我国主要类型昆虫对CO_2升高响应的研究进展

大气CO2浓度增加已经受到国内外的极大关注。自2002年以来,在自行设计、组装的一系列密闭式动态CO2气室和开顶式CO2浓度控制箱基础上,研究了我国主要类型昆虫对CO2浓度升高响应的特征。结果显示,大气CO2浓度升高降低了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的适合度和对棉花的危害作用,增加了棉花对棉铃虫为害的补偿作用,使以咀嚼式口器昆虫为代表的棉铃虫种群发生与危害下降;但大气CO2浓度升高改变了植物组织营养物质的组成与含量,提高了蚜虫Aphis gosypii对氨基酸营养的利用与补偿效率,降低了3种麦蚜的种间竞争,导致蚜虫种群发生与危害严重;而对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的种群特征影响较少。大气CO2浓度升高对天敌昆虫的影响存在种的特异性,表现出种群上升、下降和变化不大等特征。未来大气CO2浓度升高下,由于作物生长发育加快,生物量增加,蚜虫种群增多,导致吡虫啉农药防治效果下降,由此未来大气CO2浓度升高下农民将被迫使用更多的化学农药防治蚜虫类害虫,进而加重环境污染。     

外来入侵植物飞机草和本地植物异叶泽兰对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应

大气CO2浓度升高影响外来植物入侵,研究外来入侵植物和本地植物对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异,有助于准确预测和管理外来植物入侵。基于封顶式CO2生长室,模拟大气CO2浓度变化(对照和700μmol/mol),比较研究了外来入侵植物飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)和本地植物异叶泽兰(Eupatorium heterophyllum)形态、生长、生物量分配和光合特性对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异。结果表明:(1)在当前大气CO2浓度下,飞机草总生物量、株高、基径和总叶面积高于异叶泽兰,分枝数低于异叶泽兰;CO2浓度升高,飞机的总生物量、株高、基径、分枝数和总叶面积分别增加了92%、41%、60%、325%和148%,高于异叶泽兰的32%、14%、30%、64%和79%,飞机草生长优势进一步提高。(2)无论在高或低CO2浓度下,飞机草根生物量分数(RMF)都低于异叶泽兰,叶生物量分数(LMF)和茎生物量分数(SMF)都高于异叶泽兰;CO2倍增两种植物RMF均降低,LMF和SMF均升高,但这2个参数对CO2倍增响应的种间差异不显著。(3)无论在高或低CO2浓度下,飞机草和异叶泽兰的净光合速率差异均不显著,CO2倍增对两种植物的净光合速率的促进作用相似。上述结果表明,在未来大气CO2浓度升高的条件下,飞机草的入侵性可能提高,入侵危害将加剧。     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物-昆虫相互关系的影响

综述了CO2浓度升高对植物与昆虫相互关系影响的研究结果。大量研究表明,高浓度CO2对植物生理生化活动有显著的影响,植物营养物质的变化对植食性昆虫亦产生不同程度的影响,高浓度CO2条件对咀嚼式口器昆虫的取食、生长发育和生殖有不同程度的不良影响,昆虫为了获得足够的氮素营养而增加取食强度和时间,从而更易于受到天敌的攻击,这些昆虫的生长率、繁殖和生存率有下降的趋势;而对刺吸韧皮部汁液的昆虫来说,多引起种群数量增加或无显著影响。并对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了今后研究的方向。     

大气CO2浓度增加对昆虫的影响

大气CO2浓度增加已经受到国内外的极大关注.CO2浓度升高不但影响植物的生长发育,而且还改变植物体内的化学成分的组成与含量,从而间接地影响到植食性昆虫,并进而通过食物链影响到以之为食的天敌.根据国内外研究进展,结合多年的研究,系统介绍了CO2浓度变化对植物-昆虫系统影响的研究方法,论述了CO2浓度变化对植食性昆虫、天敌的作用规律及作用机理,探讨了CO2浓度变化对植物-植食性昆虫系统影响的特征,分析了未来研究发展的趋势及其存在的问题.     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤线虫群落的影响

本试验利用无锡稻 麦轮作FACE系统研究平台 ,开展了稻田土壤线虫群落对大气CO2 浓度升高响应的研究。实验中共观测到线虫 2 7科 4 0属 ,其中短腔属 (Brevibucca)、茎属(Ditylenchus)和垫刃属 (Tylenchus)为优势属。拔节期稻田土壤线虫总数、食细菌线虫和捕食 /杂食线虫对大气CO2 浓度升高表现出正响应。食真菌线虫在拔节期和抽穗期对CO2 浓度升高表现出负响应 ,成熟期捕食 /杂食线虫对CO2 浓度升高表现出负响应。在FACE条件下 ,植物寄生线虫的潜根属 (Hirschmanniella)和散香属 (Boleodorus)线虫数量显著增加 ,对CO2 浓度升高敏感     

不同CO2浓度下培养的蛋白核小球藻细胞结构的变化

大气 CO2 浓度升高已成为全球关注的一大热点问题 ,CO2 浓度升高对陆生植物影响已有广泛的研究[1] 。但水生植物由于水体中无机碳主要以CO2 -3 、HCO-3 和 CO2 的形式存在 ,所以对大气 CO2浓度升高的响应较为复杂。已有的有关 CO2 浓度与藻类关系的研究主要侧重于高浓度 CO2 对其生理学特性的影响 ,如 :当单细胞绿藻生活在高浓度 CO2( 5 % )的环境中时 ,细胞对 CO2 的亲和力明显降低 ,CO2 补偿点升高 ,碳酸酐酶的活性降低 ,细胞亚显微结构也伴随着明显变化 [2 ,3 ]。但以上的研究均采用很高的 CO2 浓度 (一般为 5 % ) ,而在现实的…     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌的影响研究进展

自世界工业革命以来,化石燃料的大量使用以及人类对自然环境的过度破坏,致使大气CO₂浓度不断升高.研究大气CO₂浓度升高介导的农业生态系统内植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌的适应机制,对于阐明气候变化下农业害虫爆发危害规律,指导防控与减排具有重要意义.本文综述了大气CO₂浓度升高对农业生态系统中植物、植食性昆虫及天敌的影响,主要包括：1)相关研究方法的改进;2)大气CO₂浓度升高介导的寄主植物营养和次生代谢物质的变化;3)大气CO₂浓度升高对以植物为食的昆虫的个体生长发育、种群数量、行为的影响;4)天敌昆虫的生物学及捕食量与寄生率变化.最后对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌的影响研究进展

自世界工业革命以来,化石燃料的大量使用以及人类对自然环境的过度破坏,致使大气CO₂浓度不断升高.研究大气CO₂浓度升高介导的农业生态系统内植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌的适应机制,对于阐明气候变化下农业害虫爆发危害规律,指导防控与减排具有重要意义.本文综述了大气CO₂浓度升高对农业生态系统中植物、植食性昆虫及天敌的影响,主要包括：1)相关研究方法的改进;2)大气CO₂浓度升高介导的寄主植物营养和次生代谢物质的变化;3)大气CO₂浓度升高对以植物为食的昆虫的个体生长发育、种群数量、行为的影响;4)天敌昆虫的生物学及捕食量与寄生率变化.最后对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

大气CO_2浓度升高与森林群落结构的可能性变化

大气 CO2 浓度升高所引起的森林生态系统生态稳定性的变化会导致森林在结构和功能上的变动 ,概述了大气 CO2浓度升高和陆地森林生态系统可能性变化之间的相互关系的研究情况。由于大气 CO2 浓度升高出现了额外多的 C,供应 ,讨论了以这些额外多的 C经大气 -植物 -土壤途径的流动走向 ,来研究大气 CO2 浓度的升高 ,与森林结构的相互作用 ,探讨了大气 CO2 浓度升高对森林植物生长、冠层结构、引发的生物量增量的分配、凋落物质量和根质量的变化造成的土壤生态过程的变化、微生物共生体、有机质周转率、营养循环的潜在效应以及气温上升对森林植物产生的可能性影响 ,这些受影响的生物要素和生态过程 ,会引起群落内植物间对资源原有的竞争关系发生变化 ,对资源竞争的格局发生变化最终将会导致森林结构的改变。     

全球变化背景下大气CO_2浓度升高与森林群落结构和功能的变化

大气 CO2 浓度升高所引起的森林生态系统生态稳定性的变化会导致森林在结构和功能上的变动。概述了全球变化背景下大气 CO2 浓度升高和陆地森林生态系统可能性变化之间的相互关系的研究情况。由于大气 CO2 浓度升高出现了额外多的 C供应 ,讨论了以这些额外多的 C经大气—植物—土壤途径的流动走向来研究大气 CO2 浓度的升高与森林结构和功能的相互作用 ,探讨了大气 CO2 浓度升高对森林植物生长、冠层结构、引发的生物量增量的分配、凋落物质量和根质量的变化造成的土壤生态过程的变化、微生物共生体、有机质周转率以及营养循环的潜在效应 ,这些受影响的生物要素和生态过程会引起群落内植物间对资源原有的竞争关系发生变化 ,对资源竞争的格局发生变化最终将会导致森林结构和功能的改变。还提出了一个假设性的概念性框架 ,描述大气 CO2 升高引起的森林结构和功能变化的内在机理。     

Plant-insect herbivore interactions in elevated CO(2) environments

The increasing concentration of CO(2) in the atmosphere is expected to lead to global changes in the physical environment of terrestrial organisms. We are beginning to understand how these changes are transmitted into pervasive effects on the interactions between plants and their leaf-feeding insect herbivores. An elevated CO(2) atmosphere often stimulates plant carbon assimilation and growth and alters carbon allocation patterns. This, in turn, determines the quality of plants as resources for herbivorous insects. These 'quality' factors include: the concentrations of water, nitrogen and allelochemicals in host-plant leaves, and the toughness and starch and fiber content of leaf tissue. Because these parameters change in plants grown in enriched CO(2) environments, the doubled CO(2) levels anticipated for the next century will alter the dynamics of plant-insect herbivore interactions because herbivore consumption, growth and fitness are affected by the typically lower quality of plants grown under these conditions.     

Elevated CO2 reduces leaf damage by insect herbivores in a forest community

By altering foliage quality, exposure to elevated levels of atmospheric CO(2) potentially affects the amount of herbivore damage experienced by plants. Here, we quantified foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, C : N ratio, phenolic levels, specific leaf area (SLA) and the amount of leaf tissue damaged by chewing insects for 12 hardwood tree species grown in plots exposed to elevated CO(2) (ambient plus 200 microl l(-1)) using free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) over 3 yr. The effects of elevated CO(2) varied considerably by year and across species. Elevated CO(2) decreased herbivore damage across 12 species in 1 yr but had no detectable effect in others. Decreased damage may have been related to lower average foliar N concentration and SLA and increased C : N ratio and phenolic content for some species under elevated compared with ambient CO(2). It remains unclear how these changes in leaf properties affect herbivory. Damage to the leaves of hardwood trees by herbivorous insects may be reduced in the future as the concentration of CO(2) continues to increase, perhaps altering the trophic structure of forest ecosystems.     

Elevated CO2 reduces the resistance and tolerance of tomato plants to Helicoverpa armigera by suppressing the JA signaling pathway

Both resistance and tolerance, which are two strategies that plants use to limit biotic stress, are affected by the abiotic environment including atmospheric CO(2) levels. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO(2) would reduce resistance (i.e., the ability to prevent damage) but enhance tolerance (i.e., the ability to regrow and compensate for damage after the damage has occurred) of tomato plants to the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that elevated CO(2) reduced resistance by decreasing the jasmonic acid (JA) level and activities of lipoxygenase, proteinase inhibitors, and polyphenol oxidase in wild-type (WT) plants infested with H. armigera. Consequently, the activities of total protease, trypsin-like enzymes, and weak and active alkaline trypsin-like enzymes increased in the midgut of H. armigera when fed on WT plants grown under elevated CO(2). Unexpectedly, the tolerance of the WT to H. armigera (in terms of photosynthetic rate, activity of sucrose phosphate synthases, flower number, and plant biomass and height) was also reduced by elevated CO(2). Under ambient CO(2), the expression of resistance and tolerance to H. armigera was much greater in wild type than in spr2 (a JA-deficient genotype) plants, but elevated CO(2) reduced these differences of the resistance and tolerance between WT and spr2 plants. The results suggest that the JA signaling pathway contributes to both plant resistance and tolerance to herbivorous insects and that by suppressing the JA signaling pathway, elevated CO(2) will simultaneously reduce the resistance and tolerance of tomato plants.     

Olfactory preferences of Popillia japonica, Vanessa cardui, and Aphis glycines for Glycine max grown under elevated CO2

Levels of atmospheric CO(2) have been increasing steadily over the last century and are projected to increase even more dramatically in the future. Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2) have larger herbivore populations than soybeans grown under ambient levels of CO(2). Increased abundance could reflect the fact that these herbivores are drawn in by increased amounts of volatiles or changes in the composition of volatiles released by plants grown under elevated CO(2) conditions. To determine impacts of elevated CO(2) on olfactory preferences, Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) were placed in Y-tube olfactometers with a choice between ambient levels of CO(2) gas versus elevated levels of CO(2) gas or damaged and undamaged leaves and plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2) versus damaged and undamaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2). All plants had been grown from seeds under ambient or elevated levels of CO(2). Painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui L.) were placed in an oviposition chamber with a choice between plants grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO(2). A. glycines and V. cardui showed no significant preference for plants in either treatment. P. japonica showed no significant preference between ambient levels and elevated levels of CO(2) gas. There was a significant P. japonica preference for damaged plants grown under ambient CO(2) versus undamaged plants but no preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants. P. japonica also preferred damaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2) versus damaged plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2). This lack of preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants could be the result of the identical elevated levels of a green leaf volatile (2-hexenal) present in all foliage grown under elevated CO(2) regardless of damage status. Green leaf volatiles are typically released from damaged leaves and are used as kairomones by many herbivorous insects for host plant location. An increase in production of volatiles in soybeans grown under elevated CO(2) conditions may lead to larger herbivore outbreaks in the future.     

Plant secondary substances and insects behaviour

Allelochemicals are storing in different location in plant tissues as inactive form. Number of identified compounds may now exceed 100,000. Environmental factors have an effect on allelochemicals concentration in plants. Many allelochemicals classified as toxins or deterrents for herbivorous insects. Allelochemicals play a major role in feeding or ovipositing stimulants for some specialist insects. Consumption and assimilation of herbivorous insects had affected by the type of allelochemicals in host plants. Allelochemicals have an acute or chronic toxicity on herbivorous insects. Most specialist herbivorous insects rely heavily of ingested plant allelochemicals. Plant allelochemicals may influence an insect's susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematode. Specialists herbivorous insect can be using the allelochemicals in their host plants as protection against natural enemies. Some herbivorous insects are synthesising the aggregation, attracting, alarm or mating pheromone from the allelochemicals in their host plants.     

植食性昆虫寄主植物嗅觉搜寻述介

植食性昆虫与寄主植物关系的本质是化学。植食性昆虫搜寻寄主的嗅觉媒介是植物气味即化学信息物质。在介绍植物气味构成及其扩散模型基础上,阐述了植物气味在地上植食性昆虫成虫、幼虫和地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主过程中的嗅觉导向作用,并指出了今后相关研究需要注意的问题。从植物与环境因子的关系来看,植物气味包括构成性气味和诱发性气味两类,这两类气味的概念既相联系而又不同。构成性气味组分及构成因植物分类地位等而不同。诱发性气味组分因植食性昆虫取食、植物病原微生物、机械致伤等因子的胁迫而变化,这种变化性状随植物属和/或种、植株生长发育阶段、胁迫因子性质及其作用方式而不同。无论是哪种植物气味,其释放均具有节律性。气味扩散过程比较复杂,扩散状态可用数学模型表征。对于地上植食性昆虫成虫,植物气味对其寄主搜寻行为具有导向特异性,重点分析了这种特异性形成的两个假说;鳞翅目昆虫幼虫,能够利用植物化学信息物质趋向寄主植物或回避非寄主植物;地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主,既与寄主植物地下组织释放或分泌的次级代谢物有关,又与一些初级代谢物有关。初级代谢物中的CO₂,起着“搜寻触发器”作用。有助于增强人们对昆虫与植...     

虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发与信号转导途径

植物通过产生和释放挥发性物质增加植食性昆虫的天敌对其寄主或猎物的定位,减少植食性昆虫对植物的取食,从而达到间接防御的目的。植物对植食性昆虫所做出间接防御反应激发因子和信号转导途径的研究,对应用虫害诱导植物挥发物引诱害虫天敌,并进一步从植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌间三级营养关系,研究动植物协同进化机理和病虫害防治具有深远意义。本文根据国内外最新研究进展,对虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发因子,昆虫取食信号的转导途径及对植物间接防御相关基因的激活等方面进行了系统地综述。     

Aphid response to elevated ozone and CO2

Numerous reports indicate that pollution stress caused by sulphur dioxide (SO₂), oxies of nitrogen or fluorides promote aphid growth on herbaceous and woody plants. At SO₂ exposures, the response curve of aphids is bell-shaped having the peak at 100 ppb. This curvilinear response is related to physiological stress responses of host plants exposed to pollutants. On the other hand, observations of aphid performance on ozone-exposed (O₃) or elevated carbon dioxide-exposed (CO₂) plants have given very variable results. Depending on the duration and concentration of O₃ or elevated CO₂ exposure or the age of the exposed plants, aphid growth on the same plants either decreased or increased in comparison to growth on control plants grown in filtered air. The results of these studies suggest that there is no general air pollution-induced plant stress that triggers aphid outbreaks on plants. Plants grown in elevated CO₂ usually have higher C/N ratios than plants grown in current ambient CO₂ atmosphere. A reduced proportion of nitrogen in the plant foliage decreases growth of chewing herbivorous insects, but the few studies of elevated CO₂ effects on sucking insects such as aphids have not yielded similar consistent effects. The present paper reviews recent studies of elevated CO₂ effects on aphids and discusses the effects of combined elevated O₃ and CO₂ exposures on aphid performance on woody plants using pine and birch aphids as examples.