入侵昆虫对全球气候变化的响应

生物入侵已成为一个影响深远的全球性问题,其对我国的生态系统、环境和社会经济的负面影响日益明显。全球气候变化对入侵昆虫有着深刻的影响,它正改变着一些昆虫本地种与入侵昆虫的组成、分布、种群动态和种间关系。本文分析了气候变化与生物入侵之间的互作关系,综述了全球气候变化因子(如温度、湿度及其它气候因子)对入侵昆虫生物学及生态学的影响,探讨了气候变化导致入侵昆虫定殖和传播的原因,并提出了气候变化下入侵昆虫的防治对策。     

全球气候变化下植物水分利用效率研究进展

气候变化是20世纪80年代以来全球最为关注的环境问题之一,显著影响着植物的生产力以及水分运移和利用格局,改变植物个体、群落及生态系统的水分利用效率（WUE）,最终影响植被分布格局和群落结构.开展植物WUE的研究有助于理解和预测陆地植被对全球变化的响应和适应对策,从而为应对全球变化提供新的依据.本文从叶片、个体、群体或生态系统等不同尺度简要介绍了植物水分利用效率的概念及测定方法,着重综述了气候变暖、CO₂浓度升高、降水变化和氮沉降等重要气候因子及其复合作用对植物WUE的影响研究进展,以及不同立地条件下植物WUE变化特征及生存适应策略,指出当前研究中存在的问题,并对全球气候变化下植物WUE的研究进行展望.     

土壤微生物群落对全球气候变化响应的研究进展

全球气候变化对陆地生态系统过程和功能产生重要影响,土壤微生物群落在陆地生态系统几乎所有的生物地球化学循环过程起到关键作用。本文针对气候变化对土壤微生物的影响研究结果,主要从土壤微生物活性(土壤呼吸与酶活性)和微生物群落结构对大气CO₂升高、增温、降水变化、氮沉降等全球变化单因子和多因子的直接或间接响应进行综述,并进一步阐述参与土壤碳氮循环过程的功能微生物对气候变化的响应机制与适应规律。全球变化因子改变了土壤微生物的群落组成,呈现降低、增加和无影响3种效应,且不同功能微生物也呈现不同的敏感性。多个全球变化因子对土壤微生物群落结构的交互效应可能存在加性、协同、拮抗作用,产生加和的、相互促进或抵消的整体效果。然而,目前对多种全球变化因子如三因子或四因子的组合作用,以及多因子的高阶交互作用研究较少;已有的研究地理分布不均匀,且时间和空间大尺度的研究不足;缺乏综合生态系统模型对全球变化的影响进行模拟和预测。最后指出今后的研究发展方向：进行多种全球变化因子、长时间、多生态系统点位、大空间尺度的土壤微生物群落动态研究;探究多种全球变化因子的高阶交互作用;建立综合响应的生态系统模...     

分析显示全球变暖损害农作物质量

随着全球日益变暖,人们赖以生存的农作物所含营养可能会越来越少。这是研究人员综合分析了大气中CO2浓度升高对农作物的影响后得出的结论。     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对作物生理生态的影响

论述了大气CO2浓度和温度升高下的植物生长,光合作用,产量以及水分养分利用效率等方面的研究进展,未来高CO2浓度下,光合作用速率有不同程度的提高,生物量和产量增加;气孔导度降低,水分利用效率（WUE）提高,一般地上部分和根系尤其是细根生物量增加,凋落物量随之增加,C/N比率提高,植物残体的腐解速率降低,CO2浓度升高后,会给根际微生物带来更多的底物,从而提高了微生物活性,加速养分的矿化过程,改善植物的养分状况。     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田水体细菌及大肠菌群数量的影响

稻田水体中细菌(尤其是其中的大肠菌群)数量的多少及活性深刻影响着水体质量和物质循环,然而大气CO2浓度升高对它们的影响至今鲜有报道.为此,借助国际上唯一的稻麦复种FACE(free air CO2 enrichment)试验(位于江苏省江都市,始于2004年),于2006年对稻田水体中细菌数量、大肠菌群数量、总有机碳量和总氮量等进行了动态监测.结果表明,大气 CO2浓度升高显著提高了以上各指标在稻田水体中的含量(P <0.01),在整个水稻生育期,与对照相比,水体中的细菌数量、大肠菌群数量、总有机碳量和总氮量平均分别提高了45.9%、68.8%、31.2%和25.9%,不同生育期之间上述各指标存在显著差异(P<0.01).可见,大气CO2浓度升高不仅可通过改变稻田水体质量的方式来影响水稻的安全生产,而且还可能通过田间排水尤其是水稻生长前期的暴雨导致的洪涝来加重稻田生态系统向周边居民井水和其它水域的细菌和大肠菌群的输出量,从而可能影响周边水体质量及人体健康.     

大气一氧化碳浓度升高对植物生长的影响

大气ＣＯ２浓度同对植物生长有促进作用,对Ｃ３植物生长的促进作用最大。短期ＣＯ２浓度升高时,植物光和速率增加;在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下,植物光鸽上降并发生光合适应现象。这可能是植物在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物源库关系不平衡引起的反馈抑制作用以及营养吸收不能满足光合速率增加的需要所引起Ｒｕｂｉｓｅｏ活必和含量下降。在ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物的呼吸也会发生变化,根的分枝和数量增多,根系的分泌量和吸收     

全球环境变化对森林凋落物分解的影响

全球环境变化将对森林生态系统凋落物的分解和养分循环产生直接和间接的多重影响.就全球环境变化如全球变暖、大气CO2浓度升高、UV-B辐射增强、氮沉降等对凋落物分解影响的研究进展进行了综合述评.影响凋落物分解的内部因素为凋落物基质质量,外部因素包括生物因素(微生物和动物)和非生物因素(温度、水分和土壤性质等).全球变暖对凋落物分解的非生物作用有正效应,也有负效应.全球变暖对凋落物化学组成虽然只有轻微的影响,但可以通过影响植被的物种组成来间接改变凋落物的产量、化学性质和分解.全球变暖对凋落物分解生物作用的主要影响是增强土壤微生物活性,从而加速凋落物的分解.CO2浓度上升将增加凋落物产量,并通过影响凋落物质量(提高C/N比、木质素/N比等)和生物环境(微生物的数量和活性)而影响分解过程.UV-B辐射和大气N沉降的增加亦对凋落物分解产生直接和间接的影响,但影响效果尚不很清楚,有待进一步的研究.总起来看,全球环境变化将通过影响凋落物的分解速率而对全球碳循环产生重要影响,但由于气候变化和凋落物分解响应的复杂性以及各因子之间的相互作用,气候变化对凋落物分解的总效应尚需更深入的研究来定量化.     

陆地森林植被植物细根对全球气候变化的响应研究进展

全球气候变化对陆地森林生态系统与生物多样性造成了较为明显的负面和潜在影响, 由此引发了各种生态环境问题。细根作为植物最活跃的组成部分之一, 在调节陆地森林生态系统碳平衡和养分循环的过程中发挥着重要作用。植物细根对全球气候变化的响应研究已成为当前全球变化背景下陆地生态系统关注的热门课题之一。全球气候变化是以温室气体(CO2、N2O)浓度持续上升、氮沉降加剧、全球气候变暖为主要特征。为此该文从以下几个方面对该领域的研究进展进行综述: (1)CO2浓度升高对植物细根的影响; (2)氮沉降增加对植物细根的影响; (3)温度升高和降水变化对植物细根的影响。最后, 进一步探讨了该领域研究仍存在的科学问题, 提出了未来研究展望。研究结果不仅为进一步研究全球气候变化对植物细根的影响提供重要的理论依据和参考, 也丰富了全球变化背景下根系生态学相关科学理论。     

木本植物对CO2浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应

CO2浓度和温度是影响木本植物生长和发育的两个关键因子,二者在全球变化中的相互作用对木本植物生长和发育具有显著的影响。大多数研究表明：CO2浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用可能影响木本植物的生长发育,促进光合作用;呼吸作用对CO2浓度增加和温度升高的相互作用存在长期和短期响应差异;二者的相互作用促进生物量增加和生产力的增长。木本植物对CO2浓度和温度升高的相互作用的响应程度因植物种类而异。     

The impact of elevated CO2 and global climate change on arbuscular mycorrhizas: a mycocentric approach

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are a potentially important link in the chain of response of ecosystems to elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. By promoting plant phosphorus uptake and acting as a sink for plant carbon, they can alleviate photosynthetic down-regulation. Because hyphal turnover is likely to be fast, especially in warmer soils, they can also act as a rapid pathway for the return of carbon to the atmosphere. However, most experiments on AM responses to [CO₂] have failed to take into account the difference in growth of mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal plants; those that have done so suggest that AM colonization of roots is little altered by [CO₂], although this issue remains to be resolved. Very little is known about the effects of other factors of global environmental change on mycorrhizas. These issues need urgent attention. It is also necessary to understand the potential for the various AM fungal taxa to respond differentially to environmental changes, including carbon supply and soil temperature and moisture, especially because of the differential abilities of plant and fungal species to migrate in response to changing environments. Indeed, there is a need for a new approach to the study of mycorrhizal associations, which has been too plant-centred. It is essential to regard the fungus as an organism itself, and to understand its biology both as an entity and as part of a symbiosis.     

Temperature gradient chambers for research on global environment change. II. A twin-wall tunnel system for low-stature, field-grown crops using a split heat pump

A temperature gradient chamber (TGC) is described which enables elevated CO₂ concentrations and a dynamic temperature gradient to be imposed on field crops throughout their life cycle under standard husbandry. Air is circulated through two double-walled polyethylene-covered tunnels connected to a split heat pump system to give a near-linear temperature gradient along each tunnel. Solar energy gain along each tunnel and exchange with outer tunnel air flow contribute to the temperature gradient and also produce diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations corresponding to ambient conditions. Mean temperature gradients of between 3 and 5°C have been recorded throughout the growing seasons of crops of lettuce, carrot, cauliflower and winter wheat. Elevated or present CO₂ concentrations are maintained in each of two pairs of tunnels throughout the cropping season using pure CO₂ injected through motorized needle valves. This system can realistically simulate aspects of the effects of projected future environmental change on crop growth, development and yield, and in particular tin-possible interaction of the effects of increased CO₂ and temperature.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature-grown red and sugar maple on gypsy moth performance

Few studies have investigated how tree species grown under elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature alter the performance of leaf‐feeding insects. The indirect effects of an elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature on leaf phytochemistry, along with potential direct effects on insect growth and consumption, may independently or interactively affect insects. To investigate this, we bagged larvae of the gypsy moth on leaves of red and sugar maple growing in open‐top chambers in four CO₂/temperature treatment combinations: (i) ambient temperature, ambient CO₂; (ii) ambient temperature, elevated CO₂ (+ 300 μL L^?1 CO₂); (iii) elevated temperature (+ 3.5°C), ambient CO₂; and (iv) elevated temperature, elevated CO₂. For both tree species, leaves grown at elevated CO₂ concentration were significantly reduced in leaf nitrogen concentration and increased in C: N ratio, while neither temperature nor its interaction with CO₂ concentration had any effect. Depending on the tree species, leaf water content declined (red maple) and carbon‐based phenolics increased (sugar maple) on plants grown in an enriched CO₂ atmosphere. The only observed effect of elevated temperature on leaf phytochemistry was a reduction in leaf water content of sugar maple leaves. Gypsy moth larval responses were dependent on tree species. Larvae feeding on elevated CO₂‐grown red maple leaves had reduced growth, while temperature had no effect on the growth or consumption of larvae. No significant effects of either temperature or CO₂ concentration were observed for larvae feeding on sugar maple leaves. Our data demonstrate strong effects of CO₂ enrichment on leaf phytochemical constituents important to folivorous insects, while an elevated temperature largely has little effect. We conclude that alterations in leaf chemistry due to an elevated CO₂ atmosphere are more important in this plant–folivorous insect system than either the direct short‐term effects of temperature on insect performance or its indirect effects on leaf chemistry.     

Challenges of a changing Earth

The Challenges of a Changing Earth: Global Change Open Science Conference was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, from 10 to 13 July 2001     

Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI): a new tool to study global warming effects on plants in the field

A new technique, called Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI), was developed to artificially induce increased canopy temperature in field conditions without the use of enclosures. This acronym was chosen in analogy with FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment), a technique which produces elevated CO₂ concentrations [CO₂] in open field conditions. The FATI system simulates global warming in small ecosystems of limited height, using infrared heaters from which all radiation below 800 nm is removed by selective cut-off filters to avoid undesirable photomorpho-genetic effects. An electronic control circuit tracks the ambient canopy temperature in an unheated reference plot with thermocouples, and modulates the radiant energy from the lamps to produce a 2.5°C increment in the canopy temperature of an associated heated plot (continuously day and night). This pre-set target differential is relatively-constant over time due to the fast response of the lamps and the use of a proportional action controller (the standard deviation of this increment was <1°C in a 3 week field study with 1007 measurements). Furthermore, the increase in leaf temperature does not depend on the vertical position within the canopy or on the height of the stand. Possible applications and alternative designs are discussed.     

Root dynamics and global change: seeking an ecosystem perspective

Changes in the production and turnover of roots in forests and grasslands in response to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, elevated temperatures, altered precipitation, or nitrogen deposition could be a key link between plant responses and longer-term changes in soil organic matter and ecosystem carbon balance. Here we summarize the experimental observations, ideas, and new hypotheses developed in this area in the rest of this volume. Three central questions are posed. Do elevated atmospheric CO₂, nitrogen deposition, and climatic change alter the dynamics of root production and mortality? What are the consequences of root responses to plant physiological processes? What are the implications of root dynamics to soil microbial communities and the fate of carbon in soil? Ecosystem-level observations of root production and mortality in response to global change parameters are just starting to emerge. The challenge to root biologists is to overcome the profound methodological and analytical problems and assemble a more comprehensive data set with sufficient ancillary data that differences between ecosystems can be explained. The assemblage of information reported herein on global patterns of root turnover, basic root biology that controls responses to environmental variables, and new observations of root and associated microbial responses to atmospheric and climatic change helps to sharpen our questions and stimulate new research approaches. New hypotheses have been developed to explain why responses of root turnover might differ in contrasting systems, how carbon allocation to roots is controlled, and how species differences in root chemistry might explain the ultimate fate of carbon in soil. These hypotheses and the enthusiasm for pursuing them are based on the firm belief that a deeper understanding of root dynamics is critical to describing the integrated response of ecosystems to global change.