AFLP指纹图谱试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的应用

目的：比较甜菜无融合生殖品系M14子代之间的同一性及亲缘关系,从而验证AFLP试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的适用性。方法：利用已建立的AFLP试验体系,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测以及遗传距离的比较来验证这一试验体系。结果：M14子代之间及二倍体甜菜之间的同一性较好,其亲缘关系也较近。结论：验证了所建立的AFLP试验体系的适用性,同时也确证了AFLP技术在构建DNA指纹图谱中的优越性,为无融合生殖的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究

利用常规研究方法,对甜菜单体附加系M 14品系(B eta vu lg aris L.,VV 1C、2n=18 1)的生殖方式进行细胞学与胚胎学研究.结果表明:(1)甜菜单体附加系M 14的4代细胞学检查表明:染色体组分别为VV 1C、2n=18 1;VV 0、2n=18 0;VV 2C、2n=18 2;VVV 0、2n=27 0;VVV 1C、2n=27 1;VVV 2C、2n=27 2等,其中VV 1C、2n=18 1的植株传递率平均为96.7%,表现为稳定传递,具有二倍体孢子无融合生殖特性;其余各种分离植株的传递率总计为3.25%,有性生殖发生率较低.(2)胚胎学研究表明,二倍体孢子无融合生殖的胚珠中,珠孔处看不到花粉管,胚囊没有发生受精作用.2个助细胞提前退化,半数卵细胞的极性与正常卵细胞相反;卵与次生核不经受精而自发分裂,卵细胞自发分裂产生无性胚,次生核自发分裂产生核型胚乳,而且次生核自发分裂早于卵细胞分裂;有性生殖胚珠中,珠孔处可见多条花粉管,胚囊里见到精卵融合的图像.表明甜菜单体附加系M 14是以二倍体孢子无融合生殖为主要繁殖方式,有性生殖为次要敏殖方式的兼性无融合生殖体.     

无融合生殖

自1745年博内(Bonnet)在研究蚜虫中发现孤雌生殖以来,世界各地的植物学家,也在众多的植物中发现了这种奇特的生殖现象,迄今为止,已记录到36科300余种植株的孤雌生殖。为同有性生殖和无性生殖相区分,植物学家把它定名为无融合生殖。 由于无融合生殖生理机制十分复杂,长期以来,对其概念的界定,植物学界一直没有统一。我国学者蔡得田和陈冬玲,在1993年提出:无融合生殖是指发生在植物胚珠中,不经过精卵融合形成胚,以种子进行繁殖的生殖方式。此界定包括三部分内容,一是它与无性生殖明显的区别是发生在性器官中;二是没有性融合过程而区别于有性生殖;三是以种子繁殖     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

植物无融合生殖是一种特殊的无性生殖方式 ,它不经过精卵融合即可繁殖后代 ,其二倍体子代基因型与母本精确相同 ,可以固定杂种优势 ,对于作物育种等工作具有巨大的经济意义。对无融合生殖的分类、遗传进化、发生机制、分子机理等方面进行了介绍。并对无融合生殖的一些最新的研究进展 :无孢子生殖专化基因组区、脱调节理论、基因组冲撞观点、表观遗传基因调节理论等进行了简要的评述。并简单介绍了无融合生殖甜菜单体附加系目前的研究进展 。     

植物的无融合生殖

植物的无融合生殖肖辅珍,王景林（首都师范大学生物系,北京１０００３７）１无融合生殖及其类型无融合生殖（Ａｐｏｍｉｘｉｓ）是被子植物不经过精卵结合而产生种子的特殊生殖方式［１］。它广泛存在于自然界的多种植物中,或代替有性生殖（专性的）,或与有性生殖共存...     

被子植物的无融合生殖

被子植物的无融合生殖孙敬三刘永胜辛化伟（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＡＰＯＭＩＸＩＳＩＮＡＮＧＩＯＳＰＥＲＭＳＳｕｎＪｉｎｇ－ｓａｎ,ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇ－ｓｈｅｎｇ,ＸｉｎＨｕａ－ｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳ...     

无融合生殖

在自然界,大多数高等生物的生活周期都有明显的配子体世代和孢子体世代交替的现象。孢子体经过减数分裂产生配子,雌雄配子受精融合,成为下一代孢子体的开始,这就是有性生殖,是生物最主要的生殖方式。但是,有些生物的生活周期绕过了这个重要过程,不经过雌雄配子融合,直接从配子体或孢子体的一个或一群细胞发育为子代新个体,这种生殖方式叫做无融合生殖(apomixis),这是无融合生殖的广义概念。无融合生殖的狭义概念则认为是有性生殖的一种特殊方式或变态。这种生殖方式在动、植物界都存在,但在植物界更为普遍,且类型较多。     

小麦和无融合生殖披碱草杂交后代（BC2F2）的无融合生殖及胚胎发育过程中的异常现象研究

对小麦（Triticum aestivum）和无融合生殖披碱草（Elymus rectisetus）的染色体数目为42的杂种后代（BC2F2）单株进行了RAPD检测和胚胎学研究。RAPD检测结果表明：染色体数目为42条的BC2F2单株的遗传组成与普通小麦的遗传组成十分接近,但是在部分单株中出现了披碱草的特异带。由此可以推测,经过回交和自交后小麦草的部分染色体片段已经整合进了小麦的染色体。在部分BC2F2单株胚胎学切片中发现了较高比例的（5%左右）双孢原、早发胚以及多胚囊等无融合生殖现象,直接表明了无融合生殖基因转移。由于基因整合的多样性,无融合生殖基因在有些单株中并没有充分表达,从而造成了某些单株胚胎发育的异常。     

无融合生殖甜菜M14的GISH和BAC-FISH研究

无融合生殖是指不经减数分裂和受精作用而产生胚的一种无性繁殖, 因此是胚的克隆, 母系繁殖. 甜菜单体附加系M14是通过二倍体栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris)和四倍体白花甜菜(B. corolliflora)种间杂交、进而回交, 选育出的具有无融合生殖特性的甜菜品系. 我们利用GISH技术进一步分析了无融合生殖甜菜M14中的染色体情况, 在不封阻的情况下, 附加的外源染色体清晰可见, 这说明栽培甜菜与白花甜菜基因组间种属特异序列的差异明显. 利用无融合生殖甜菜M14和有性生殖栽培甜菜的花期mRNA对白花甜菜第9号染色体的BAC芯片进行了差异杂交分析, 发现2个BAC克隆16-M11, 26-L15含有M14花期特异表达的基因. 选用这2个BAC克隆作为探针, 对具有无融合生殖甜菜M14进行荧光原位杂交, 供试探针均被定位于附加的白花甜菜第9号染色体长臂末端, 呈半合子状态. 本研究BAC芯片的杂交结果结合两种生殖途径中胚和胚乳发育表达方式的保守性可推断, 甜菜中有性生殖和无融合生殖可能共享某些调节因子的相关路径, 正是白花甜菜第9号染色体上的特异基因才使甜菜M14中无融合生殖特性得以表达.     

植物无融合生殖鉴定方法的研究进展

由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点,为了利用植物的无融合生殖,首先必须建立,发展和完善一套简单,准确的鉴定体系,目前有关植物无融合生殖的鉴定的方法,主要可以分为5大类型：（1）形态学观察法;（2）显微观察法;（3）生化鉴定法;（4）分子生物学的方法;（5）其它方法,主要对以上5类方法的各各鉴定方法进行了介绍,对几种已被证实有效方法的优缺点进行了比较,并就今后的改进方向进行了探讨。     

A comparison of different protocols for RAPD analysis of Littorina

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a fast and useful method of genome marking that is useful for studies of, for example, parentage, mating patterns, taxonomy of sibling species and intra-specific population genetic structures. Here we compare three different procedures for extracting high molecular weight genomic DNA; phenol-chloroform, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium-bromide (CTAB) and Chelex 100. Double phenol-chloroform and CTAB extractions both generated high amounts of high quality DNA while Chelex 100 failed to do so. We also compared PCR-amplification with different concentrations of template DNA and found that 1–2 ng per 25 l of amplification cocktail gave the best results. Amplifying DNA prepared by the three extraction methods revealed that DNA extracted with double phenol-chloroform gave the clearest bands. The double phenol-chloroform extraction seems thus the most suitable extraction method for RAPD in Littorina, however Chelex may be the only method useful for extracting DNA from very small individuals, for example, pre-hatching stages.     

甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库的构建

为了克隆甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖相关基因 ,采用cDNA文库快速构建法制备了M14花蕾cDNA文库。根据甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究结果 ,提取甜菜M14花蕾三个关键时期的RNA ,分离纯化mRNA ,以Oligo(dT)为引物 ,在逆转录酶的作用下 ,合成第一链cDNA ,进而合成第二链cDNA。含有EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ粘性末端的双链cDNA在T4DNA连接酶的作用下与载体λZAP臂相连 ,并对连接产物进行体外包装 ,得到噬菌体颗粒 ,即甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库。经大肠杆菌寄主菌株XL1-blueMRF’平板检测 ,三个文库滴度分别为 2 .8× 10 5pfu·mL-1、1.6× 10 5pfu·mL-1和 3.5× 10 5pfu·mL-1,克隆重组率为 83%、78%和 81%。cDNA文库可直接用于目的基因的筛选     

Conversion of an RAPD marker to an STS marker for barley variety identification

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety identification is important to the malting and brewing industries. Because many new malting cultivars (varieties) are closely related, new and more effective identification techniques are needed. We report on a series of techniques used to convert an RAPD marker to a more stable STS marker that can identify barley Stander from Robust, an important distinction for the American malting and brewing industries. The techniques included DNA extraction, RAPD amplification, random cloning of all amplified fragments, selection of clones by insert size, DNA sequencing of select inserts, design of a barley-based primer pair, and detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism using restriction endonucleaseAlu I. The barley-based primer pair was used to further sequence the RAPD fragment. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms between Robust and Stander exist, one of which was detected by electrophoresing DNA fragments differentially restricted byAlu I. The conversion technique was different from ones previously reported in that it did not require manual extraction of DNA fragments from a gel. This could be applied to other situations in which RAPD marker conversion would be desirable.     

兴安、长白及华北落叶松RAPD分子标记的物种特异性鉴定

以中国北方地区主要乡土落叶松树种兴安落叶松（Larix gmelini）、长白落叶松（L.olgensis）和华北落叶松（L．principis—rupprechtii）的针叶及种子胚乳为研究材料,采用RAPD分子标记技术对3种落叶松进行不同物种的种间鉴别。结果表明,通过引物筛选得到了4个可以鉴别3种落叶松的RAPD引物,其中有2个引物在落叶松针叶和种子胚乳基因组中都扩增出相同的条带。引物OPB-11在兴安和长白落叶松基因组DNA中1500bp处扩增出特异条带,而在华北落叶松中没有：引物OPX-14在兴安落叶松基因组DNA中1200bp处扩增出特异条带,而在长白落叶松中没有：还有2个引物可分别作为3种落叶松苗木和种子鉴别的辅助标记。本研究从分子水平上为落叶松的种间鉴别提供了新的鉴定方法。     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity among the isolates of Aspergillus flavus from different hosts and locations

Aflatoxin contamination is a major problem in maize, groundnut, chillies, cotton and tree nuts. These aflatoxins are low molecular weight toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. In the present study, a total of 11 isolates of A. flavus isolated from groundnut, maize and chilli collected from different locations of Tamil Nadu, India were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results show that the isolates vary in their level of toxin production. The amount of AFB1 produced by the toxigenic isolates of A. flavus ranged from 6.6 to 108.1?ng?ml^?1. Among the various isolates of A. flavus, the isolate VKR produced the highest amount (108.1?ng?ml^?1) of AFB1. The isolates viz. CBE1, CBE2, BSR1, BSR3 and BSR4 were found to be non-toxigenic. The genetic variability among these isolates was assessed by Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. DNA fragments of between 0.15 and 3.0?kb were obtained using 13 random primers, and each isolate differed in the size and number of PCR products indicating considerable polymorphism. Cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean clearly separated the isolates into four main clusters confirming the genetic diversity among the isolates of A. flavus. Both toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates were intermingled in these four groups, indicating that no relationship exists between RAPD profile and the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus.     

Evaluation of nematode-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) lines by molecular analysis

 Thirty sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) lines conferring complete resistance to the beet cyst nematode (BCN, Heterodera schachtii) originating from interspecific crosses with wild beets of the section Procumbentes (B. procumbens, B. webbiana and B. patellaris) were investigated by morphology and wild beet-specific molecular markers. The beet lines carrying chromosome mutations consisted of monosomic additions (2n=18+1), fragment additions (2n=18+fragment) and translocations (2n=18) from the wild beets. Genome-specific single-copy, satellite and repetitive probes were applied to study the origin, chromosomal assignment and presence of nematode resistance genes. Within the wild beet species at least three different resistance genes located on different chromosomes were distinguished: Hs1 on the homoelogous chromosomes I of each species, Hs2 on the homoelogous chromosomes VII of B. procumbens and B. webbiana and Hs3 on chromosome VIII of B. webbiana. A clear distinction between the three chromosomes was possible by morphological and molecular means. The translocation lines were separated into two different groups: one containing the resistance gene Hs1 from chromosome I and the other carrying a different nematode resistance gene. The molecular data combined with sequence analyses of Hs1 of the three wild beet species revealed a clear distinction between B. procumbens and B. webbiana. The evolutionary and taxonomical relationship of these species supporting the idea of three different species originating from a common ancestor is discussed. Received: 6 April 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1998     

Antimicrobial activity of isocytisoside and extracts of Aquilegia vulgaris L

AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyse the antimicrobial properties extracts of Aquilegia vulgaris, and their principial flavonoid component and to compare the obtained results with the activity of gentamicin and nystatin. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ethanol, acetone and isopropanol extracts as well as the subextracts isolated from the methanol extract together with the main flavonoid: 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucoside (isocytisoside) were obtained from the leaves with stems of Aquilegia vulgaris L. All the extracts were analysed by TLC to confirm flavonoids and phenolic acids occurrence. The antimicrobial activity was tested by the method of series dilutions against different Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and also fungi. The results have shown that the extracts, subextracts and isocytisoside inhibit growth of all studied micro-organisms, revealing the greatest activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and the mould Aspergillus niger. CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial activity of the tested materials it is possibly related to the content of isocytisoside. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study has determined new activity of A. vulgaris and suggested the necessity of further studies.     

Use of introgression lines and zonal mapping to identify RAPD markers linked to QTL

RAPD primers were identified as giving parent-specific bands when screened with a set of introgression lines containing introgressed regions of Lycopersicon pennellii that encompass 5 quantitative trait loci affiliated with the production and composition of acylsugars, compounds associated with insect resistance. Primers giving L. pennellii introgression specific bands were zonally mapped to identify bands affiliated with the quantitative trait target and flanking regions using subsets of 7 to 16 F2 individuals which contained small overlapping segments (zones) of the L. pennellii genome spanning those regions. Seventeen RAPD primers, agt-related primers, and an agt clone were then used in mapping the complete F2 population of 144 individuals. This work resulted in the identification of RAPD markers for three of the 5 quantitative trait loci and the construction of an integrated RAPD/RFLP genomic map for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii LA716) of 111 RAPD and 8 acylglucose transferase related markers added to a framework map of 150 RFLP markers.