中国鲴亚科鱼类同工酶和骨骼特征及系统演化的探讨：鲤形目：鲤科

本文对鲴亚科Xenocyprinae共4属6种鱼和鲢亚科Hypophthal michthyinae的鲢、鳙Aristichihys nobilis进行了骨骼系统的研究,并对鲴亚科的6种鱼同工酶谱型,进行了分析比较。鲢亚科虽然具有鲴亚科的共同祖征和全部离征,但因其有较多的特化性状,仍将其列为和鲴亚科并列的一个亚科。应用分支系统学原理推导出鲴亚科的系统发育图。鲴亚科6种鱼的肝、肾、心、眼的晶状体、鳍、脑,肌肉等7种组织5种同工酶(LDH,MDH,ES,ADH,G6PDH)的电泳分析表明,生化分类和经典分类结果完全一致。     

(鱼句)亚科花(鱼骨)型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

鲴类寄生六鞭毛虫系统发育的研究

利用分支系统学（Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓ）的原理和方法,选取光镜下的２４个性状,对鲴亚科１７种寄生六鞭毛虫进行了系统发育分析,初步阐明了这１７种六鞭毛虫相互间的亲缘关系。结果还表明,鲴亚科寄生六鞭毛虫的分化较晚;一些明显特征：如杆状条纹,是进化适应的结果,具有系统学意义。还通过对寄生六鞭毛虫在鲴亚科鱼类中的区系分布特点分析,探讨了宿主相互间的亲缘关系。结果表明：寄生六鞭毛虫的区系分布能够反映宿主相互间     

中国鲴亚科鱼类鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

中国鲴亚科鱼类鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察李仲辉,杨太有,李文（河南师范大学生物系,新乡４５３００２）关键词鲴亚科鱼类,鳞片,扫描电镜ＣＯＭＰＡＲＡＴＩＶＥＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＳＣＡＬＥＳＯＦＸＥＮＯＣＹＰＲＩＮＡＥ（ＰＩＳＣＥＳ：ＣＹＰＲＩＮＩＤ...     

黑龙江中新世的鲴亚科(鲤科)化石及新生代晚期东亚淡水鱼类区系的演替

本文记述了鲴亚科的一个化石新属新种Eoxenocyprisliui,标本产于黑龙江省桦南县附近的中新世地层中。它与现生鲴亚科鱼类的区别是：头长大于体高,口端位,鳃盖长大于高,背鳍起点至吻端距较其至尾鳍基距为大,臀鳍起点至腹鳍起点的距离小于其至尾鳍基的距离。对新生代晚期东亚淡水鱼类特征分析的结果表明,从中新世到上新世东亚大陆和日本列岛存在一个相同的淡水鱼类区系。这一区系在中国东部一直延续到现在,而在日本自更新世中期以后却发生过较大的演替。     

多泡肠袋虫超微结构的研究

对寄生于鲴亚科鱼类肠道中的多泡肠袋虫的超微结构进行了研究,描述了其体表皮层、胞口、核与胞器及腹中凹板各部分的精细构造。结果显示其体表及口区皮层均由表膜和表膜下纤维系统两部分组成;"V"形胞口密被纤毛、对称排布,其咽微丝较体纤毛处更为发达。大核内具多个核仁,异染色质散布核质内;小核内染色质则呈均匀致密分布。另在腹中凹板内质中发现大量支链淀粉粒,并由不连续的微管束沿凹陷边缘将此区域包围起来。同时,对皮层组分和腹中凹板进行了相近物种间的比较分析并对其功能进行了讨论。     

鲴亚科分子系统学研究

为探讨鲴亚科(Xenocyprinae)鱼类系统发育关系,研究基于2种线粒体基因和5种核基因序列对鲴亚科各物种的系统发育关系和分化时间进行评估。结果显示:不同方法和数据类型获得了基本一致的拓扑结构。3个属的单系性都得到了很好地支撑;但是,它们之间的进化关系却随着分子标记的不同而改变。这一结果可能是由于早期的基因流或谱系的随机分选所致。此外,银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、云南鲴(Xenocypris yunnanensis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)之间呈现出嵌套型的谱系关系,暗示它们之间存在基因交流的可能性。基于化石地层年代校正的分子钟估算结果显示,鲴亚科主要类群的分化发生在中新世晚期,约15—12百万年前(Millions of years ago, Ma),这与东亚季风强盛时期的时间相吻合。     

鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异及其功能适应

采用双筒解剖镜观察和手工绘图的方法,研究鮈亚科鱼类39个代表种下咽骨和下咽齿的形态特征,分析鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异及其功能适应。结果显示,鮈亚科鱼类的下咽骨可以分为粗壮型、中间型和狭长型3种形态类型;下咽齿可以分为圆锥型、臼齿型、粗壮侧扁型、侧扁型和极侧扁型5种形态类型。鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿间呈现出多种形态组合,并相互配合共同处理不同类型的食物。下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异为鮈亚科鱼类摄食不同类型的食物、充分利用不同的生境资源在摄食器官多样性方面提供了保证。     

基于Cyt b基因的扁圆吻鲴遗传多样性及其在鲴亚科系统发育地位探讨

扁圆吻鲴（Distoechodon compressus）是一种局域分布于我国福建、江西、台湾的小型经济鱼类,目前尚无其群体遗传学相关研究,此外扁圆吻鲴在鲴亚科（Xenocyprinae）鱼类中的分类地位也有争议。本研究基于线粒体Cyt b基因,对采自福建连城附近水域的三个扁圆吻鲴群体的遗传多样性、群体结构和历史动态进行分析。结果显示扁圆吻鲴的三个群体共检测到15个单倍型,整体单倍型多样性较高（0.554）而核苷酸多样性较低（0.001 42）,三个群体中池塘养殖群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均最高,分别为0.600和0.002 24;各群体间未检测到显著的遗传分化,且遗传距离均极低（小于0.002）;群体历史动态分析结果也未检测到明显的群体扩张或瓶颈效应等。此外,分别基于邻接法（neighbor-joining, NJ）、最大似然法（maximum likelihood, ML）和贝叶斯法（Bayesian inference, BI）对鲴亚科已报道的基因序列进行系统发育分析,结果显示似鲴属（Xenocyprioides）位于系统发育树基部;鲴属（Xenocypris）和圆吻鲴属（Distoechodon）并未各自形成单系,而是不同属的各物种互为并系;在圆吻鲴属内部,扁圆吻鲴和圆吻鲴无法通过Cyt b基因进行区分,因此未来仍需更多的分子标记以支持鲴亚科的系统发育关系。本研究的开展有助于了解扁圆吻鲴的遗传多样性现状和群体结构,为资源保护管理提供了基础资料,同时也为鲴亚科的系统发育和进化历史提供了重要参考。     

中国东北马斯特里赫特阶的Wulagasaurus dongi(鸭嘴龙亚科)的重新评估与系统发育分析(英文)

通过对黑龙江省乌拉嘎地区晚白垩世渔亮子组地层发现的董氏乌拉嘎龙(Wulagasaurus dongi)的原有材料和新材料进行对比研究和重新评估,可以认定以前归入乌拉嘎龙的部分骨骼(包括不完整的脑颅骨、上颌骨和肩胛骨)实际上应该属于赖氏龙类,并相应地修订了其鉴定特征。乌拉嘎龙具有同北美地区发现的短冠龙和慈母龙十分相似的骨学特征:长而楔形的前顶点位于颧骨前支的一半背腹高度处;颧骨后支呈扇形;乌喙骨的腹突相对较长且纤细;肱骨三角胸嵴较不发育,适度地向前外方扩展;髂骨髋臼上突的腹缘呈不对称的U形,缺乏一条强烈的嵴连接其后部区域与髋臼后突的背缘。系统发育分析结果显示乌拉嘎龙、短冠龙和慈母龙共同构成了鸭嘴龙亚科的一个基干支系。该支系起源于桑托期的亚洲,可能在中坎帕期之前发生分异并通过白令陆桥向北美地区迁徙辐射。     

The evolution of pharyngeal bones and teeth in Gobioninae fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) analyzed with phylogenetic comparative methods

The subfamily Gobioninae is a subgroup in the specious fish family Cyprinidae, which bears high diversity in morphological and ecological dimensions and has its most components distributed in East Asia. In this study, the pharyngeal bones and teeth of 39 species belonging to 19 genera of the Gobioninae were examined, with the phylogenetic comparative method (PCM) and correlation methods employed to analyze the character evolution. Three characters on pharyngeal bones (shape of the pharyngeal bones, extension for attachment of the pharyngo-cleithralis internus posterior (PCIP) muscle, and teeth-bearing area) and six characters of pharyngeal teeth (shape of the five teeth in the main row, number of rows of the teeth) were identified and compared. When the character states were mapped on a molecular phylogenetic tree, it was found that, to adapt to different masticatory operations, different Gobioninae species have various morphological types of pharyngeal bones and teeth: some have intermediate pharyngeal bones bearing multiple rows of diverse teeth (conical, coarsely compressed, and compressed), others have broad pharyngeal bones bearing a single row of molar teeth, and still others have narrow pharyngeal bones bearing a single row of extremely compressed teeth. Tests on the phylogenetic signal and evolutionary associations revealed that evolution of the examined characters was all phylogenetically constrained and correlated. Owing to the homoplasy in evolution, it was suggested that the conventional method of using pharyngeal bones and teeth for phylogenetic reconstruction of cyprinid fishes should not be encouraged.     

Pharyngeal teeth and masticatory process of the basioccipital bone in Japanese bitterlings (Cyprinidae)

The pharyngeal teeth and the masticatory process of the basioccipital bone were compared in fifteen species and subspecies of Japanese bitterlings.Acheilognathus lanceolata, A. limbata and two subspecies ofRhodeus ocellatus, which are characterized by the absence of serrations on the side of the pharyngeal teeth, have reduced occlusal grooves on the pharyngeal teeth. In the larvae of these species, the occlusal grooves are fairly developed. The occlusal grooves of the adult pharyngeal teeth in herbivorous species are more developed than those in omnivorous species. The occlusal grooves seem to have developed in relation to the feeding habits. On the basis of the combination of developmental degrees of the anterior part of the masticatory process, the occlusal grooves and the chewing area on the pharyngeal first tooth, Japanese bitterlings were classified into two groups and two types and/or five subtypes, suggesting phylogenetic relationships among them.     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Eastern Asian Cyprinidae (Pisces: Cypriniformes) inferred from cytochrome b sequences

Cyprinidae, the largest fish family, comprises ap-proximately 210 recognized genera and 2010 species that are distributed widely in Eurasia, East Indian Is-land, Africa, and North America[1]. Species richness of this family is the greatest in East Asia, for example, China has 122 genera and more than 600 species. It is difficult to build a comprehensive phylogeny of Cy-prinidae due to the large number of genera and species. The classification of this family has been subject to revisions an…     

Phylogenetic position of rasborin cyprinids and monophyly of major lineages among the Danioninae,based on morphological characters (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

The cyprinid subfamily Danioninae is one of the most important fish groups due to its inclusion of the model fish, Danio rerio. Molecular investigations have shown that species traditionally placed in the Danioninae are non‐monophyletic, divided into two groups corresponding to the Danioninae and Opsariichthyinae. The Danioninae are further divided into three lineages, i.e. chedrins, danionins and rasborins. However, morphological characters determining the foregoing groups are unknown. To investigate the interrelationships among major lineages within the Danioninae, a phylogenetic analysis based on 43 morphological characters from 34 taxa was conducted. Parsimony analysis recovers the Danioninae and Opsariichthyinae to be distinguished by the Y‐shaped ligament, absent in the Danioninae while present in the Opsariichthyinae. The Danioninae are divided into two tribes, Danionini and Rasborini. The Rasborini, including Boraras, Brevibora, Horadandia, Kottelatia, Rasbora, Rasboroides, Rasbosoma, Trigonopoma and Trigonostigma, are diagnosed by presence of dark supra‐anal pigment and subpeduncular streak as well as presence of the rasborin process on epibranchial 4. The Danionini are composed of two subtribes, Danionina and Chedrina, the Danionina including Chela, Danio, Devario, Microdevario and Microrasbora, and the Chedrina comprising Chelaethiops, Esomus, Luciosoma, Megarasbora, Mesobola, Nematabramis, Opsarius, Raiamas and Salmophasia. The Danionina are diagnosed by the unossified interhyal and presence of the danionin foramen in the horizontal limb of the cleithrum while the Chedrina are characterized by the postcleithrum absent or greatly reduced and approximately normal to abdominal ribs when present.     

Length–weight and length–length relationships of 10 small fish species from the Ganges, Bangladesh

This study describes the length–weight (LWR) and length–length (LLR) relationships for ten small indigenous fish species from the lower part of the Ganges, Bangladesh, namely Ailia coila , Amblypharyngodon mola , Aspidoparia morar , Clupisoma atherinoides , Eutropiichthyes vacha , Glossogobius giuris , Gudusia chapra , Lepidocephalus guntea , Mystus vittatus , and Puntius ticto . A total of 2142 specimens, representing 10 species of 5 families used for this study were caught by traditional fishing gear from March 2006 to February 2007. Standard length (SL), total length (TL) and fork length (FL) for each specimen were measured by digital slide calipers and each body weight (BW) was taken by a digital balance. The allometric coefficient b of the LWR was close to the isometric value ( b  =   3.001) in G. giuris , although it suggested negative allometric growth in A. coila, A. morar, C. atherinoides, E. vacha, and P. ticto, whilst positive allometric growth in rest of the species. The results further indicated that the LLRs were highly correlated ( r ²  >   0.890; P < 0.01). To the best our knowledge, this study presented the first reference on LWR and LLR for most of the species in Bangladesh.     

Lenomyrmex, an enigmatic new ant genus from the Neotropical Region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)

Abstract. We describe a new myrmicine ant genus, Lenomyrmex , with four new species: L. mandibularis (type species) and L. foveolatus from Colombia, L. wardi from Ecuador and Colombia, and L. costatus from Panama. The new taxon is clearly distinguished from other myrmicine ants by the following combination of characters: (1) mandibles elongate-triangular, with crenulate masticatory margin three times longer than basal margin, and bearing a series of ten to twenty minute peg-like denticles that arise along and immediately behind the masticatory margin; (2) frontal lobes poorly expanded laterally, partly covering the antennal fossae; (3) large and deep antennal fossae; (4) antennal scrobes absent; (5) eyes protuberant; (6) petiole pedunculate, with poorly defined node and with an anteroventral subpetiolar process pointed anteriorly. The affinities of this new taxon within Myrmicinae remain unclear and the observed characters do not permit it to be included satisfactorily in any of the known tribes or genus groups of the subfamily.     

Pharyngeal mastication and food transport in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): A cineradiographic and electromyographic study

Cyprinids constitute the largest fish family and are characterized by their pharyngeal teeth. The masticatory mechanism is still poorly understood. The complex of structures that determine the movements of pharyngeal teeth and chewing pad in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is analyzed. Activities in 16 head muscles of a free-swimming carp were recorded. X-ray cinerecordings, synchronized with electromyograms, were made of the intake, transport, mastication, and deglutition of radiopaque food pellets. Metal markers allowed a detailed movement analysis. Masticatory cycles are bilaterally synchronous and show distinct crushing and grinding patterns. Direct masticatory muscles that suspend and connect the pharyngeal bones steer and stabilize the masticatory movements. Baudelot's ligament, between skull and pectoral girdle, is applied as fulcrum, effects a crucial shift of the rotation axis of the pharyngeal jaw, and transforms crushing into grinding; simultaneous abduction lengthens the grinding stroke. Body muscles supply indirectly the power for mastication; they also appear to be regulated more distantly. The epaxial muscles lift the skull and thereby the levators of the pharyngeal bones, thus transmitting high forces to the teeth. They also stretch the levator of the bone as soon as occlusion is reached and thus optimize its production of forces during grinding. The hypaxial muscles retract the pharyngeal bones indirectly during grinding and power the teeth in sliding. The chewing pad, previously assumed to be motionless, rotates rostroventrad with the skull and intensifies grinding. Respiration and mastication are mutually related. The extensive movements of the pharyngeal bones are permitted only by the simultaneous expansion of the buccopharynx and a slide-coupling in the branchial floor. Muscular pads that line the pharynx are shown to transport food toward the teeth. The constrictor pharyngis effects deglutition. Natural food, intestinal contents, and feces of the carp were analyzed with respect to the capacity for distinct masticatory operations. During the experiments pellets, barley, and worms were fed. The carp is specialized for polyphagy and this appears to be based on the profiles of the heterodont teeth rather than on drastic changes in the two preprogrammed activity patterns. Comparison of the pharyngeal jaw system in the carp and higher teleosts emphasizes the structural design for the application of large forces in this cyprinid.     

Molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south Asian cyprinid genera Danio, Devario and Microrasbora (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)

Molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 159 species of the family Cyprinidae supports the subfamily Danioninae, of which Rasborinae is shown to be a junior synonym. Analysis of combined cytochrome b and a fragment of the nuclear rhodopsin gene from 68 species, including 43 species representing the subfamily Danioninae, supports phylogenetic distinctness of Danio and Devario. In the combined molecular analysis Microrasbora rubescens, Chela, Laubuca, Devario, and Inlecypris form a clade with M. gatesi , M. nana and M. kubotai being in sister group position to the rest. The sister group of this Devario clade is Danio . Inlecypris is synonymized with Devario. Microdevario, new genus, is proposed for M. gatesi , M. nana and M. kubotai , supported by morphological characters. In the cytochrome b analysis, M. rubescens falls outside Devario , and there is no morphological support for including M. rubescens in Devario . In the cytochrome b analysis Esomus  +  Danionella is the sister group of Danio and Devario clades, whereas in individual rhodopsin and combined analyses Esomus is the sister group of Danio , and of Danio and the Devario clade, respectively. Sundadanio presents at least one strong morphological synapomorphy with Danio , but is positioned in molecular trees either as a member of the Cyprininae or as sister group of the remaining Danioninae. In the morphological analysis, small-sized species grouped together based on shared reductions that are not necessarily synapomorphies. In the molecular analysis, small-sized species such as Danionella and Sundadanio possess long branches and their position varies, but they did not group together. This suggests morphological homoplasy, but phylogenetic positions are not well supported in the molecular analyses