AFLP指纹图谱试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的应用

目的：比较甜菜无融合生殖品系M14子代之间的同一性及亲缘关系,从而验证AFLP试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的适用性。方法：利用已建立的AFLP试验体系,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测以及遗传距离的比较来验证这一试验体系。结果：M14子代之间及二倍体甜菜之间的同一性较好,其亲缘关系也较近。结论：验证了所建立的AFLP试验体系的适用性,同时也确证了AFLP技术在构建DNA指纹图谱中的优越性,为无融合生殖的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

无融合生殖甜菜M14的GISH和BAC-FISH研究

无融合生殖是指不经减数分裂和受精作用而产生胚的一种无性繁殖, 因此是胚的克隆, 母系繁殖. 甜菜单体附加系M14是通过二倍体栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris)和四倍体白花甜菜(B. corolliflora)种间杂交、进而回交, 选育出的具有无融合生殖特性的甜菜品系. 我们利用GISH技术进一步分析了无融合生殖甜菜M14中的染色体情况, 在不封阻的情况下, 附加的外源染色体清晰可见, 这说明栽培甜菜与白花甜菜基因组间种属特异序列的差异明显. 利用无融合生殖甜菜M14和有性生殖栽培甜菜的花期mRNA对白花甜菜第9号染色体的BAC芯片进行了差异杂交分析, 发现2个BAC克隆16-M11, 26-L15含有M14花期特异表达的基因. 选用这2个BAC克隆作为探针, 对具有无融合生殖甜菜M14进行荧光原位杂交, 供试探针均被定位于附加的白花甜菜第9号染色体长臂末端, 呈半合子状态. 本研究BAC芯片的杂交结果结合两种生殖途径中胚和胚乳发育表达方式的保守性可推断, 甜菜中有性生殖和无融合生殖可能共享某些调节因子的相关路径, 正是白花甜菜第9号染色体上的特异基因才使甜菜M14中无融合生殖特性得以表达.     

甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库的构建

为了克隆甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖相关基因 ,采用cDNA文库快速构建法制备了M14花蕾cDNA文库。根据甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究结果 ,提取甜菜M14花蕾三个关键时期的RNA ,分离纯化mRNA ,以Oligo(dT)为引物 ,在逆转录酶的作用下 ,合成第一链cDNA ,进而合成第二链cDNA。含有EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ粘性末端的双链cDNA在T4DNA连接酶的作用下与载体λZAP臂相连 ,并对连接产物进行体外包装 ,得到噬菌体颗粒 ,即甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库。经大肠杆菌寄主菌株XL1-blueMRF’平板检测 ,三个文库滴度分别为 2 .8× 10 5pfu·mL-1、1.6× 10 5pfu·mL-1和 3.5× 10 5pfu·mL-1,克隆重组率为 83%、78%和 81%。cDNA文库可直接用于目的基因的筛选     

利用mRNA差异显示技术分离甜菜M14品系特异表达基因的cDNA片段

二倍体栽培甜菜与白花甜菜杂交、进一步回交而获得的单体附加系M14,其染色体组成中除了含有18条栽培甜菜染色体外,还附加有一条野生白花甜菜第9号染色体,该附加染色体通过母本的传递率为96.5%;单体附加系传递率如此高的原因是因为M14中有无融合生殖基因的存在。本实验采用mRNA差异展示技术对甜菜无融合生殖品系M14和正常有性生殖的二倍体栽培甜菜A2Y花蕾减数分裂时期的基因表达进行了差异分析。采用GT15A,GT15G,GT15C3种锚定引物,共筛选了20个随机引物,通过RT-PCR检测,获得了6个阳性差异表达的cDNA片段,应用NCBI的BLASTx软件对测序结果进行同源序列、相似序列检索,为进一步克隆无融合生殖基因提供侯选cDNA片段。     

甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究

利用常规研究方法,对甜菜单体附加系M 14品系(B eta vu lg aris L.,VV 1C、2n=18 1)的生殖方式进行细胞学与胚胎学研究.结果表明:(1)甜菜单体附加系M 14的4代细胞学检查表明:染色体组分别为VV 1C、2n=18 1;VV 0、2n=18 0;VV 2C、2n=18 2;VVV 0、2n=27 0;VVV 1C、2n=27 1;VVV 2C、2n=27 2等,其中VV 1C、2n=18 1的植株传递率平均为96.7%,表现为稳定传递,具有二倍体孢子无融合生殖特性;其余各种分离植株的传递率总计为3.25%,有性生殖发生率较低.(2)胚胎学研究表明,二倍体孢子无融合生殖的胚珠中,珠孔处看不到花粉管,胚囊没有发生受精作用.2个助细胞提前退化,半数卵细胞的极性与正常卵细胞相反;卵与次生核不经受精而自发分裂,卵细胞自发分裂产生无性胚,次生核自发分裂产生核型胚乳,而且次生核自发分裂早于卵细胞分裂;有性生殖胚珠中,珠孔处可见多条花粉管,胚囊里见到精卵融合的图像.表明甜菜单体附加系M 14是以二倍体孢子无融合生殖为主要繁殖方式,有性生殖为次要敏殖方式的兼性无融合生殖体.     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

植物无融合生殖是一种特殊的无性生殖方式 ,它不经过精卵融合即可繁殖后代 ,其二倍体子代基因型与母本精确相同 ,可以固定杂种优势 ,对于作物育种等工作具有巨大的经济意义。对无融合生殖的分类、遗传进化、发生机制、分子机理等方面进行了介绍。并对无融合生殖的一些最新的研究进展 :无孢子生殖专化基因组区、脱调节理论、基因组冲撞观点、表观遗传基因调节理论等进行了简要的评述。并简单介绍了无融合生殖甜菜单体附加系目前的研究进展 。     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14成熟胚囊的超微结构特征

以甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14（Betavulgaris,2n=18＋1）为实验材料,利用电子显微镜技术对成熟胚囊及其超微结构进行研究。结果表明：M14成熟胚囊包括1个卵细胞、2个退化的助细胞、1个具有次生核的中央细胞和3-6个反足细胞。其卵细胞具有3种不同的形态：（1）极性正常的卵细胞,细胞核位于合点端,细胞质含有大量核糖体、线粒体、内质网等细胞器;（2）细胞核位于细胞中央;（3）细胞核位于珠孔端,且后2种形态细胞器的种类与数量少。大多数胚囊中的2个助细胞在开花前已退化。中央细胞的次生核位于反足细胞附近;未经受精自发分裂前的卵细胞与中央细胞的细胞核大、核仁明显,细胞器的种类与数量多,呈现旺盛代谢活动特征,成为二倍体孢子无融合生殖过程中,卵细胞与次生核自发分裂的细胞学标志。     

利用mRNA差异显示技术分离甜菜M14品系特异表达基因的cDNA片段

二倍体栽培甜菜与白花甜菜杂交、进一步回交而获得的单体附加系M₁₄,其染色体组成中除了含有18条栽培甜菜染色体外,还附加有一条野生白花甜菜第9号染色体,该附加染色体通过母本的传递率为96.5%;单体附加系传递率如此高的原因是因为M₁₄中有无融合生殖基因的存在。本实验采用mRNA差异展示技术对甜菜无融合生殖品系M₁₄和正常有性生殖的二倍体栽培甜菜A_2Y花蕾减数分裂时期的基因表达进行了差异分析。采用GT₁₅A,GT₁₅G,GT₁₅C 3种锚定引物,共筛选了20个随机引物,通过RT-PCR检测,获得了6个阳性差异表达的cDNA片段,应用NCBI的BLASTx软件对测序结果进行同源序列、相似序列检索,为进一步克隆无融合生殖基因提供侯选cDNA片段。     

甜菜单体附加系M14的RNA提取方法比较

目的:对甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14品系的叶和花总RNA提取方法进行对比,消除其提取产量低、RNA降解、DNA干扰、多糖干扰、蛋白质干扰和杂质干扰等缺陷.方法:采用6种方法进行RNA提取分析.结果:在RNA提取过程中加入约1/3倍体积柠檬酸钠等除糖剂,能够有效去除多糖干扰,大大提高所提RNA的质量.获得最佳RNA提取方法.     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14 成熟胚囊的超微结构特征

以甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14(Beta vulgaris, 2n=18+1)为实验材料, 利用电子显微镜技术对成熟胚囊及其超微结构进行研究。结果表明: M14成熟胚囊包括1个卵细胞、2个退化的助细胞、1个具有次生核的中央细胞和3-6个反足细胞。其卵细胞具有3种不同的形态: (1)极性正常的卵细胞, 细胞核位于合点端, 细胞质含有大量核糖体、线粒体、内质网等细胞器; (2)细胞核位于细胞中央; (3)细胞核位于珠孔端, 且后2种形态细胞器的种类与数量少。大多数胚囊中的2个助细胞在开花前已退化。中央细胞的次生核位于反足细胞附近; 未经受精自发分裂前的卵细胞与中央细胞的细胞核大、核仁明显, 细胞器的种类与数量多, 呈现旺盛代谢活动特征, 成为二倍体孢子无融合生殖过程中, 卵细胞与次生核自发分裂的细胞学标志。     

两种泥鳅RAPD标记遗传稳定性分析

用从20个随机引物中筛选出的7个引物对泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）和大鳞副泥鳅（Paramisgurnus dabryanus）及其自交与杂交子代进行了RAPD遗传稳定性分析。结果表明,RAPD谱带主要呈孟德尔式遗传,该类带纹明亮稳定,在泥鳅子代中占99．11％;在大鳞副泥鳅子代中占100％;在杂交子代中占99．36％。也存在非孟德尔式遗传谱带,该类带纹较暗、稳定性差,在泥鳅子代中为0．89％;在杂交子代中为0．64％;在大鳞副泥鳅中未见此类带纹。实验结果说明RAPD谱带具有很高的遗传稳定性。     

带有白花甜菜染色体片段的栽培甜菜易位系的筛选

本文采用斑点杂交方法,对近100%传递的甜菜单体附加系M14(2n=19)发生分离的后代反转系(2n=18)进行研究,采用随机引物法标记白花甜菜特异探针,对80株反转系进行杂交实验,结果筛选出19个易位系,这19个易位系有待于进一步研究,证明是否带有无融合生殖基因。     

Inheritance and mapping of 2n-egg production in diploid alfalfa.

The production of eggs with the sporophytic chromosome number (2n eggs) in diploid alfalfa (Medicago spp.) is mainly associated with the absence of cytokinesis after restitutional meiosis. The formation of 2n eggs through diplosporic apomeiosis has also been documented in a diploid mutant of M. sativa subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang. (2n = 2x = 16), named PG-F9. Molecular tagging of 2n-egg formation appears to be an essential step towards marker-assisted breeding and map-based cloning strategies aimed at investigating and manipulating reproductive mutants of the M. sativa complex. We made controlled crosses between PG-F9 and three wild type plants of M. sativa subsp. coerulea (Less.) Schm. (2n = 2x = 16) and then hand-pollinated the F1 progenies with tetraploid plants of M. sativa subsp. sativa L. (2n = 4x = 32). As a triploid embryo block prevents the formation of 3x progenies in alfalfa because of endosperm imbalance, and owing to the negligible selfing rate, seed set in 2x-4x crosses was used to discriminate the genetic capacity for 2n-egg production. F1 plants that exhibited null or very low seed sets were classified as normal egg producers and plants with high seed sets as 2n-egg producers. A bulked segregant analysis (BSA) with RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat), and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers was employed to identify a genetic linkage group related to the 2n-egg trait using one of the three F1 progenies. This approach enabled us to detect a paternal ISSR marker of 610 bp, generated by primer (CA)8-GC, located 9.8 cM from a putative gene (termed Tne1, two-n-eggs) that in its recessive form determines 2n eggs and a 30% recombination genomic window surrounding the target locus. Eight additional RAPD and AFLP markers, seven of maternal, and one of paternal origin, significantly co-segregated with the trait under investigation. The minimum number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed set in 2x-4x crosses was estimated by ANOVA and regression analysis. Four maternal and three paternal independent molecular markers significantly affected the trait. A paternal RAPD marker allele, mapped in the same linkage group of Tne1, explained 43% of the variation for seed set in 2x-4x crosses indicating the presence of a major QTL. A map of the PG-F9 chromosome regions carrying the minor genes that determine the expression level of 2n eggs was constructed using selected RAPD and AFLP markers. Two of these genes were linked to previously mapped RFLP loci belonging to groups 1 and 8. Molecular and genetic evidence support the involvement of at least five genes.     

鲂属团头鲂、三角鲂及广东鲂种间遗传关系及种内遗传差异

采用形态判别、同工酶分析和RAPD分析相结合的方法,从3个层次研究分析了鲂属团头鲂、三角鲂和广东鲂的种间亲缘关系和种内遗传差异。结果表明：（1）3种鲂在形态可数性状上差异不显著,而可量性状与框架分析揭示团头鲂与三角鲂亲缘关系较近,它们同广东鲂差异较大;（2）团头鲂和三角鲂均具有MDH同工酶的s-Mdh-D位点,而广东鲂未见,引物S11扩增的结果在3种鲂间均显示种的特异性,这些同工酶谱带和DNA扩增带可作为3种鲂的种间分子标记;（3）3种鲂种间亲缘关系在三个研究层面上相互吻合：即广东鲂和头鲂、三角鲂差异较大,亲缘关系较远,而三角鲂和团头鲂之间差异小,亲缘关系较近;（4）同工酶和RAPD分析揭示,三角鲂种内遗传多样性显著地高于广东鲂和团头鲂。     

Biochemical and molecular markers for investigating the mode of reproduction in the facultative apomict Poa pratensis L.

Isozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used for precocious identification of non-maternal plants in progenies of the facultative apomict Poa pratensis. Four progenies obtained from controlled crosses that showed different degrees of apomixis on isozyme analysis of phospho-gluco-isomerases, esterases and peroxidases were chosen for RAPD analysis to generate genomic fingerprints using species-specific primers. At an advanced vegetative stage, a morphological analysis was also performed and characteristics related to growth habit and leaf morphology were observed and recorded. On the basis of the isozyme and RAPD electrophoretic pattern and the morphological appearance, each plant was classified as maternal or aberrant. All three classes of genetic markers employed were able to identify plants that exhibited aberrant traits in the four progenies. Overall, the results of RAPD analysis supported those of isozyme and morphology studies. However, in each progeny, some plants which both isozyme and morphological analyses distinguished as of maternal origin were aberrant according to RAPD analysis. Therefore, the RAPD method proved the most precise screening technique. The greater cost of the molecular approach was offset by its higher accuracy. The use of either three isozyme systems or six primers for PCR amplification seems to be sufficient for reliable estimation of the degree of apomixis. Histological analyses were carried out and the aposporic development of the plant material studied.     

Molecular characterization of a new type of cytoplasmic male sterile sugar beet

A line (named Cl) of cytoplasmic sterility of sugar beet whose cytoplasm derived from Betacicla Turkey was obtained by interspecific hybrid. Its cytoplasm and a spontaneous male sterile cytoplasm from wild beet Beta maritima (named M) were compared with that of Owen's sterile line (S-cms) and a common maintainer of them named N was used as control. RFLP and RAPD methods were mainly used in our experiments. The restriction fragment patterns of mtDNAs were found to be likely but for a few of specific low-lighted electrophoresis bands in Cl. The results of Southern hybridization of six heterogeneous mitochondrial genes as probes to digests of mtDNAs by six restriction enzymes showed to be analogous between S and M lines. But the Cl mtDNA was sorted out by hybridization of atpA probe. Difference of low-molecular-weight mitochondrial DNAs was found among the three sterile lines. Three RNA molecules weighing about 4.2kb stably existed in Cl mitochondria. Our results of RAPD also supported that the Cl cytoplas     

Genetic variation and relationship of alfalfa populations and their progenies based on RAPD markers

The aim of investigation was to evaluate genetic variation and relationship among alfalfa populations and their offspring, with minimal cost, by using DNA marker analysis. RAPD analysis was performed on bulked DNA samples of five alfalfa parental populations and their progenies: 20 F1 populations from reciprocal diallel crosses and five S1 populations from self-pollination. Twenty primers generated 217 bands, ranging in size from 300 to 6000 bp, with the average number of bands per primer of 10.85 and polymorphism information content of 0.246. Percentage of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s information index were used to estimate genetic variation. Higher diversity was observed in F1 progeny populations, while genetic variation in parental populations and S1 progenies remained similar. The genetic relatedness of alfalfa populations was analysed by UPGMA and Bayesian model-based clustering approach. In both types of analysis selfpollinated progenies were grouped. Furthermore, the hybrid offspring where Zuzana, and RSI 20 were maternal parents were placed in separate groups. The results indicate that use of RAPD markers on bulked DNA samples can be fast and cost-effective way for differentiation of alfalfa parental populations and their offspring, as well as for evaluation of their genetic relationships.     

甘蔗种质间亲缘关系及特异标记的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术分析甘蔗种质问的亲缘关系及特异标记。筛选出25个扩增多态性较强的随机引物,构建了41份甘蔗种质的RAPD指纹图谱,并对RAPD数据进行UPGMA聚类分析。甘蔗栽培品种之间、栽培品种与近缘种之间以及近缘种相互间的遗传相似系数变异范围为0．56～0．92,表明所研究的甘蔗种质之间的亲缘关系较近。此外,发现某些甘蔗亲本种质具有特异RAPD标记带。     

Use of RAPD analyses to estimate population genetic parameters in the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee, Megachile rotundata.

RAPD analyses were performed on five geographically isolated populations of Megachile rotundata. We used haploid males of the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee, M. rotundata, to overcome the limitation of the dominance of RAPD markers in the determination of population genetic parameters. Sixteen primers gave rise to 130 polymorphic and 31 monomorphic bands. The unbiased estimators calculated in this study include within- and between-population heterozygosity, nucleotide divergence, and genetic distance. The genetic diversity (H = 0.32-0.35) was found to be about 10 times that of previous estimates (H = 0.033) based on allozyme data. Contrary to the data obtained at the protein level, our results suggest that Hymenoptera do not have a lower level of genetic variability at the DNA level compared with other insect species. Regardless of the different assumptions underlying the calculation of heterozygosity, divergence, and genetic distance, all five populations showed a parallel interrelationship for the three parameters. We conclude that RAPD markers are a convenient tool to estimate population genetic variation in haploid M. rotundata and that with an adequate sample size the technique is applicable to the evaluation of divergence in diploid populations. Key words : Megachile rotundata, RAPD, heterozygosity, genetic distance, nucleotide divergence.     

人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质整入的RAPD分析

运用RAPD技术对连续二代人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质的整入进行了分析 ,结果表明 :一代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为 0 94 5— 0 995 6 ,多样性指数为 0 175 ;二代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为0 96 15— 1 0 0 ,平均为 0 985 2 ,多样性指数为 0 0 6 2。研究揭示经过连续二代人工雌核发育后 ,其遗传多样性明显减少 ,种质进一步纯化。通过对雌核发育鲢二代、亲本鲢和雄鲤的RAPD扩增比较 ,发现雌核发育鲢含有少数与父本相同的特异DNA扩增带 ,而亲本鲢没有 ,在基因水平上表明雌核发育鲢整入了雄鲤的遗传物质