重组人磷脂酶D2在体内能明显抑制慢性哮喘豚鼠血清中GPI-PLD的表达

 通过建立慢性豚鼠哮喘模型,研究重组人磷脂酶D2(rhPLD2)干预慢性哮喘豚鼠血清中糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶D(GPI-PLD)含量的变化,探寻可能的机制. 以rhPLD2干预慢性哮喘豚鼠,用TX-114分相法检测豚鼠血清中GPI-PLD酶活性.与正常状态豚鼠相比较,慢性哮喘状态豚鼠其血清中GPI-PLD酶活性显著升高.但以rhPLD2及地塞米松干预慢性哮喘豚鼠后,该指标显著下降. rhPLD2可通过抑制其血清中GPI-PLD酶活性表达,来抑制哮喘发生过程中的炎症反应.     

两种实验技术在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用检测中的应用

蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者.蛋白质种类繁多,结构多样,具有十分广泛的生物学功能,可作为载体蛋白、酶蛋白和信号肽等参与调控细胞内的各种代谢活动.生物体内蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用,尤其是蛋白质-蛋白质之间的相互作用,是蛋白质行使这些重要生物学功能的基础.通过研究可以相互作用的蛋白质形成的各种复合体,对揭示蛋白质的功能,...     

蛋白质隐态构象

生物活性蛋白质的结构具有动态特性,存在构象系综,包含常规结构生物学可测定的稳态和常规结构生物学无法测定的隐态构象.隐态构象与稳态构象之间存在着多态平衡,在蛋白质生物学功能上具有重要作用.蛋白质隐态定义起源于蛋白质折叠机制及蛋白质分子动态学研究.在蛋白质构象系综中,蛋白质隐态的含量较少、寿命短及较稳态构象能量高等性质使得...     

SHP-1的结构及其在淋巴细胞中的生物学功能

含SH2域的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1(SHP-1)是蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶家族成员。其分子结构中包含2个SH2结构域,它们不仅是SHP-1亚细胞定位的结构基础,同时也可以调节SHP-1的磷酸酶活性。SHP-1具有多种生物学功能,除了可以调节抗原、细胞因子、生长因子和趋化因子受体介导的信号途径,还影响细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)的杀伤活性以及淋巴细胞的黏附属性。该文介绍SHP-1的分子结构及其在淋巴细胞中的主要生物学功能。     

大型真菌免疫调节蛋白的研究进展

真菌免疫调节蛋白是一类具有抑菌、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等生物学功能的小分子蛋白质。概述真菌免疫调节蛋白的序列特性、空间结构、生物学功能及调控机理等研究进展,并对其研发的发展趋势进行展望。     

《生物化学》课程中“蛋白质”教学实践探讨

《生物化学》是生命科学相关专业的一门基础课程以及研究生入学考试的经典科目。课程内容涉及生物学和化学的交叉知识,内容有一定难度,尤其是蛋白质章节。《生物化学》教材中"蛋白质"章节包括氨基酸、蛋白质结构、蛋白质功能,以及蛋白质研究技术。教学内容既需要化学知识体系理解蛋白质的结构和性质,又要运用生物学知识掌握蛋白质结构与功能之间的相互关系。同时,蛋白质作为生命体的物质基础,相关研究进展不断更新,内容信息量大。本文通过分析蛋白质教学难点,设计教学内容,并结合新媒体教学手段探讨蛋白质教学实践,旨在提高《生物化学》课程的教学质量,激发学生探索专业知识的兴趣与能力。     

无序蛋白质的判定及其结构、功能和进化特征

固有无序蛋白质(intrinsically disordered proteins,IDPs)是天然条件下自身不能折叠为明确唯一的空间结构,却具有生物学功能的一类新发现的蛋白质.这类蛋白质的发现是对传统的"结构-功能"关系认识模式的挑战.本文首先总结了无序蛋白质的实验鉴定手段、预测方法、数据库;并介绍了无序蛋白质结构(包括一级结构、二级结构、结构域无序性及变构效应)和功能特征;然后重点总结了无序蛋白质在进化角度研究的进展,包括无序区域产生的进化机制、进化速率,蛋白无序性的进化在蛋白质功能进化及生物学复杂性增加等方面的重要作用;最后展望了无序蛋白质在医药方面的应用前景.本文对于深入认识无序蛋白质的形成机制、结构和功能特征及其潜在的临床应用前景具有重要意义.     

蛋白质：生物界中又一类信息的储存者和传递者 ——对 prion 生物学相关知识的重新解读

蛋白质在相当一段时间内一直被认为只是 DNA 或 RNA 等遗传物质的表达形式,其单独不具有储存和传递生物信息的功能,而储存和传递生物信息却是遗传物质的两个基本属性 . 随着近年来 prion 生物学的出现和研究的逐步深入,人们已经认识到蛋白质单独就具有储存和传递生物信息的功能,从这个意义上讲,蛋白质也是一类遗传物质 . 所以很有必要站在这个角度对 prion 生物学的相关知识进行重新的梳理和再认识,通过对哺乳动物 prion 生物学和真菌 prion 生物学各自发展历程的简要回顾和最新研究成果的介绍,以及它们之间相同点和不同点的比较,总结出蛋白质储存和传递生物信息的一般规律并指出其表现形式的多样性 .     

玻璃结合蛋白

玻璃结合蛋白有独特的蛋白质分子结构的生物学性能,具有多种功能作用,参与机体免疫,凝血,纤溶和组织细胞损伤修复等功能活动;尤其是近来对这一古老蛋白质又有新的认识。本就近来对该蛋白质的性质,分子结构和作用机制做一综述。     

蛋白质糖基化修饰的研究进展

糖类在生物合成、结构和功能上都与核酸以及蛋白质有着本质区别,但是对蛋白质的功能却有着关键影响。蛋白质若要行使其生物学功能,必须在翻译之后进行进一步加工,加工过程涉及多种修饰方式,例如磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化、甲基化、糖基化等。其中糖基化修饰对蛋白质功能和结构的形成具有重要作用。在机体内,细胞粘附、分子识别以及信号转导等过程均涉及糖基化蛋白质的参与,说明糖基化修饰对蛋白质行使生物学功能起着重要作用。研究蛋白质的糖基化修饰及其在不同生理病理条件下的变化有重要意义,也是糖蛋白质组学面临的主要问题和巨大挑战。本课题概述了蛋白质糖基化修饰的分类,回顾了他们对蛋白质性质的影响,为探讨最新的研究技术及发展现状提供了支持。     

Effects of recombinant human PLD2 on proliferation and apoptosis of HL-60 cells

In the present study, we investigated the role of recombinant human phospholipase D2 (rhPLD2) on proliferation and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells which induced by camptothecin. Our research demonstrated that various concentrations of rhPLD2 inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and rhPLD2 plus camptothecin can produce a synergistic effect on growth inhibition of HL-60 cells in vitro. So, we conclude that rhPLD2 alone cannot induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells, but it can potentiate the apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced by camptothecin. Similarly, we show that both rhPLD2 and standard PLD were able to enhance camptothecin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells.     

重组表达猪圆环病毒2型衣壳蛋白的抗原特性分析

将猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2 )去核定位信号衣壳蛋白(Nuclearlocalizationsignal_defectedcapsidprotein ,dCap)与谷胱甘肽_S_转移酶(GST)融合,在大肠杆菌中表达,经纯化和凝血酶剪切分别获得纯化的GST_dCap融合蛋白和dCap蛋白,Westernblot结果表明二者都能与猪抗PCV2血清发生特异性反应。dCap蛋白免疫小鼠制备的单克隆抗体,不仅能特异地与GST_dCap融合蛋白、dCap蛋白和纯化的PCV2粒子发生反应,而且能特异地与PK_15细胞内的PCV2病毒颗粒发生反应,其中抗dCap蛋白的单克隆抗体4C4、3F6和2G7具有阻止病毒感染细胞的能力。表明原核表达的dCap蛋白完全或部分正确模拟了PCV2天然衣壳蛋白的构像,PCV2衣壳蛋白存在阻止PCV2病毒感染细胞的功能性表位。同时重组PCV2dCap蛋白的获得为进一步研究Cap蛋白晶体结构和将重组的dCap蛋白作为抗原建立血清学诊断试剂及疫苗研究提供了基础     

Regulation of the interaction of actin filaments with microtubule-associated protein 2 by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2) by Ca²⁺-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (protein kinase II) inhibited the actin filament cross-linking activity of MAP 2. This inhibition required the presence of ATP, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and calmodulin. The minimal concentration of MAP 2 required for gel formation of actin filaments was increased with increasing amounts of phosphate incorporated into MAP 2, and the phosphorylated MAP 2, into which 10.3 mol of phosphate/mol of protein had been incorporated, did not cause actin filaments to gel under the experimental conditions used. The phosphorylation of MAP 2 by Ca²⁺-, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase also inhibited the actin filament cross-linking activity of MAP 2. The extent and rate of phosphorylation of MAP 2 by protein kinase II were higher than those of the phosphorylation by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The interaction of actin filaments with MAP 2 was inhibited more by the actions of protein kinase II and protein kinase C than by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The actin filament cross-linking activity of MAP 2 phosphorylated either by protein kinase II, cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C was retrieved when phosphorylated MAP 2 was treated by protein phosphatase. These results indicate that the interaction of actin filaments with MAP 2 is regulated by the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of MAP 2.     

Proteoglycans of bovine articular cartilage. The effects of divalent cations on the biochemical properties of link protein

In cartilage proteoglycan aggregates, link protein stabilizes the binding of proteoglycan monomers to hyaluronate by binding simultaneously to hyaluronate and to the G1 globular domain of proteoglycan monomer core protein. Studies reported here involving metal chelate affinity chromatography demonstrate that link protein is a metalloprotein that binds Zn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+. Zn2+ and Ni2+ decrease the solubility of link protein and result in its precipitation. However, link protein is readily soluble and functional in low ionic strength solvents from which divalent cations have been removed with Chelex 100. These observations make it possible to study the biochemical properties of link protein in low ionic strength, physiologic solvents. Studies were carried out to define the oligomeric state of link protein alone in physiologic solvents, and the transformation in oligomeric state that occurs when link protein binds hyaluronate. Sedimentation equilibrium studies demonstrate that in 0.15 M NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris, pH 7, link protein exists as a monomer-hexamer equilibrium controlled by a formation constant of 2 x 10(27) M-5, yielding a delta G' of -36 kcal/mol for the formation of the hexamer from six monomers. On binding hyaluronate oligosaccharides (HA10 or HA12), link protein dissociates to dimer. Link protein hexamer is rendered insoluble by Zn2+. Greater than 90% of the protein is precipitated by 2 mol of Zn2+/mol of link protein monomer. The binding of hyaluronate oligosaccharide by link protein strongly inhibits the precipitation of link protein by Zn2+. The link protein/hyaluronate oligosaccharide complex is completely soluble in the presence of 2 mol of Zn2+/mol of link protein. At higher molar ratios of Zn2+/link protein, the inhibitory effect of hyaluronate oligosaccharide on the precipitation of link protein is gradually overcome. Hyaluronate oligosaccharide is not dissociated from link protein by Zn2+. Hyaluronate remains bound to the link protein which is precipitated by Zn2+, or to the link protein which binds to Zn2(+)-charged iminodiacetate-Sepharose columns. Hyaluronate oligosaccharides and Zn2+ bind to different sites on link protein.     

The mechanism of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase action. Pre-steady-state kinetics of H2 formation.

A comprehensive model for the mechanism of nitrogenase action is used to simulate pre-steady-state kinetic data for H2 evolution in the presence and in the absence of N2, obtained by using a rapid-quench technique with nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. These simulations use independently determined rate constants that define the model in terms of the following partial reactions: component protein association and dissociation, electron transfer from Fe protein to MoFe protein coupled to the hydrolysis of MgATP, reduction of oxidized Fe protein by Na2S2O4, reversible N2 binding by H2 displacement and H2 evolution. Two rate-limiting dissociations of oxidized Fe protein from reduced MoFe protein precede H2 evolution, which occurs from the free MoFe protein. Thus Fe protein suppresses H2 evolution by binding to the MoFe protein. This is a necessary condition for efficient N2 binding to reduced MoFe protein.     

Regulation of rhodopsin dephosphorylation by arrestin

We have characterized the opsin phosphatase activities in extracts of rod outer segments and determined their relationship to known protein phosphatases. The opsin phosphatase activity in the extracts was not due to protein phosphatases 1, 2B, or 2C because it was neither stimulated by Mg2+ or Ca2+/calmodulin nor inhibited by protein phosphatase inhibitors-1 or -2. Opsin phosphatase activity in rod outer segment extracts was potently inhibited by okadaic acid (IC50 approximately 10 nM), a preferential inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A. Moreover, during chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, the opsin phosphatase activity co-eluted with three peaks of protein phosphatase 2A activity, termed protein phosphatases 2A0, 2A1, and 2A2. The opsin phosphatase activity of each peak was stimulated by polylysine, a known activator of protein phosphatase 2A. Finally, treatment of rod outer segment extracts with 80% ethanol at room temperature converted the activity from a high molecular weight form characteristic of the protein phosphatase 2A0, 2A1, and 2A2 species to a low molecular weight form characteristic of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. We conclude that protein phosphatase 2A is likely to be the physiologically relevant rhodopsin phosphatase. The 48-kDa rod outer segment protein arrestin (S-antigen) was found to inhibit the dephosphorylation of freshly photolyzed rhodopsin by protein phosphatase 2A but did not inhibit the dephosphorylation of unbleached rhodopsin. Arrestin has no effect on the dephosphorylation of phorphorylase a, indicating that the effect was substrate-directed. It appears that dephosphorylation of the photoreceptor protein phosphorhodopsin occurs only after decay of the photoactivated protein and that this may be regulated in vivo by arrestin. The binding of arrestin to photolyzed phosphorylated rhodopsin, i.e. the binding of a regulatory protein to a protein phosphatase substrate to form a complex resistant to dephosphorylation represents a novel mechanism for the regulation of protein phosphatase 2A.     

The Effect of Manganese on the Reconstitution of Partial Metallocluster-deficient Nitrogenase Molybdenum-Iron Protein

By treating the reduced MoFe protein of nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii with O-phenanthroline (O-phen) and O2, inactive MoFe protein which was partialy deficient in both P-cluster and FeMoco could be obtained. After incubating the inactive protein with a reconstituent solution containing KMnO4, ferric homocitrate, Na2S and dithiothreitol, a reconstituted protein could be obtained. The absorption spectrum and C2H2, H+ and N2 reduction activity of the reconstituted protein could be well restored to the state of the reduced MoFe protein. However, the α-helix and CD spectrum at 380—550 nm and at 620—670 nm of the reconstituted protein were somewhat different from those of the reduced MoFe protein. The results showed that: (1) the reconstituted protein was composed of the assembled protein which might be a MnFe protein due to the reconstitution of the metalloclusterdeficient MoFe protein with Mn-containing solution and MoFe protein in which metalloclusters were still intact after the treatment with O-phen and O2; (2) It might be possible that the MnFe protein and MoFe protein were similar in the ability of nitrogen fixation, but were somewhat different in the structure from each other.     

Changes in structural dynamics of the Grb2 adaptor protein upon binding of phosphotyrosine ligand to its SH2 domain

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an extensively studied adaptor protein involved in cell signaling. Grb2 is a highly flexible protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. Here we report on the structural dynamic effects upon interaction of a phosphopeptide ligand derived from the recognition sequence of the Shc adaptor protein with (i) the isolated SH2 domain of Grb2 (Grb2 SH2) and (ii) the full-length Grb2 protein. From kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance, it was deduced that a conformation change occurred in the SH2 protein as well as the full-length Grb2 after binding. Measurements of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) in the isolated SH2 domain and full-length Grb2 protein as monitored by electrospray mass spectrometry, showed that binding reduces the overall flexibility of the proteins, possibly via slightly different mechanisms for the single SH2 domain and the full-length Grb2 protein.     

Action of harmaline and diazepam on the cerebellar content of cyclic GMP and on the activities of two endogenous inhibitors of protein kinase

The rat cerebellum contains a significant amount of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, cAMP-dependent and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases, and a large concentration of protein kinase inhibitors. These inhibitors are thermostable proteins which can be separated by gel chromatography into two molecular forms: the type 1 and type 2 inhibitors of protein kinase (14). The type 1 inhibitor blocks the rat cerebellar cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity while the type 2 inhibitor blocks the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and the cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases. The activity of the type 2 inhibitor increased or decreased in opposite direction to changes of cerebellar cGMP content generated by injection of 10 mg/kg harmaline or 2.5 mg diazepam. No changes of type 1 inhibitor were observed under these conditions. The drug-induced shift of type 2 inhibitor of protein kinase was not mediated by changes in protein synthesis because it persisted after pretreatment with cycloheximide. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that cGMP modulates phosphorylation in cerebellum by changing the relationship between cGMP-dependent protein kinase and type 2 inhibitor content.