历史生物地理学进展

生物地理学研究动植物的地理分布。历史生物地理学重建生物区系历史。分替理论的复兴动摇了散布理论的上百年统治。最近10年主要是分替理论推动了历史生物地理学,出现了多个途径——种系发生物地理学、分支分替生物地理学、特有性的俭吝分析和泛生物地理学。岛屿生物地理学理论有了改进和严格的实验检验;庇所学说产生了新的模型。最后就我国如何发展生物地理学提出了对策措施。     

替代学派生物地理学几种研究方法简介

历史生物地理学就其基本原理、概念和研究方法可大致分为以过程为导向的传播学派和以式样为导向的替代学派。本文简要介绍替代学派的一些基本原理和概念,对最近半个世纪以来发展的几种替代学派生物地理学方法：泛生物地理学、更新世森林避难所理论、分支生物地理学以及特有性的简约性分析法的原理、方法作了简要的介绍和评论。     

台湾海峡两岸生物地理学现状与展望

对生物地理学的内涵、研究领域以及进展进行了简要介绍,认为近期海峡两岸生物地理学研究的目标应当集中在:末次冰期以来的海陆变迁对海峡两岸生物分布格局的影响、海峡两岸现代动植物区系的渊源、台湾最后与大陆保持陆地连接的时间与范围、东亚岛弧对台湾生物分布格局的影响以及海峡两岸生物的物种分化与生态适应性五个方面。同时认为海峡两岸现代生物分布格局关系的一种历史生物地理学解释,应当是一个在末次冰期期间存在于长江以南的大区系片断化后对海峡两岸各自不同环境适应的结果。     

生物地理学的新进展

近３０年来，生物地理学的发展极为迅速。由于遗传学和生态学的介入，生物区系的研究由描述走向解释、分析。历史生物地理学中离散观点的兴起，不仅能对生物地理分布格局的形成过程作出客观的解释，也可对地球的演化提出生物学家的看法。     

生物地理学（一）

一、引言 生物地理学研究生物的地理分布。探险家冯·洪堡(Von Humboldt, A, 1769—1859)是最早使用生物地理学(biogeography)一词的学者之一。他根据环境的温度、海拔和纬度等物理因子解释动、植物的分布。生物地理学以前只是描述和解释自然界和生物界之间的关系,在地理学和生物学之间占据一个不明确的领域。对生物地理学感兴趣的主要是生物学家,生物学家有时用地球物理学的理论来解释动植物为什么生活在某个地方。     

北温带水青冈属的间断分布及其泛生物地理学解释

水青冈属(Fagus L.)在北温带呈间断分布, 已发现的丰富的第三纪化石为讨论其起源和演化提供了证据。该文采用泛生物地理学的轨迹分析方法对水青冈属的分布进行了研究, 试图分析水青冈属的分布格局, 进而讨论其进化问题。结果表明, 水青冈属在中国、日本、北美、欧洲的分布是完全间断的, 没有一个共有轨迹连接它们, 即使在毗邻的、且有植物亲缘关系的中国和日本, 也没有一个共有轨迹连接。完全间断的轨迹对分析水青冈属的起源、演化和扩散学说, 没有提供任何信息。仅有两条共有轨迹分别分布在中国东南部和日本, 分别代表了中国4种和日本3种水青冈属种类的连接, 说明水青冈属经历了漫长的历史演化, 扩散能力是有局限性的, 仅在分化和多样性中心进行了一些分化和演化, 整个属并未进行长距离的扩散, 或者长距离扩散早已销声匿迹了, 现代的分布格局完全是以间断为最主要特征的。间断分布的动力解释为古地中海西撤、青藏高原隆起、东亚季风活动等地质历史事件, 第三纪以来特别是第四纪冰期活动等气候波动, 以及水青冈属植物的生物学特性(特别是喜温喜湿)。     

生物地理学的新生

近年来,生物地理学在原理和方法上均有较大的发展。这与上世纪60年代以来在历史生物地理方面“替代学派”向传统的“扩散学派”的挑战以及生态生物地理方面”岛屿生物地理均衡论”的创立有密切关系。笔者就传统与新兴之间易于引发争论的若干问题,联系我国实际,提出了一些看法。     

生物地理学（二）

三、生物地理学的数种研究方法 分支图解(cladogram) 要分析生物地理学的模式必需先确定:有哪几类生物,以及这几类生物之间的亲缘关系。这可以用一个分支图解(图4)来表示。假设有     

生物地理学理论的发展

生物地理学是一门占老而又年轻的学科,近几十年来又获得了新的发展。本文较详尽地介绍了该学科的基本思想和基本研究方法,并对生物地理学理论发展的历史和各种理论的基本论点及理论假说进行了重点讨论。此外,作者对该学科的发展提出了自己的思考。     

历史生物地理学中的BPA分析法Ⅱ :二级BPA

BPA(broks parsimony analysis)是历史生物地理学研究的重要分析方法之一,包括初级BPA和二级BPA。前者主要用于寻找共同格局,后者是对网状进化格局的解释。本文详细介绍了二级BPA的分析方法,并就BPA与其它历史生物地理学／支序学派的研究方法进行了区别。     

历史生物地理学中的BPA分析法Ⅰ:初级BPA

BPA(brooks parsimony analysis)是历史生物地理学研究的重要分析方法之一 ,在过去的 2 0年内得以发展和完善。除了用于生物地理分布格局的支序分析并解释其形成原因外 ,BPA也可用于寄生物与宿主、物种与区系以及协同进化等方面的研究。本文详细介绍了BPA的原理以及初级BPA的分析方法。     

Vagility: The Neglected Component in Historical Biogeography

The conceptual gap between ecological and historical biogeography is wide, although both disciplines are concerned with explaining how distributions have been shaped. A central aim of modern historical biogeography is to use a phylogenetic framework to reconstruct the geographic history of a group in terms of dispersals and vicariant events, and a number of analytical methods have been developed to do so. To date the most popular analytical methods in historical biogeography have been parsimony-based. Such methods can be classified into two groups based on the assumptions used. The first group assumes that vicariance between two areas creates common patterns of disjunct distributions across several taxa whereas dispersals and extinctions generate clade specific patterns. The second group of methods assumes that passive vicariance and within-area speciation have a higher probability of occurrence than active dispersal events and extinction. Typically, none of these methods takes into account the ecology of the taxa in question. I discuss why these methods can be potentially misleading if the ecology of the taxon is ignored. In particular, the vagility or dispersal ability of taxa plays a pivotal role in shaping the distributions and modes of speciation. I argue that the vagility of taxa should be explicitly incorporated in biogeographic analyses. Likelihood-based methods with models in which more realistic probabilities of dispersal and modes of speciation can be specified are arguably the way ahead. Although objective quantification will pose a challenge, the complete ignorance of this vital aspect, as has been done in many historical biogeographic analyses, can be dangerous. I use worked examples to show a simple way of utilizing such information, but better methods need to be developed to more effectively use ecological knowledge in historical biogeography.     

中国南部斑腿蝗科四属昆虫的支序生物地理学研究

在中国南部斑腿蝗科4属昆虫种间系统发育关系及物种地理分布研究的基础上,划分出10个特有分布区。用支序生物地理学软件COMPONENT2.0,处理了上述蝗虫种间系统发育关系和地理分布资料所组成的数据,以明确各特有的分布区的历史生物地理学关系。结果表明,10个特有分布区形成的先后是：云南南部和黄土高原两个分布区,海南岛区,东部山地区,台湾岛区;云贵高原、云南北部和秦巴山区几乎是同时形成的,而华南和江南丘陵区形成最晚。     

Panbiogeography and conservation science in New Zealand

Abstract

New Zealand’s official conservation science framework, the Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNA), is evaluated in relation to current biogeographic/systematic methods and principles with reference to philosophy, taxonomy, information content, and historical geological/biological relations. The PNA Programme and its parent International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) framework is based on a phenetic system of classification that does not reflect process (phylogenetic) characters of ecological systems. The PNA philosophy of conservation science is shown to be essentialist, rooted in traditional medieval Western metaphysics, and out of step with current developments in biogeography, systematics, and ecology. Panbiogeography is an appropriate global perspective for developing a conservation science because it meets the requirements of homology, monophyly, increased information content, and empirical testability whereas the PNA programme does not. Establishment of a Panbiogeographic Track Atlas is proposed as a suitable conservation framework for historical ecology and biogeography. The atlas could provide an empirical natural resource inventory to identify priority areas for conservation at an economically acceptable cost compared to the PNA Programme. Application of cladistic techniques to ecological and biogeographic patterns in relation to the Atlas can provide aphylogenetically sound hierarchical classification for conservation science. The potential benefits of the panbiogeographic approach for conservation education and tourism are discussed.     

Biogeography and ecology of freshwater diatoms in Subantarctica: a review

Subantarctica is situated between the Antarctic and the Subtropical Convergence and consists of the islands in the southern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Diatoms are an important component of all Subantarctic aquatic, moss and soil habitats. Taxonomic studies reveal a high diversity and species richness in both the present-day and the fossil diatom flora. Planktonic diatoms are almost completely absent. A similarity analysis of the diatom composition from different localities in the southern zone (below 40°S) resulted in a biogeographical zonation. Three regions could be formed, based on their diatom composition: Subantarctica, Maritime Antarctica and the Antarctic Continent. The diatom communities in the different regions are all characterized by a high proportion of cosmopolitan species. A second feature of the southern diatom floras is the decreasing diversity when moving southwards.