Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒感染的细胞培养系统的建立

目的:建立稳定的HSV-1感染的细胞培养系统,为HSV-1感染性皮肤病的基础及临床研究提供稳定的平台。方法:以猴肾细胞(Vero)为繁殖细胞,选择人鼻咽癌上皮细胞(Hep-2)为靶细胞,观察HSV-1在Hep-2株中的致细胞病变效应(CPE)。结果:HSV-1在Vero细胞中能稳定、大量地繁殖;HSV-1感染Hep-2细胞后可出现明显的细胞病变;结论:以Vero为繁殖细胞,Hep-2为靶细胞的稳定的细胞培养系统可作为HSV-1感染性皮肤病的基础及临床研究的平台。     

HSV-1感染对人星形胶质瘤细胞增殖、凋亡和细胞周期的影响

目的:研究单纯疱疹病毒1型(Herpes simplexvires,HSV-1)感染对人星形胶质瘤细胞U251增殖、凋亡和细胞周期的影响.方法:以感染复数(MOI)为5的HSV-1感染体外培养的U251细胞,在感染后24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h用倒置显微镜观察U251细胞的形态改变:用MTT法、流式细胞术观察HSV-1感染对U251细胞增殖、凋亡和细胞周期的影响.结果:①U251细胞在感染24h后开始出现细胞融合,48 h后开始出现典型的细胞病变效应(Cytopathic effect,CPE),72h后超过80%的细胞出现CPE,.96h后细胞大部分死亡.②MTT法显示HSV-1感染U251细胞24 h、48 h、72 h及96 h的U251细胞OD值均低于对照组(P<0.05).③HSV-1感染U251细胞12h后凋亡率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),感染24h和36h后凋亡率比相应对照组有显著差别(p<0.05).④HSV感染12h、24h和36h后均可引起U251细胞S期细胞增多和G0/G1期细胞减少,24 h后G2/M期细胞比例开始增加.结论:HSV.1能感染体外培养的U251细胞,抑制其增殖,促进其凋亡并影响其细胞周期.     

螺旋藻多糖抗单纯疱疹病毒作用的实验研究

在体外进行了钝顶螺旋藻多糖(polysaccharides fromSpirulina platensis,PSP)抗单纯疱疹病毒活性的研究。以不同剂量的PSP分别作用于HSV-1及HSV-2病毒复制周期的各个环节,以病毒半数感染量(TCID50),细胞病变效应(CPE),蚀斑形成单位(PFU),MTT染色细胞保护率(MTT法)作为评价指标,判断PSP的抗病毒效果;FQ-PCR检测PSP抗病毒作用的时效关系。结果表明PSP对Vero细胞毒性极低(TC50为1750μg/mL),对HSV-1及HSV-2均无直接灭活作用,可阻滞HSV-1及HSV-2病毒吸附和抑制感染细胞内病毒的复制,但不影响病毒的释放;FQ-PCR结果显示随着PSP浓度及作用时间的增加,PSP对HSV-1病毒DNA的抑制作用明显增强,具有良好的剂量和时效关系。提示PSP抗HSV-1及HSV-2病毒作用的机制与抑制病毒吸附和感染细胞内病毒的生物合成有关。     

人巨细胞病毒对单纯疱疹病毒1型抗原表达的影响

我们用免疫胶体金色埋前标记技术和免疫荧光技术研究了人胚肺细胞(HEL)内,人巨细胞病毒(HCMV-AD_(169))对单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-ⅠSM_(44))抗原表达的影响,旨在探讨在细胞这一微生境内,一病毒对另一病毒可能发生的影响。电镜下计数HSV-1组和HCMV HSV-1组特异性结合金颗粒数得HSV-1组为657个,HCMV HSV-1组的总数为283个。t检验P<0.01,差别非常显著。并且HSV-1组细胞的胞浆中的病毒颗粒,比HCMV HSV-1组明显多。荧光显微镜下:HSV-1组阳性细胞数为689个HCMV HSV-1组只有484个,经poisson分布u检验,P<0.01,差别非常显著。免疫荧光实验还表明:HSV-1组,抗血清在1:320时仍有荧光清晰的阳性细胞,而HCMV HSV-1组,抗血清在1:160时,却无荧光阳性细胞。细胞病变效应(CPE)动态观察显示:HSV-1组8小时即有细胞病变,24小时蔓延整个单层;而HCMV HSV-1组超感染14小时才有细胞病变。24小时约有75％细胞受累。结果表明HCMV对HSV-1的抗原表达有明显的抑制作用。对抑制作用的可能机理及其在分子生态学中的意义,进行了讨论。     

靶向UL27shRNA抑制Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒在HEK293细胞中的复制

按照shRNA(small hairpin RNA)设计原则,针对Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2)的UL27基因序列保守区域筛选设计、合成4条干扰靶序列并构建表达UL27序列特异性siRNA(short interfering RNA)的质粒载体pGPU6/GFP/Neo．通过脂质体介导重组表达载体转染HEK293细胞 (human embryonic kidney 293 cell)再接种HSV-2．采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR)技术检测UL27各组的mRNA转录水平,终点滴定法检测细胞上清液中的病毒滴度,四甲基偶氮唑盐(four methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT)法测定细胞存活率,Western印迹法检测蛋白表达效果．结果显示,UL27shRNA75组对UL27基因mRNA表达抑制效果最佳,同时能显著抑制感染细胞的CPE(cytopathic effect, CPE),降低上清液中的病毒感染滴度,提高细胞的生存率,抑制UL27基因的蛋白表达．提示本研究构建的pGPU6/GFP/Neo-UL27表达载体能在细胞水平上不同程度地干扰HSV-2 UL27基因表达,抑制HSV-2在HEK293细胞中复制．     

褐藻裙带菜孢子叶粗提物体外抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型活性研究

从药物对细胞的保护、对HSV-2增殖的影响及对HSV-2感染细胞的综合作用三个方面研究不同稀释度的裙带菜孢子叶粗提物抑制单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型对Vero细胞的感染作用,细胞病变效应法(Cytopathogenic effect,CPE)观察和MTT法测定裙带菜多糖抗HSV-2活性,结果表明裙带菜多糖能明显抑制HSV-2对Vero细胞的致病变作用,使细胞存活率升高,其水提醇沉法所得裙带菜多糖的IC50为6.49μg/mL,并初步推测其抗HSV-2活性是作用在HSV-2和受体结合,侵入Vero细胞阶段,为筛选新型抗病毒药物、研究海藻多糖抗HSV-2活性机理及优化裙带菜孢子叶的提取工艺提供参考依据。     

人中性粒细胞多肽HNP1，3体外抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型的作用

体外观察人中性粒细胞多肽1,3(Humanneutrophilpeptide,HNP1,3)及阿昔洛韦(Acyclovir,ACV)对单纯疱疹病毒-Ⅰ型(Herpessimplexvirus1,HSV-1)的抑制作用。以Vero细胞为靶细胞,用各种浓度HNP1,3与游离病毒颗粒(直接失活组)及感染病毒后的靶细胞(复制抑制组)进行相互作用,镜下观察各药物对HSV-1致细胞病变效应的抑制作用,并采用ELISA法测定感染48h后药物对HSV-1囊膜糖蛋白分泌的抑制作用。MTT法检测各药物对细胞的毒性作用。结果显示直接失活组中,HNP1,3可使HSV-1的致细胞病变效应减轻,对HSV-1直接失活的50%有效浓度(EC50)为8.1μg/mL、10.03μg/mL;复制抑制组中,ACV使HSV-1的致细胞病变效应减轻,EC50为0.68μg/mL。MTT检测结果表明HNP1,3在治疗浓度范围内无明显细胞毒性。以上结果表明HNP1,3除具有较强的抗菌作用和抗人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus1,HIV-1)活性外,还能失活HSV-1病毒颗粒,从而逆转病毒及其蛋白的病毒效应(致细胞病变)和抑制病毒蛋白质的合成。     

单纯疱疹病毒感染细胞内环核苷酸含量的改变

用单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)Ⅰ型Sm44株和Ⅱ型333株感染非洲绿猴肾细胞系(Vero细胞),观察感染细胞中cAMP和cGMP含量的改变。病毒感染量均为0.5TCID50/细胞,观察周期为36小时(从接种病毒到CPE达++++),在感染后0、2、8、12、24、36小时分别收获细胞,以放射免疫法测定细胞内环磷酸核苷的含量改变。结果Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型HSV感染后在全部6个观察时期,细胞内的cAMP含量始终是升高的。HSV-Ⅰ和HSV-Ⅱ组的平均cAMP含量都明显高于正常细胞(P<0.05和P<0.02)。cGMP和cAMP/cGMP的变化不显著(表1)。     

人中性粒细胞多肽HNP1,3体外抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型的作用

体外观察人中性粒细胞多肽1,3(Human neutrophil peptide,HNP1,3)及阿昔洛韦(Acyclovir,ACV)对单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(Herpes simplex virus 1,HSV-1)的抑制作用.以Vero细胞为靶细胞,用各种浓度HN1,3与游离病毒颗粒(直接失活组)及感染病毒后的靶细胞(复制抑制组)进行相互作用,镜下观察各药物对HSV-1致细胞病变效应的抑制作用,并采用ELISA法测定感染48h后药物对HSV-1囊膜糖蛋白分泌的抑制作用.MTT法检测各药物对细胞的毒性作用.结果显示直接失活组中,HNP1,3可使HSV-1的致细胞病变效应减轻,对HSV-1直接失活的50%有效浓度(ECs0)为8.1μg/mL、10.03μg/mL;复制抑制组中,ACV使HSV-1的致细胞病变效应减轻,EC5o为0.68μg/mL.MTT检测结果表明HNP1,3在治疗浓度范围内无明显细胞毒性.以上结果表明HNP1,3除具有较强的抗菌作用和抗人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(Human immunodeficiency virus 1,HIV-1)活性外,还能失活HSV-1病毒颗粒,从而逆转病毒及其蛋白的病毒效应(致细胞病变)和抑制病毒蛋白质的合成.     

HSV-1感染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞及形成潜伏感染的初步研究

在体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),观察单纯疱疹病毒1型感染骨髓间充质干细胞情况.分离并鉴定BMSCs;HSV-1感染BMSCs,观察细胞病变(CPE);建立BMSCs的HSV-1潜伏感染模型.提取总DNA,PCR法扩增BMSCs内的HSV-1特异性片段,检测HSV-1感染BMSCs及潜伏感染.结果显示骨髓间充质干细胞经14d诱导后,碱性磷酸酶含量增高、形成钙结节,表现出成骨细胞特性.HSV-1感染BMSCs,出现典型的CPE,PCR法证实BMSCs内存在HSV-1的特异性片段.HSV-1潜伏感染的BMSCs,未出现明显的CPE,细胞传至7代,仍可测到HSV-1的基因片段,表明BMSCs有可能形成HSV-1的潜伏感染.大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞在体外可以向成骨细胞方向分化,可作为组织工程学的种子细胞.HSV-1可以在体外感染骨髓间充质干细胞并有形成潜伏感染的趋势.     

Is Patent “Evergreening” Restricting Access to Medicine/Device Combination Products?

Background

Not all new drug products are truly new. Some are the result of marginal innovation and incremental patenting of existing products, but in such a way that confers no major therapeutic improvement. This phenomenon, pejoratively known as “evergreening”, can allow manufacturers to preserve market exclusivity, but without significantly bettering the standard of care. Other studies speculate that evergreening is especially problematic for medicine/device combination products, because patents on the device component may outlast expired patents on the medicine component, and thereby keep competing, possibly less-expensive generic products off the market.

Materials and Methods

We focused on four common conditions that are often treated by medicine/device product combinations: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and severe allergic reactions. The patent data for a sample of such products (n = 49) for treating these conditions was extracted from the United States Food and Drug Administration’s Orange Book. Additional patent-related data (abstracts, claims, etc) were retrieved using LexisNexis TotalPatent. Comparisons were then made between each product’s device patents and medicine patents.

Results

Unexpired device patents exist for 90 percent of the 49 medicine/device product combinations studied, and were the only sort of unexpired patent for 14 products. Overall, 55 percent of the 235 patents found by our study were device patents. Comparing the last-to-expire device patent to that of the last-to-expire active ingredient patent, the median additional years of patent protection afforded by device patents was 4.7 years (range: 1.3–15.2 years).

Conclusion

Incremental, patentable innovation in devices to extend the overall patent protection of medicine/device product combinations is very common. Whether this constitutes “evergreening” depends on whether these incremental innovations and the years of extra patent protection they confer are proportionately matched by therapeutic improvements in the standard of care, which is highly debatable.     

Efficacy of therapeutic and prophylactic actions of ultralow doses of antibodies to gamma-interferon in experimental murine model of herpes virus]

The process of the disease due to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and 2) was studied on white uninbred mice weighing 10 to 12 g. The animals were infected intracerebrally or intraperitoneally. Intraperitoneal contamination of the animals with MS strain of HSV-2 was used for the experimental model of the herpes simplex infection. The prophylactic antiherpes action of ultralow doses of the human gamma-interferon antibodies (ULD of anti-IFN-gamma) at a course of its intragastral administration was evaluated. The preparation was shown to have a significant (p < 0.05) protective effect in a dose of 10 LD50, evident from a 10-fold decrease of the HSV-2 accumulation in the brain, a lower percentage of the animal deaths and an increase of the average lifespan of the animals by 3.3 days. The study of the therapeutic action of ULD of anti-IFN-gamma at a course of its intragastral administration showed that the preparation had no significant positive effect on the disease process in the animals infected with HSV-2 in a dose of 10 LD50. However, a positive effect associated with delayed virus replication in the brain was observed in the study on the therapeutic effect of ULD of anti-IFN-gamma after its intragastral administration to the mice infected with a sublethal dose of the virus.     

中成药质量控制研究进展

中成药是我国医药学宝库的重要组成部分,在推动我国医药产业的发展过程中具有不可替代的作用。但是中成药有效成分复杂,药效物质基础不明确,以及单味药材易受品种、产地、加工方法等因素的影响,使得中成药的质量评价成为阻碍中成药走向现代化与国际化的障碍。所谓中成药的现代化就是指用现代化的分析检测手段去解决中成药的质量问题,而中成药的国际化就是指在我国传统中成药知识产权和法律制度的前提下,用国际化的视野和创造性的思维来促进中成药的科技创新,加强与国际之间的交流与合作,达成共识,创建国际化与标准化的中成药质量控制体系。本文从历代药典对中成药质量控制的变化、中成药质量控制的现状分析及存在问题三方面进行了综述,提出了完善中成药质量控制的策略,从而进一步使中成药走向现代化与国际化。     

人集落刺激因子-1(CSF-1)对常见呼吸道病毒的抑制作用

本文观察集落刺激因子-1(CSF-1)及其诱生剂:内毒素(LPS)、胞壁二肽(MDP)和干扰素(IFN-α)对下列病毒所致细胞病变的抑制,包括不同型别腺病毒5株,单疱病毒Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,流感病毒A_3型,鼻病毒,ECHO11型各1株,在人胚肺传代细胞株上病变抑制的结果如下:对HSV-1、HSV-2、腺病毒6、11、22型,流感A_3型,鼻病毒。(CSF-1)和IFN-α,一样有明显抑毒效果,LPS MDP联合使用对以上病毒有明显增强抑毒作用。CSF-1和IFN-α的抑毒作用能分别被CSF-1和IFN-α的抗体所解除。 CSF-1在人胚肺传代细胞和人胚皮肤肌肉传代细胞上对VSV的抑毒效果在人胚肺细胞中效果比人胚皮肤肌肉细胞更明显。LPS10ng/ml作用48小时比作用24小时效果更强。LPS MDP和IFN-α对二种细胞都有同样高效的抑毒作用。     

中缅树鼩自然感染六种病毒的血清流行病学

中缅树鼩作为一种新型实验动物,在医学生物学上,尤其是病毒学方面的应用受到越来越多的重视.实验动物自身病毒感染会影响动物健康和干扰实验结果,甚至危害实验人员生命安全.所以,实验动物病毒检测一直是动物质量控制的重要部分.中缅树鼩研究迄今缺乏清晰的病毒自然感染资料.为调查中缅树鼩的病毒感染状况,采集野生俘获和人工繁殖的中缅树鼩血清样本272份,全部血清样本通过ELISA方法对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)总抗体,以及戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)、腺病毒(ADV)、单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)和2型(HSV-2)的IgG抗体进行了检测.结果表明,ELISA初筛HBV表面抗原有3份阳性样本,但通过乙型肝炎两对半定量检测进一步确认为阴性:抗HCV抗体和抗HEV、ADV、HSV-1 IgO抗体检测均为阴性;抗HSV-2 IgG检测有1份阳性样本.提示仪抗原或抗体血清学指标检测树鼩肝炎结果并不能反应个体携带病毒的状态,应该再进行病毒学指标确认.同时建议中缅树嗣繁殖群应进行HSV-2的筛选,以便杜绝和控制该病毒的感染.     

Estimation of Type-Specific Neutralizing Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Uterine Cervical Cancer Patients by a New Absorption Method

A simple method of estimating type-specific neutralizing antibody to type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) was devised with the use of the microneutralization system. Serially diluted serum was mixed in the well with a constant amount of type 1 virus (HSV-1), and after 3 days' incubation at 37 C, the plate was irradiated with ultraviolet light. The absorbing HSV-1 consisted of culture fluid plus an extract of infected Vero cells not especially concentrated. The well then received indicator HSV-1 or HSV-2, and after being left at 37 C for 1 hr a suspension of dispersed Vero cells was dropped into the wells, following our standard neutralization procedure. Preliminary tests with rabbit antisera showed that even a low level of HSV-2 antibody was detected by this method, unless an exceptionally high titer of HSV-1 antibody originally coexisted with the HSV-2 antibody. Sera from acutely infected persons testified to the specificity of the antibody so detected. It was revealed by means of the new technique that the rate of HSV-2 antibody was significantly higher in uterine cervical cancer patients than in control women. There was no correlation between the clinical stage of cervical cancer and the presence of HSV-2 antibody.     

In vitro inhibition of the cytopathic action of herpes simplex virus, type 1, with a natural cytokine complex

The antiviral action of a natural cytokine complex (NCC)--the preparation Superlymph and its peptide antimicrobial fraction (AMF)--in the culture of Vero cells infected with type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), strain VR-3, was studied. The NCC preparation did not alter the morphology of the cells for 6 days and was not toxic for the culture of Vero cells. The NCC and AMF produced a protective antiviral effect, which was manifested by the inhibition of the cytopathic action (CPA) of the virus. In the presence of the preparation, the CPA of HSV-1 was equal to 10(-4.67) ICPD50, while in the control CPA was equal to 10(-5.60). The fraction containing antimicrobial peptides (protegrins) and isolated from NCC, characterized by the method of mass spectrometry, produced the maximum antiviral effect on the cell strain Vero (10(-4.58) ICPD50). Thus Superlymph, an immunomodulator with antiviral activity, could be regarded as an effective preparation for the treatment of HSV infection. The action of such preparation was aimed at the inhibition of the CPA of the virus and the stimulation of the antiviral protective mechanisms of the cell.     

中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体内外抗菌和拮抗外毒素的作用

目的探明拟态弧菌外毒素的致病性,筛选出对拟态弧菌具有良好抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用的中草药复方。方法培养拟态弧菌安徽分离株,采用蛋白分离技术提取其外毒素,测定其对实验草鱼的致病性。以黄连、大黄、金银花、夏枯草、丹皮、地锦草、连翘、茯苓、车前子、黄芪和甘草组成3个复方,采用改良微量稀释法测定不同中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体外抑菌作用。同时使用动物模型测定不同中草药复方拮抗外毒素作用和对拟态弧菌感染草鱼的保护作用。结果4株拟态弧菌产生的外毒素对实验鱼均具有较强的致死性。复方3的体外抑菌作用最强,对4株拟态弧菌的MIC值均为1.96g/L;其次为复方1,其MIC值介于3.92～7.84g/L;复方2的抑菌作用最差,其MIC值介于62.72～125g/L。复方3拮抗外毒素作用最强,其次为复方2,复方1不具有抗毒素作用。复方3对拟态弧菌感染草鱼具有最好的保护作用,保护率为100%;其次为复方2,保护率为23.81%;复方1的保护率最低,仅为19.05%。结论拟态弧菌外毒素在腹水病发生过程中起着重要致病作用。复方3具有良好的抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用,为筛选出的最佳复方,可进一步研制成为治疗腹水病的中草药复方制剂。     

中成药质量控制研究进展

中成药是我国医药学宝库的重要组成部分,在推动我国医药产业的发展过程中具有不可替代的作用。但是中成药有效成分复杂,药效物质基础不明确,以及单味药材易受品种、产地、加工方法等因素的影响,使得中成药的质量评价成为阻碍中成药走向现代化与国际化的障碍。所谓中成药的现代化就是指用现代化的分析检测手段去解决中成药的质量问题,而中成药的国际化就是指在我国传统中成药知识产权和法律制度的前提下,用国际化的视野和创造性的思维来促进中成药的科技创新,加强与国际之间的交流与合作,达成共识,创建国际化与标准化的中成药质量控制体系。本文从历代药典对中成药质量控制的变化、中成药质量控制的现状分析及存在问题三方面进行了综述,提出了完善中成药质量控制的策略,从而进一步使中成药走向现代化与国际化。     

Regulation of guinea-pig immune functions by interleukin 2: critical role of natural killer activity in acute HSV-2 genital infection

We have previously demonstrated that recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) has a protective effect against acute HSV-2 infection in guinea pigs with a biphasic dose response which peaked between 4 and 20 X 10(4) U/kg, whereas 8 X 10(5) U/kg showed no effect on disease. Animals that escaped infection appeared lack immunologic memory to HSV-2, suggesting a nonspecific immune mechanism. In this study we have found that NK activity of fresh splenocytes measured against HSV-2 infected human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) is stimulated in vitro and in vivo by rIL 2 in a biphasic dose range similar to that determined for protection against disease. In contrast, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-mediated lysis of P815 showed a linear response to increasing concentrations of rIL 2 both in vitro and in vivo. Transfer of LAK cells did not alter the rate of infection after HSV-2 challenge. Anti-asialo GM-1 eliminated rIL 2 protection against HSV-2 infection. It also blocked HSV-2/HFF lysis and partially decreased P815 lysis in vitro; however, in vivo it inhibited both natural killer (NK) activity and LAK generation, failing to distinguish which of the lytic cells was responsible for the effect against infection. Early IgG production (7 days post-infection) was enhanced by rIL 2 administration before viral inoculation, but it did not influence the rate of infection as compared with controls. Polyclonal IgM secretion was not found to play a role in acute protection. Circulating serum interferon levels were enhanced with increasing concentrations of rIL 2 but did not correlate with the biphasic dose curve for protection. Therefore of these mechanisms the one that is most closely related to the protective effect of rIL 2 against primary HSV-2 infection appears to be NK-mediated lysis, although the other mechanisms may add to this effect.