血小板在凝血中作用的动力学模型及仿真

在生化实验的基础上提出了血小板在凝血中作用的动力学模型,通过定性分析和数值模拟,得到：系统的启动存在一阈值,该阈值与血小板和凝血因子作用的吸附解离常数有密切的关系,即与血小板的存在与否直接相关;血小板的激活比率对系统的正平衡点的稳定性有重要的影响,与凝血启动后的最终状态有关;当刺激强度较小时,因子Ⅷ和Ⅸ对系统的解在定性与定量上没有明显的影响;当刺激强度较大时,因子Ⅷ和Ⅸ在凝血瀑布机制中起级联放大作     

凝血系统相关基因突变及表达异常与高血凝

摘要高血凝是动脉粥样硬化(As)的危险因子,在As的发展中具有重要作用。凝血系统、抗凝系统、纤溶系统及其它相关基因的突变及表达异常导致高血凝的产生。凝血系统的凝血因子V基因、凝血酶原基因、组织因子基因,抗凝系统的血栓调节蛋白基因、抗凝血酶Ⅲ基因,纤溶系统的纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1基因,均与高血凝密切相关。     

凝血因子Ⅷ

人凝血因子Ⅷ(抗血友病因子)是凝血内部级联途径(intrinsic clottingcascade)中起重要作用的血浆糖蛋白。A型血友病或称古典血友病是由于不正常的凝血因子Ⅷ引起的,10万名男性中发病率约为10—20人。近十年来,人们关于凝血因子Ⅷ,特别是它的基因和蛋白分子结构方面的知识日益增加。这篇综述总结了人凝血因子Ⅷ的结构和基因的分子克隆以及血友病的遗传诊断及治疗方面的新进展。     

溃疡性结肠炎对凝血-纤溶系统激活现象的探讨

目的:通过对活动期和缓解期溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者凝血和纤溶系统各指标的检测和对比,探讨肠炎对凝血-纤溶系统的激活作用。方法:以20名缓解期溃疡性结肠炎患者为对照,检测20名活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者体内凝血和纤溶系统各指标,包括血小板计数、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血因子Ⅻ、Ⅺ、Ⅹ、Ⅸ、Ⅷ、Ⅶ、Ⅴ、Ⅱ,纤维蛋白原和D二聚体(D-D)。结果:活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者体内凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅹ、Ⅸ、Ⅷ、Ⅴ、Ⅱ因子以及血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平显著高于非活动期患者,其他指标没有显著差别。结论:活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者凝血-纤溶系统处于激活状态,提示肠炎可以激活凝血-纤溶系统。     

脓毒症致凝血异常发生机制的研究进展

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,其病情凶险,死亡率高。凝血异常是脓毒症的主要特点之一,是多方面因素共同作用的结果。在脓毒症的发生发展过程中,炎症因子既可以激活凝血级联反应又可以抑制抗凝系统和纤维蛋白溶解系统,最终导致其凝血活性增强,炎症诱导的凝血紊乱进一步促进和加重炎症反应。而脓毒症患者的高凝状态可导致静脉血栓栓塞甚至DIC的发生,引起了研究者们的广泛关注。本文将就脓毒症致凝血异常发生机制的研究进展做一综述。     

活血化瘀法治疗肾小球疾病31例体会

肾小球疾病的病因,以免疫炎症为主,也有凝血、纤溶系统的参与.由于凝血因子作用增强,抗凝活性降低,纤溶抑制因子增加,造成高凝状态,影响疾病的转归和预后.     

谁将克隆染色体?

美国Genentech公司和遗传研究所公司的两个研究小组已能分离和克隆编码凝血系统主要成分之一的人凝血因子Ⅷ的基因,分析了它的核苷酸序列,推测了由氨基酸合成相应的大蛋白质分子的方式,甚至设计了大量制造凝血因子Ⅷ的系统。这在技术上是一大成功,但也留下了一些重要问题尚待回答。     

蛇毒凝血酶原激活组分的研究概况

<正>蛇毒是一类复杂的具有多种生物学活性的蛋白质和蛋白多肽。目前已经分离纯化出许多作用于血液凝固酶促级联反应过程中的一个或多个环节的蛇毒组分,包括FⅡ、FⅤ、FⅦ、FⅩ等激活剂以及直接使纤维蛋白原凝聚的蛇毒凝血酶样酶。蛇毒蛋白中有一类凝血毒素作用于血液凝固酶促级联反应,发挥止血作用,作用方式:(1)激活内源性和外源性凝血途径中的各种凝血因子,从而促进血液凝固。(2)激活凝血酶原,从而发挥凝血作用。(3)直接使纤维蛋白原变成纤维蛋白,即类似凝血酶样作用[1]。现已在临床上广泛     

组织因子与肿瘤靶向治疗

组织因子(tissue factor,TF)是一种分子量为47kD的跨膜糖蛋白,作为凝血因子Ⅶ的受体启动外源性凝血过程。近年来,人们发现组织因子在肿瘤血管生成和肿瘤细胞转移过程中也发挥重要作用,并且在针对组织因子的肿瘤靶向的治疗方面取得了一些重要进展。     

重组人活性凝血因子Ⅶ及其应用

人凝血因子Ⅶ(FⅦ)是一种维生素K依赖的单链糖蛋白,在体内凝血过程中发挥着重要的作用。重组人活性凝血因子Ⅶ(rhFⅦa)在血管损伤处与组织因子结合后产生足够的凝血酶,从而触发凝血瀑布。rhFⅦa于1999年由美国FDA批准上市(Novo Seven),尽管结构与血浆提取的FⅦa存在差异,但两的功能是完全一致的。临床研究表明,rhFⅦ对血友病、血小板减少症和血小板功能障碍、严重创伤、大面积外科手术的止血具有令人满意的止血效果。rhFⅦa由于安全有效,成为治疗血友病、外科创伤出血等的替代疗法。     

Hemostatic mechanisms and malignant tumors

The mutual relationships between malignant tumours and mechanisms of blood coagulation are presented in a brief survey. In this connection, the mechanisms of a tumour cell entering the circulation through the vessel well and its leaving into the tissues are discussed, the theory of microtrauma being used for explaining these processes. Subsequently, the alterations to be found in the count and function of thrombocytes after contact with a malignant cell and the impact on this cell by blood platelets are represented. As a third factor the activation of blood coagulation which is exercised by substances with a procoagulatory effect produced by the malignant tissue and the frequently observed thrombosis in the course of neoplastic diseases are dealt with in connection with blood level changes of some coagulation factors. In a fourth section the significance of fibrinolysis, its activation and inhibition as well as the production of fibrinolytic activators by neoplasms are discussed.     

外源途径凝血的抑制作用的模型与模拟(一)-蛋白C的动力学影响

振荡与周期性节律已经在生物医学的众多领域及各层次的研究中出现,此文首次建立了一个关于蛋白Ｃ的凝血动力系统模型。通过对模型的动力学分析得到了一些新的结论,这些结论将对血液学理论与临床血液学提供有益的启示,特别是周期性振荡的终态存在性是十分有趣的现象,另外还得到了一些与临床医学及实验相吻和的定性结论,展现出模型化方法研究凝血系统动力学的重要作用及预测性能力     

外源性凝血瀑布动力系统的稳定性

本文首先建立了相应于Lamula与Griffin的凝血动力系统瀑布模式的非线性数学模型．并使用分叉方法较深入地分析了该系统的定态平衡解与动态解的稳定性与全局吸引子．通过动力学分析,我们从理论上证明了存在外源性路径启动的触发阈值及瀑布机制达到终态的细节：趋于一个全局吸引子．     

冻伤对大鼠血凝系统某些因素的影响

本研究观察了大鼠双后足局部冻伤后其血凝系统某些因素的改变。结果表明,冻伤后大鼠的出血时间及凝血时间明显缩短,血小板数增加,血小板聚集率增高,血浆血栓素Ａ２、纤维蛋白原及钙离子浓度均明显增加,且上述指标的改变与冻伤程度有密切关系,冻伤愈重,改变愈明显,恢复亦愈慢。结果提示,冻伤可使血凝系统发生改变,血液处于高凝状态,这对浆伤后发生的血液循环障碍最终导致冻伤组织坏死的病理过程起重要作用。     

Rheological study on coagulation of blood with special reference to the triggering mechanism of venous thrombus formation

A markedly reduced blood flow, an elevation of hematocrit and an increased aggregability of erythrocytes [red blood cells (RBCs)] are risk factors for venous thrombus formation (intravascular blood coagulation). However, these risk factors alone seem to be insufficient to stimulate the coagulation cascade in the absence of a primary triggering mechanism. In this paper, our rheological and biochemical studies on blood coagulation, especially focusing on procoagulant activity of RBCs, are summarized. It is shown that the intrinsic coagulation pathway is triggered by the activation of factor IX (F-IX) by RBCs. The F-IX-activating enzyme in normal human erythrocyte (RBC) membranes was purified, identified and characterized. The activation of F-IX by RBCs was enhanced by a decrease in flow shear rate and an elevation in hematocrit. The procoagulant ability of RBCs and coagulation of blood obtained from individuals with a relatively high level of hypercoagulability were enhanced compared with those for normals. The studies demonstrated a new triggering mechanism for coagulation or thrombus formation that may occur under stagnant flow conditions.     

Blood coagulation system in oncological patients treated with rubomycin, adriamycin and carminomycin]

Systems of blood coagulation in patients treated with antibiotics of the anthracycline group were studied. Rubomycin was used in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia Adriamycin and carminomycin were used in the treatment of patients with solid tumors. The antibiotics affected the process of blood coagulation mainly through their cytostatic effect on thrombocytopoesis. Thrombocytopenia induced deficit of thrombocytal factors participating in the process of blood coagulation which resulted in hypocoagulation and hemorrhagic complications. The plasmic factors did not significantly change during the antibiotic therapy. A tendency to decrease in the levels of prothrombine, fibrinase and fibrinogen was noted which was possible due to an inhibitory effect of the antibiotics on the function of the reticuloendothelial tissue cells or indirectly to suppression of the tumor process. More pronounced changes in the system of blood coagulation of patients treated with rubomycin were probably associated with inferiority of the thrombocytal apparatus of the patients with acute leukemia treated with the antibiotic.     

Snake venom proteins acting on hemostasis

The venoms of Viperidae and Crotalidae snakes are a rich source of proteins with activity against various factors involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. These proteins are very specific for their molecular targets, resistant to physiological inhibitors and stable in vitro and in vivo. They have therefore proved to be useful for diagnostic tests. Based on sequence similarities, these snake venom proteins have been classified into various families, such as serine proteinases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, disintegrins and phospholipases A(2). The various members of a given family, although structurally similar, act selectively on different blood coagulation factors. This opens up the possibility of characterizing the structural elements involved in target molecule recognition. Thus, snake venom proteins provide excellent models for studies of structure-function relationships.     

The thrombomodulin-protein C system is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy

Disruption of the mouse gene encoding the blood coagulation inhibitor thrombomodulin (Thbd) leads to embryonic lethality caused by an unknown defect in the placenta. We show that the abortion of thrombomodulin-deficient embryos is caused by tissue factor-initiated activation of the blood coagulation cascade at the feto-maternal interface. Activated coagulation factors induce cell death and growth inhibition of placental trophoblast cells by two distinct mechanisms. The death of giant trophoblast cells is caused by conversion of the thrombin substrate fibrinogen to fibrin and subsequent formation of fibrin degradation products. In contrast, the growth arrest of trophoblast cells is not mediated by fibrin, but is a likely result of engagement of protease-activated receptors (PAR)-2 and PAR-4 by coagulation factors. These findings show a new function for the thrombomodulin-protein C system in controlling the growth and survival of trophoblast cells in the placenta. This function is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.     

凝血酶原复合物中影响激活凝血因子测定因素的探讨

含肝素的凝血酶原复合物（ＰＣＣ）用适量的硫酸鱼精蛋白中和后,作１：１０和１：１００稀稀测定激活凝血因子。肝素影响激活凝血因子测定,不同活性单位的ＰＣＣ对某些厂家生产的ＰＣＣ激活凝血因子测定无影响,但对有厂家生产的ＰＣＣ激活凝血因子测定有影响。对国内５家血制品生产单位生产的１５批ＰＣＣ进行激活疑血因子测定,凝血酶活性通过者激活凝血因子也能通过。     

Evolution of protein complexity: The blue copper-containing oxidases and related proteins

Summary The blue copper proteins and their relatives have been compared by sequence alignments, by comparison of three-dimensional structures, and by construction of phylogenetic trees. The group contains proteins varying in size from 100 residues to over 2,300 residues in a single chain, containing from zero to nine copper atoms, and with a broad variation in function ranging from electron carrier proteins and oxidases to the blood coagulation factors V and VIII. Difference matrices show the sequence difference to be over 90% for many pairs in the group, yet alignment scores and other evidence suggest that they all evolved from a common ancestor. We have attempted to delineate how this evolution took place and in particular to define the mechanisms by which these proteins acquired an ever-increasing complexity in structure and function. We find evidence for six such mechanisms in this group of proteins: domain enlargement, in which a single domain increases in size from about 100 residues up to 210; domain duplication, which allows for a size increase from about 170 to about 1,000 residues; segment elongation, in which a small segment undergoes multiple successive duplications that can increase the chain size 50-fold; domain recruitment, in which a domain coded elsewhere in the genome is added on to the peptide chain; subunit formation, to form multisubunit proteins; and glycosylation, which in some cases doubles the size of the protein molecule. Size increase allows for the evolution of new catalytic properties, in particular the oxidase function, and for the formation of coagulation factors with multiple interaction sites and regulatory properties. The blood coagulation system is examined as an example in which a system of interacting proteins evolved by successive duplications of larger parts of the genome. The evolution of size, functionality, and diversity is compared with the general question of increase in size and complexity in biology.