膜电流的变化,观察到一种ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ诱导的瞬间失活的外向Ｋ电流,该电流在生理电压范围内可发生稳态失活,且当施加０．５ＨＺ的去极化脉冲刺激时其失活具有频率依赖性。该电流对胞外４－ＡＰ高度敏感,胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度「Ｃａ＾２＋」升主可抑制其幅度,     

优化mRNA翻译起始区提高人粒—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子在E.coli…

人粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）是一种重要的造血生长因子。利用基因重组技术构建两个ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ表达菌株,一个为在不改变氨基酸顺序的前提下,对ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区核苷酸顺序进行优化突变（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｍ））,另一个为未突变的对照（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ））。经酶切电泳、ＤＮＡ测序、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ等未突变的对照（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ））。经酶切电泳、Ｄ     

GM—CSF介导的造血细胞增殖及调控失调肿瘤发生

粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ －ＣＳＦ）是一个生血因子，通过与靶细胞上相应受体结合，激活生长调节的信号转导途径，使细胞分裂增殖，维持粒细胞，巨噬细胞在数量及功能上的稳定状态。目前很多资料已证实ＧＭ －ＣＳＦ不仅介导正常血细胞增殖，还以自分泌或旁分泌方式，在有癌基因编码蛋白调控的信号转导途经中，使细胞恶性转变及失控增长     

用逆转录病毒载体表达人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子

应用基因工程的方法,将含有巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）启动子的基因片段和人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）的ｃＤＮＡ,克隆进逆转录病毒载体Ｎ２Ａ,得到重组质粒Ｎ２Ａ／ＣＭＶ／ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ．经脂质体包装并转染包装细胞,通过Ｇ４１８药物筛选,得到抗性克隆。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍｂｌｏｔ检测证实,ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因已整合到该克隆细胞的染色体上,获得的逆转录病毒滴度达１０￣４ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ,克隆细胞培养上清用ＴＦ－１细胞可检测到ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ活性。     

从噬菌体文库中筛选潜在的GM—CSF的拮抗剂

以粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）为筛选文库的靶分子,通过高效筛选（Ｈｉｇｈｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｕｔｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ,ＨＴＳ）方法来筛选多种多肽噬菌体文库,在一个以噬菌体主要蛋白质为载体的多肽噬菌体文库中筛选到了一些与ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结合的多肽,并通过了ＥＬＩＳＡ和微淘选（ｍｉｃｒｏｐａｎｎｉｎｇ）实验的证实,这些多肽先导化合物经过进一步的优化,可能成为ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ细胞因子的拮抗剂。     

人重组GM－CSF／HAS－D3嵌合蛋白（GM－HSA）在大肠杆菌中的表达及其产物稳定性的研究

将人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）和人血清白蛋白第三功能区（ＨＡＳ－Ｄ３）的基因串联后,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中获高效表达,表达量占菌体蛋白的３２．６％．利用ＴＦ－１体外细胞活性测定表明,ＧＭ－ＨＳＡ的活性单位为１．０４×１０~６Ｕ／ｍｇ,虽然其比活性低于ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ,但比后者具有更高的体外热稳定性和储藏稳定性．     

Up-regulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors in murine peritoneal exudate macrophages by both GM-CSF and IL-3.

Murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) display multiple CSF receptors. In this study, the expression of granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF receptors in PEM was studied. PEM displayed over 5000 single type, high affinity GM-CSF receptors/cell with a Kd = 38 to 42 pM and an apparent molecular mass of 86,000 Da. Treatment of PEM with low, but not high, concentrations of recombinant murine (rMu) GM-CSF continuously for 24 h resulted in a marked up-regulation of GM-CSF receptors in PEM. A similar up-regulation of GM-CSF receptors also was detected in PEM cultures treated with rMuIL-3 (1-100 ng/ml) for 24 h or longer, regardless the doses of rMuIL-3 added in this case. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding showed that the enhanced binding activities in both cases were due to an increase in total number of GM-CSF receptors rather than changes in receptor affinity. Contrariwise, treatment with recombinant human macrophage-CSF (greater than 100-1000 ng/ml) partially inhibited the expression of GM-CSF receptors in PEM. Removal of rMuGM-CSF from culture medium 24 h after treatment led to a further up-regulation of GM-CSF receptors over a 4 to 24-h period, depending on the doses of initial treatment. On the other hand, removal of rMuIL-3 from culture medium after prolonged treatment did not result in further increase in GM-CSF receptors. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abrogated GM-CSF receptor up-regulation induced by both rMuIL-3 and rMuGM-CSF, whereas actinomycin D inhibited only the second (8-24 h) phase of GM-CSF receptor up-regulation induced by exposure to high concentrations rMuGM-CSF (10 ng/ml). These findings suggest that rMuGM-CSF and rMuIL-3 up-regulate GM-CSF receptors in PEM in part through similar or identical metabolic pathways and provide further evidence of a close linkage between IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors.     

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ensures macrophage survival and generation of the superoxide anion: a study using a monocytic-differentiated HL60 subline.

A large number of constituents, such as growth factors, cytokines, and vasoregulatory molecules, contribute a network of cellular interactions to atherosclerotic lesions, and current evidence suggests that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of these constituents. We conducted this study to determine whether GM-CSF has an effect on the fate and function of macrophages. We examined the effect of GM-CSF on macrophages in vitro with a highly inducible HL60 subclone (HL60/DU-1) that we recently established. HL60 cells have been reported to preserve functional GM-CSF receptors, but a GM-CSF allele was rearranged and partially deleted. HL60/DU-1 cells were devoid of GM-CSF immunoreactivity and of autocrine stimulation of GM-CSF. HL60/DU-1 cells fated to die soon after terminal differentiation of macrophages by 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) treatment. We found cell death to be mediated mainly by necrosis, not apoptosis, as confirmed by DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis, morphological observation under a fluorescence microscope, and assay of lactate dehydrogenase release. Exogeneously administered GM-CSF rescued cells from necrotic death and caused them to survive and generate superoxide anions. We also conducted immunohistochemical analysis on an atherosclerotic human artery. Macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells were found to be GM-CSF positive in an atherosclerotic lesion. In summary, GM-CSF, which is produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, is thought to act in an autocrine and a paracrine fashion as a necrosis-inhibiting factor against arterial macrophages. This unique function may play an important role in ensuring survival and promoting function in atherosclerotic lesions.     

Characterization of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine derived from activated T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages. It stimulates myeloid and erythroid progenitors to form colonies in semisolid medium in vitro, as well as enhancing multiple differentiated functions of mature neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils. We have examined the binding of human GM-CSF to a variety of responsive human cells and cell lines. The most mature myelomonocytic cells, specifically human neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, express the highest numbers of a single class of high affinity receptors (Kd approximately 37 pM, 293-1000 sites/cell). HL-60 and KG-1 cells exhibit an increase in specific binding at high concentrations of GM-CSF; computer analysis of the data is nonetheless consistent with a single class of high affinity binding sites with a Kd approximately 43 pM and 20-450 sites/cell. Dimethyl sulfoxide induces a 3-10-fold increase in high affinity receptors expressed in HL-60 cells, coincident with terminal neutrophilic differentiation. Finally, binding of 125I-GM-CSF to fresh peripheral blood cells from six patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia was analyzed. In three of six cases, binding was similar to the nonsaturable binding observed with HL-60 and KG-1 cells. GM-CSF binding was low, or in some cases, undetectable on myeloblasts obtained from eight patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. The observed affinities of the receptor for GM-CSF are consistent with all known biological activities. Affinity labeling of both normal neutrophils and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced HL-60 cells with unglycosylated 125I-GM-CSF yielded a band of 98 kDa, implying a molecular weight of approximately 84,000 for the human GM-CSF receptor.     

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments the primary antibody response by enhancing the function of antigen-presenting cells

Purified, recombinant-derived murine granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor was found to enhance the primary in vitro immune response to SRBC by murine spleen cells. In determining the mechanism of this augmentation, it was found that only splenic adherent cells and neither resting nor activated T cells nor B cells expressed specific receptors for GM-CSF. When splenic adherent cells were pulsed briefly with GM-CSF before addition to macrophage-depleted cultures, they reconstituted the PFC response to a significantly greater degree than did control macrophages. Splenic adherent cells incubated overnight with SRBC plus GM-CSF were also more efficient antigen-presenting cells than splenic adherent cells incubated with antigen alone. The mechanism of this enhanced antigen presentation was found to be due to a GM-CSF-dependent increase in the level of IL 1 secretion and Ia antigen expression. Consistent with these data was the finding that GM-CSF augmented IL 2 production by splenic T cells in response to suboptimal concentrations of Con A. Finally, the day 5 in vivo antibody response (as measured by serum titers) of mice immunized with a low dose of SRBC was enhanced by two daily inoculations of GM-CSF. Thus, the role that GM-CSF plays in augmenting immune responses may not be solely accounted for by its ability to cause the proliferation or differentiation of macrophages, but more than likely includes its ability to enhance the function of antigen-presenting macrophages.     

Direct evidence for an intracellular role for IFN-gamma. Microinjection of human IFN-gamma induces Ia expression on murine macrophages

An intracellular action for IFN-gamma was detected by using microinjection technology. Human IFN-gamma (huIFN-gamma) does not ordinarily act on murine cells because it fails to bind to murine cell surface receptors. However, when huIFN-gamma was microinjected into murine macrophages, a time and dose-dependent induction of Ia was detected by autoradiography on the surface of injected and neighboring cells. These results imply a direct role for internalized IFN-gamma and show that huIFN-gamma, although it fails to be recognized by murine cell surface receptors, can act internally on murine cells. The effect on Ia gene expression induced by microinjected huIFN-gamma was in part indirect: granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) was released by IFN-gamma-injected macrophages, and this secondary mediator appeared to induce Ia on neighboring cells, inasmuch as anti-GM-CSF blocked Ia induction. Anti-GM-CSF also partially blocked Ia induction by extracellular murine IFN-gamma on murine macrophages. Thus, at least some of the Ia induction attributed to IFN-gamma was mediated by GM-CSF.     

PU.1 regulation of human alveolar macrophage differentiation requires granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is critically implicated in lung homeostasis in the GM-CSF knockout mouse model. These animals develop an isolated lung lesion reminiscent of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) seen in humans. The development of the adult form of human alveolar proteinosis is not due to the absence of a GM-CSF gene or receptor defect but to the development of an anti-GM-CSF autoimmunity. The role of GM-CSF in the development of PAP is unknown. Studies in the GM-CSF knockout mouse have shown that lack of PU.1 protein expression in alveolar macrophages is correlated with decreased maturation, differentiation, and surfactant catabolism. This study investigates PU.1 expression in vitro and in vivo in human PAP alveolar macrophages as well as the regulation of PU.1 by GM-CSF. We show for the first time that PU.1 mRNA expression in PAP bronchoalveolar lavage cells is deficient compared with healthy controls. PU.1-dependent terminal differentiation markers CD32 (FCgammaII), mannose receptor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) are decreased in PAP alveolar macrophages. In vitro studies demonstrate that exogenous GMCSF treatment upregulated PU.1 and M-CSFR gene expression in PAP alveolar macrophages. Finally, in vivo studies showed that PAP patients treated with GM-CSF therapy have higher levels of PU.1 and M-CSFR expression in alveolar macrophages compared with healthy control and PAP patients before GM-CSF therapy. These observations suggest that PU.1 is critical in the terminal differentiation of human alveolar macrophages.     

Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages.

The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica was found to survive unharmed and to multiply for several days in normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, when infected monolayers were treated with GM-CSF, there was a continuous decrease in the percentage of infected cells, reaching less than 10% on day 4 in culture, compared to about 30% in normal controls. Microscopic observations showed an increased number of dead parasites in GM-CSF treated infected cells. Within 5 hr of incubation with GM-CSF, almost 40% of intracellular parasites showed morphologic damage, compared to less than 10% in untreated cells. Pretreatment of macrophage monolayers with pure GM-CSF before infection led to an increased level of phagocytosis of L. tropica parasites as reflected by the percentage of infected cells and the increased number of parasites in each infected cell. GM-CSF treated cultures showed 73% infected cells containing a mean of five parasites per cell, as compared to controls in which only about 50% of macrophages were infected with only two parasites per cell. The number of dead parasites per cell was 5-fold higher in the GM-CSF treated cultures at 2 hr. After 24 hr the percentage of infected GM-CSF treated cells was less than one-third that in the control cultures.