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1.
Response of strawberry to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under very high soil phosphorus conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A field study was done to assess the potential benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation of elite strawberry plants
on plant multiplication, under typical strawberry nursery conditions and, in particular, high soil P fertility (Mehlich-3
extractible P=498 mg kg−1). Commercially in vitro propagated elite plants of five cultivars (‘Chambly,’ ‘Glooscap,’ ‘Joliette,’ ‘Kent,’ and ‘Sweet
Charlie’) were transplanted in noninoculated growth substrate or in substrate inoculated with Glomus intraradices or with a mixture of species (G. intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus etunicatum) at the acclimation stage and were grown for 6 weeks before transplantation in the field. We found that AM fungi can impact
on plant productivity in a soil classified as excessively rich in P. Inoculated mother plants produced about 25% fewer daughter
plants than the control in Chambly (P=0.03), and Glooscap produced about 50% more (P=0.008) daughter plants when inoculated with G. intraradices, while the productivity of other cultivars was not significantly decreased. Daughter plant shoot mass was not affected by
treatments, but their roots had lower, higher, or similar mass, depending on the cultivar–inoculum combination. Root mass
was unrelated to plant number. The average level of AM colonization of daughter plants produced by noninoculated mother plants
did not exceed 2%, whereas plants produced from inoculated mothers had over 10% of their root length colonized 7 weeks after
transplantation of mother plants and ∼6% after 14 weeks (harvest), suggesting that the AM fungi brought into the field by
inoculated mother plants had established and spread up to the daughter plants. The host or nonhost nature of the crop species
preceding strawberry plant production (barley or buckwheat) had no effect on soil mycorrhizal potential, on mother plant productivity,
or on daughter plant mycorrhizal development. Thus, in soil excessively rich in P, inoculation may be the only option for
management of the symbiosis. 相似文献
2.
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving plant zinc nutrition under low soil zinc concentrations: a review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Timothy R. Cavagnaro 《Plant and Soil》2008,304(1-2):315-325
Many of the world’s soils are zinc (Zn) deficient. Consequently, many crops experience reduced growth, yield and tissue Zn
concentrations. Reduced concentrations of Zn in the edible portions of crops have important implications for human Zn nutrition;
this is a cause of global concern. Most terrestrial plant species form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) with a relatively limited
number of specialized soil fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can take up nutrients, including Zn, and transfer them
to the plant, thereby enhancing plant nutrition. Under high soil Zn concentrations the formation of AM can also ‘protect’
against the accumulation of Zn in plant tissues to high concentrations. Here, a short review focusing on the role of AM in
enhancing plant Zn nutrition, principally under low soil Zn concentrations, is presented. Effects of Zn on the colonisation
of roots by AMF, direct uptake of Zn by AMF, the role of AM in the Zn nutrition of field grown plants, and emerging aspects
of Zn molecular physiology of AM, are explored. Emergent knowledge gaps are identified and discussed in the context of potential
future research. 相似文献
3.
David Püschel Martina Janoušková Martina Hujslová Renata Slavíková Hana Gryndlerová Jan Jansa 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(13):4332-4346
Considered to play an important role in plant mineral nutrition, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a common relationship between the roots of a great majority of plant species and glomeromycotan fungi. Its effects on the plant host are highly context dependent, with the greatest benefits often observed in phosphorus (P)‐limited environments. Mycorrhizal contribution to plant nitrogen (N) nutrition is probably less important under most conditions. Moreover, inasmuch as both plant and fungi require substantial quantities of N for their growth, competition for N could potentially reduce net mycorrhizal benefits to the plant under conditions of limited N supply. Further compounded by increased belowground carbon (C) drain, the mycorrhizal costs could outweigh the benefits under severe N limitation. Using a field AM fungal community or a laboratory culture of Rhizophagus irregularis as mycorrhizal inoculants, we tested the contribution of mycorrhizal symbiosis to the growth, C allocation, and mineral nutrition of Andropogon gerardii growing in a nutrient‐poor substrate under variable N and P supplies. The plants unambiguously competed with the fungi for N when its supply was low, resulting in no or negative mycorrhizal growth and N‐uptake responses under such conditions. The field AM fungal communities manifested their potential to improve plant P nutrition only upon N fertilization, whereas the R. irregularis slightly yet significantly increased P uptake of its plant host (but not the host's growth) even without N supply. Coincident with increasing levels of root colonization by the AM fungal structures, both inoculants invariably increased nutritional and growth benefits to the host with increasing N supply. This, in turn, resulted in relieving plant P deficiency, which was persistent in non‐mycorrhizal plants across the entire range of nutrient supplies. 相似文献
4.
Three pot experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the growth ofAcacia spp. in stockpiled soil from two mineral sand mines, could be increased by the addition of phosphorus (P) or inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In soils from North Stradbroke Island, the dry weight of shoots ofAcacia concurrens was increased by P and by VA mycorrhizal fungi in tailings sand, while in less adsorptive topsoil dry weight was only increased at low levels of applied P. WhenA. concurrens was grown in a layer of topsoil placed over tailings sand, shoot dry weight increased, in response to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi banded between the soil layers.In topsoil from Eneabba, the dry weight of shoots at low rates of applied P was increased by up to 4 times by inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi. The response to inoculation in both experiments was due to increases in the uptake of P by the plants.Species of VA mycorrhizal fungi differed in their ability to increase plant growth. However, in soils from both sites, the same fungal species were effective. 相似文献
5.
土著菌根真菌和混生植物对羊草生长和磷营养的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植物种间相互作用直接影响植物生长、根系可塑性及养分吸收,而与植物共生的丛枝菌根真菌可以改变植物个体和种间养分资源的分配,具有协调种间竞争的潜力.以我国北方草甸草原建群种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和混生植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)及独行菜(Lepidium spetalum)为供试植物,通过模拟盆栽试验,研究了土著菌根真菌和混生植物对羊草生长、根系形态及磷营养的影响.试验结果表明,土著菌根真菌能够与羊草及紫花苜蓿形成良好共生,而独行菜根内基本未形成菌根共生结构.土著菌根真菌显著降低了羊草及独行菜的生物量,但促进了紫花苜蓿的生长;混种紫花苜蓿显著促进了羊草的生长,而混种独行菜则显著抑制了羊草的生长.土著菌根真菌对羊草根系形态的影响表现出与植株生物量类似的趋势,但不同混生植物对羊草根系生长均无显著影响.土著菌根真菌和混生植物对羊草植株磷含量均无显著影响.与混生植物相比,羊草具有较高的比根长和磷吸收能力,这也解释了其负向菌根依赖性.研究证实了菌根真菌和植物种间相互作用均是影响草原优势植物生长和根系发育的重要因素,深入研究其交互作用对于科学管理草地生态系统,维持植物群落的稳定性和生态系统生产力具有重要意义. 相似文献
6.
丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是陆地生态系统中重要的土壤微生物之一.其在土壤生态系统中延伸出的根外菌丝,可以通过菌丝融合的方式形成丛枝菌根网络(AMN).AMN在土壤生态系统中发挥着重要功能:一方面,AMN可以改变土壤的理化性质,其根外菌丝分泌物可以影响土壤微生物生存的微环境,进而改变土壤微生物的群落组成;另一方面,AM真菌的根外菌丝可以吸收土壤养分,并通过AMN将吸收的营养物质在宿主植物间进行分配,调节植物物种之间的竞争关系.为了全面阐述AMN在生态系统中的功能,本文围绕最新的AMN研究成果,探究AM真菌根外菌丝在土壤中相互融合的机制、AMN影响土壤微生物的数量和组成、调节植物群落的生态学机理,以及AMN调节地下资源、植物种内和种间竞争、影响植物群落的多样性和丰富度等生态系统功能.阐述在全球变化过程中AMN与大气氮沉降、CO2浓度升高以及温度升高的相关性,探究其在维持生态系统稳定性中的作用,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望. 相似文献
7.
A 60-year journey of mycorrhizal research in China: Past,present and future directions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The significance of mycorrhizas (fungal roots in 90% of land plants) in plant nutrient acquisition and growth, element biogeochemical
cycling and maintaining of terrestrial ecosystem structures has been globally established for more than 120 years. Great progress
in mycorrhizal research in the past 60 years (1950–2009, 1981–2009 in particular) has also been made across China, particularly
in the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan. For instance, a total of 20 new and ∼120 records of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal
species, 30 new and ∼800 records of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species, a dozen of new and ∼100 records of orchid mycorrhizal
(OM) fungal species have been isolated by morphological observation and/or molecular identification in China since the 1950s.
Great accomplishment has also been made in the following area, including fungal species richness and genetic structure, relationships
between species composition and plant taxa, effects of mycorrhizal fungi on plant nutrient uptake and growth, resistances
to pathogens and interactions with other soil microorganisms, potential of mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation and/or land
reclamation, alterations of enzymatic activities in mycorrhizal plants, and elevated CO2 and O3 on root colonization and species diversity. Unfortunately, the international community cannot easily appreciate almost all
Chinese mycorrhizal studies since the vast majority of them have been published in Chinese and/or in China-based journals.
The aim of this review is to make a comprehensive exposure of the past and present China’s major mycorrhizal research to the
whole world, and then to suggest potential directions for the enhancement of future mycorrhizal research within and/or between
the Chinese and international mycorrhizal community. 相似文献
8.
Effects of mycorrhizal infection on drought tolerance and recovery in safflower and wheat 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance and recovery was studied in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown with and without the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd., in nutrient-amended soil under environmentally-controlled conditions to yield mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal with similar leaf areas, root length densities, dry weights, and adequate tissue phosphorus. When drought stress was induced, mycorrhizal infection did not affect changes in leaf water, osmotic or pressure potentials, or osmotic potentials of leaf tissue rehydrated to full turgor in either safflower or wheat. Furthermore, in safflower, infection had little effect on drought tolerance as indicated by the level of leaf necrosis. Mycorrhizal wheat plants, however, had less necrotic leaf tissue than uninfected plants at moderate levels of drought stress (but not at severe levels) probably due to enhanced phosphorus nutrition. To determine the effects of infection on drought recovery, plants were rewatered at a range of soil water potentials from –1 to –4 MPa. We found that although safflower tended to recover more slowly from drought after rewatering than wheat, mycorrhizal infection did not directly affect drought recovery in either plant species. Daily water use after rewatering was reduced and was correlated to the extent that leaves were damaged by drought stress in both plant species, but was not directly influenced by the mycorrhizal status of the plants. 相似文献
9.
Aug Robert M.; Stodola Ann J.W.; Ebel Robert C.; Duan Xiangrong 《Journal of experimental botany》1995,46(3):297-307
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has previously been shown toalter the response of sorghum leaves to probable non-hydraulicsignals of soil drying. Our objectives here were to determine:(1) how changes in phosphorus nutrition affect this root-to-shootsignalling in sorghum, (2) if mycorrhizal symbiosis can affectthe signalling process independently of effects on host P nutrition,and (3) how two Glomus species compare in their influence onsignalling. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench G1990A plants weregrown with root systems split between two pots. The 332 experimentaldesign included three levels of mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradicesSchenck & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd., non-mycorrhizal),three levels of phosphorus fertilization and two levels of water(fully watered, half-dried). Declines in leaf elongation with soil drying were more consistentin non-mycorrhizal than mycorrhizal plants. Relative growthrate (RGR) of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants initiallydeclined when water was withheld from about half of the rootsystem. With further soil drying, RGR of mycorrhizal plantseventually returned to control levels, while RGR of non-mycorrhizalplants remained depressed throughout the drying episode. Bythe end of the drying episode, mycorrhizal symbiosis had eliminateddrying-induced declines in total plant leaf length. Shoot androot dry weight declines of half-dried plants were not affectedby mycorrhizae. Declines in stomatal conductance with soil dryingwere larger and more frequent in non-mycorrhizal than mycorrhizalplants. Leaf osmotic potential and relative water content remainedsimilar in control and half-dried plants during drying, suggestingthat altered leaf behaviour of half-dried plants was due tosome non-hydraulic factor. The two fungi did not differ substantiallyin their influence on leaf behaviour. The applied phosphorustreatments did not affect either growth or stomatal responseof halfdried plants to the root-to-shoot signal, but lengthdeclines were related to actual leaf phosphorus concentrations.Rate of soil drying did not appear to influence ultimate growthreductions. We conclude that mycorrhizal fungi can modify leaf growth responseto the root-to-shoot signal of soil drying, and that this mycorrhizaleffect can occur independently of mycorrhizal effects on plantsize or phosphorus nutrition. However, plant size and nutrition,which are commonly affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis, can alsomodify the signalling process. Key words: Drought, nutrition, root signal, Sorghum bicolor, vesicular-arbuscular 相似文献
10.
G. D. Bowen 《Plant and Soil》1994,159(1):61-67
Factors in inoculum potential/infection levels/plant growth response are analysed and experimental approaches to propagule
germination, growth through soil and rhizosphere growth are indicated. It is suggested that seedling rhizosphere germination
of basidiospores occurs particularly with early stage fungi, while late stage fungi may be advantaged by germination/growth
on exudates from older parts of roots or on litter (and its associated microorganisms) and their tolerance of antimicrobial
substances in litter. Relative growth in the rhizosphere is likely to dominate the mycorrhizal species composition and this
may be a good selection method for organisms tolerant of stress and pollution conditions. As mycorrhizal function in nutrient
uptake is largely determined by fungus growth into soil, there is need for much more experimental study of factors affecting
this, and of the potential photosynthate drain this could represent. The possibility of selection/breeding mycorrhizal fungi
with both ‘early stage’ and ‘late stage’ attributes is raised. 相似文献
11.
Marco A. Martins 《Mycorrhiza》1992,2(2):69-73
The transfer of 14C from Lolium perenne (the donor) to Plantago lanceolata (the receiver), mediated by vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi, was examined when the two species were grown together or separately. The VA mycorrhizal infection led to a significant increase, relative to that in uninfected plants, in the 14C transferred from donor to receiver plants, not only when the roots of the two plants were growing in intimate mixture, but also when they were separated by a root-free zone of 2.33 cm. The majority of isotope transfer between the two plant species was along the direct pathway via VA mycelium. 相似文献
12.
丛枝菌根真菌是土壤微生物群落的重要组成部分,是最常见的地下共生菌,对植物和土壤具有多种有益作用.本文阐述了近年来丛枝菌根真菌对植物吸收土壤硫素的最新进展,在目前耕地缺硫状况下,着重分析了丛枝菌根真菌改善植物硫素营养以及丛枝菌根真菌利用硫素的分子调控机制,总结了影响菌根硫代谢的因素,并指出该研究方向仍存在的一些问题以及未... 相似文献
13.
Leho Tedersoo Mohammad Bahram 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2019,94(5):1857-1880
Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants by improved mineral nutrition and protection against stress, yet information about fundamental differences among mycorrhizal types in fungi and trees and their relative importance in biogeochemical processes is only beginning to accumulate. We critically review and synthesize the ecophysiological differences in ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and the effect of these mycorrhizal types on soil processes from local to global scales. We demonstrate that guilds of mycorrhizal fungi display substantial differences in genome‐encoded capacity for mineral nutrition, particularly acquisition of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic material. Mycorrhizal associations alter the trade‐off between allocation to roots or mycelium, ecophysiological traits such as root exudation, weathering, enzyme production, plant protection, and community assembly as well as response to climate change. Mycorrhizal types exhibit differential effects on ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling that affect global elemental fluxes and may mediate biome shifts in response to global change. We also note that most studies performed to date have not been properly replicated and collectively suffer from strong geographical sampling bias towards temperate biomes. We advocate that combining carefully replicated field experiments and controlled laboratory experiments with isotope labelling and ‐omics techniques offers great promise towards understanding differences in ecophysiology and ecosystem services among mycorrhizal types. 相似文献
14.
四种蕨类植物根际土壤中VA菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对4 种移栽到温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中的VA 菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化进行了研究, 结果发现, VA菌根真菌孢子的产生具有明显的宿主依赖性和季相变化。在相同气候条件下, 不同植物根际土壤中的VA菌根真菌种群组成不同; 同种VA 菌根真菌在不同宿主植物根际土壤中, 孢子的丰富度有很大的差异。本文对影响VA菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化的因素进行了讨论。 相似文献
15.
接种AM真菌对玉米和油菜种间竞争及土壤无机磷组分的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在温室盆栽条件下,分别模拟单作、间作和尼龙网分隔种植,比较接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae对菌根植物玉米和非菌根植物油菜生长和磷吸收状况的影响,并分析土壤中各无机磷组分的变化。结果发现,接种AM真菌可以促进土壤中难溶性磷(Ca10-P和O-P)向有效态磷转化,并显著降低总无机磷含量 (P<0.05),显著提高菌根植物玉米的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),特别是在间作体系中使玉米的磷营养竞争比率显著提高了45.0%-104.1% (P<0.05),显著降低了油菜的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),从而增强了了菌根植物的竞争优势,降低了非菌根植物与菌根植物的共存能力。揭示了石灰性土壤中AM真菌对植物物种多样性的影响,有助于更加全面地理解AM真菌在农业生态系统中的作用。 相似文献
16.
Root characteristics of native plant species in relation to the benefit of mycorrhizal colonization for phosphorus uptake 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We aimed to relate the root characteristics of native plants, with their benefit from mycorrhizal colonization, to assist in developing criteria for predicting plant response to mycorrhizal fungi in revegetated soils. The response of four plant species to VA mycorrhizal fungi was measured at increasing applications of phosphorus (P).The benefit of colonization for all species was large at low rates of P, but declined rapidly for some species at moderate P deficiency. Only then were length and fineness of roots and characteristics of root hairs useful in predicting relative benefit. 相似文献
17.
VA菌根真菌与植物相互选择性的研究 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:13
采用土培试验了灭菌条件下同一菌种对不同植物和不同菌咱对同一植物的接种效应。试验结果表明,供试植物都能与VA菌根真菌形成共生体系,接种VA菌根真菌促进了植物的生长,植株干物质量显著是否 同VA菌根真菌与宿主植物形成共生体的能力及对植物的接种疚差异明显,由此可见,选择优势菌咱和宿主植物组合,对于VA菌根真菌的广泛应用及农业生产具有重要的实践作用。 相似文献
18.
甘肃盐碱土植物VA菌根真菌侵染研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
对甘肃盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行研究,结果表明:在10科17种植物中,除碱蓬(Suaeda glauca Beg.)外均被菌根真菌侵染,占94.1%;盐碱土中孢子密度较高,表明甘肃盐碱土生态系统中植物对菌根真菌具有较高的依赖性,菌根真菌在盐碱土中产孢能力较强;所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型Arum型占68.75%,Pris型占31.25%;菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科(Poaceae)和鸢尾科(Iridaceae)植物为P型菌根,百合科(Liliaceae)、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)等其它科植物均为A型菌根;土壤类型影响了宿主植物的菌根侵染率和根际土的孢子密度,相同宿主植物在不同类型土壤中的菌根侵染率和孢子密度具有很大的差异. 相似文献
19.
Successful invaders must overcome biotic resistance, which is defined as the reduction in invasion success caused by the resident community. Soil microbes are an important source of community resistance to plant invasions, and understanding their role in this process requires urgent investigation. Therefore, three forest communities along successional stages and four exotic invasive plant species were selected to test the role of soil microbes of three forest communities in resisting the exotic invasive plant. Our results showed that soil microbes from a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF) (late-successional stage) had the greatest resistance to the invasive plants. Only the invasive species Ipomoea triloba was not sensitive to the three successional forest soils. Mycorrhizal fungi in early successional forest Pinus massonina forest (PMF) or mid-successional forest pine-broadleaf mixed forest (PBMF) soil promoted the growth of Mikania micrantha and Eupatorium catarium, but mycorrhizal fungi in MEBF soil had no significant effects on their growth. Pathogens plus other non-mycorrhizal microbes in MEBF soil inhibited the growth of M. micrantha and E. catarium significantly, and only inhibited root growth of E. catarium when compared with those with mycorrhizal fungi addition. The study suggest that soil mycorrhizal fungi of early-mid-successional forests benefit invasive species M. micrantha and E. catarium, while soil pathogens of late-successional forest may play an important role in resisting M. micrantha and E. catarium. The benefit and resistance of the soil microbes are dependent on invasive species and related to forest succession. The study gives a possible clue to control invasive plants by regulating soil microbes of forest community to resist plant invasion. 相似文献
20.
Experiments on asparagus (Asparagus of)icinalis L.) inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi were conducted under two fluvo-aquatic phosphorus deficient soils. This study was to examine the growth response of VA mycorrhizae and fertilizer effects on the growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal asparagus seedlings in pots and under field conditions. Inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased mycorrhizal infection and enhanced seedling growth. In treatments of fertilization by different batches of NPK or by different amount of application it was shown that phosphorus was most favourable to VAM activity. Both the prevalance of mycorrhizal infection and the dry weight of seedlings in treatment with NPK in 1:0:1 was similar to that in 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 after inoculation. Further more the prevalance of infection, plant growth and P content in the treatment of 1/2 an amount of NPK in 1:1:1 were even higer than those in full amount of NPK and in non-fertilization. It is indicated that phosphorus uptake and plant growth benefit greatly by mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal plant requires only about half as much phosphorus to achieve maximum growth as the uninoculated plants. 相似文献