食用豆类种质资源粗蛋白及粗淀粉含量的评价

对"十五"期间收集、整理并存入国家种质库的1696份食用豆类种质资源的主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,9种食用豆类种质资源的粗蛋白、粗淀粉平均含量分别为24.93%、45.11%,不同食用豆类种质资源中各品质性状变异程度不同,其中菜豆和鹰嘴豆的粗蛋白和豇豆的粗淀粉含量变异最大.不同来源的食用豆类种质资源品质性状比较结果表明,国内绿豆种质资源粗蛋白含量明显优于国外种质资源.通过鉴定筛选出一批品质性状优良的食用豆类种质,并对使用的评价标准进行了讨论.     

高粱地方种质资源表型多样性分析及综合评价

以“第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动”为依托,采用遗传多样性分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析等方法,对2020-2021年在河北省内普查收集的136份高粱种质资源进行研究及综合评价。结果表明：河北省高粱地方种质资源具有丰富的表型变异,15个表型性状的多样性指数在0.0844～1.9926之间,变异系数在4.69%～68.00%之间,千粒重的遗传多样性最高,穗形的变异系数最大;株高与穗部性状之间存在极显著正相关关系;聚类分析将136份高粱种质资源分为3个类群,3个类群无明显地域聚类特点。第Ⅰ类群在穗部性状方面表现最好,可进行工艺用高粱资源选育;第Ⅱ类群株高较低,可筛选矮秆高粱资源进行种质创新;第Ⅲ类群在产量性状方面表现最好,可作为粒用高粱育种材料加以利用。主成分分析将表型性状简化为5个主成分,累计贡献率为60.182%,株高、穗部与籽粒性状是高粱表型变异的主要因素;136份高粱的综合得分范围在0.107～1.147之间,以综合得分排序,筛选出肃宁高粱、长穗高粱、笤帚高粱、落黍等排名前10的综合性状表现较好的种质资源。本研究从多方面、多角度对新征集的河北省高粱种质资源进行了分析...     

新收集大豆种质资源主要品质鉴定与评价

对"十五"期间新收集、保存入国家种质资源库的841份大豆种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪两个主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,蛋白质、脂肪含量均近似正态分布,最大频度分别出现在41.01%～ 42.00%含量范围和20.01%～21.00%含量范围.与以前收集、保存的种质资源相比,新收集种质资源的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,而脂肪含量和蛋脂总量呈上升趋势.不同类型种质资源的品质性状比较结果表明,地方品种的蛋白质总体水平明显高于育种材料、引进种质和选育品种3种类型,引进种质的脂肪、蛋脂总量的总体水平明显高于其他3种类型.国内种质资源高蛋白质大豆占有率高于引进种质资源;引进种质资源高脂肪、高蛋白兼高油的大豆占有率高于国内种质资源.     

山西重要黍稷种质资源品质性状的初步鉴定与评价

营养品质和口感品质是组成黍稷种质子粒品质的重要组成部分。粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量是组成营养品质的主要成分,赖氨酸和可溶性糖含量是组成口感品质的主要成分。通过对山西省有代表性的90份黍稷种质的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸和可溶性糖的测定,评价了参试黍稷种质资源的营养品质和口感品质。结果表明,黍稷种质资源的粗蛋白平均含量为11.88%,粗脂肪平均含量为3.69%,赖氨酸平均含量为0.19%,可溶性糖平均含量为2.04%。鉴定筛选出7份粗蛋白含量13.00%、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上的高营养品质种质;15份赖氨酸含量0.20%以上、可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的口感品质优的种质;3份粗蛋白含量13.00%以上、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上、赖氨酸含量0.20%以上和可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的营养品质和口感品质均优的种质。营养品质和口感品质与不同类型种质的相关性分析表明,稷的营养品质好于黍,黍的口感品质好于稷,红粒种质营养品质和口感品质最好,白、褐、复色的种质居中,黄粒的最差;粒形和营养品质及口感品质相关不显著。研究结果为今后优质种质利用提供了参考依据。     

紫花苜蓿种质资源表型性状与品质多样性分析

旨在利用形态指标、农艺指标和品质性状指标探讨引进紫花苜蓿( M.sativa.)种质资源遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿品种改良和选择亲本提供科学依据。研究了不同地理来源的75份紫花苜蓿种质资源的21项指标,利用主成分分析和聚类方法,了解其多样性。结果表明：不同紫花苜蓿种质的各特征存在广泛变异,农艺性状变异最大,随后是形态性状和品质性状;主成分分析结果显示前八个主成分累计贡献率达到82.77%,其中茎秆干重、叶干重、单株鲜重、单株干重4个性状是造成紫花苜蓿种质表型差异的主要因素;以21个性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的75份种质材料分为5类。     

帚高粱的遗传多样性及其在种质创新中的应用

对173份不同来源的帚高粱种质资源及其杂交后代进行了表型性状的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,各来源的帚高粱品种主要在生育期、株高、穗长、单穗糜子数及伸出程度等性状上差异较大。杂交后的育种材料在多个性状上表现优良,与来源于不同国家的品种有很大差异,利用各来源品种特有的优异性状可有效进行帚高粱的品种改良。遗传距离为0. 64时将所有品种划分为5个类群。由于来源于各国的帚高粱品种间有一定的相似性,不能按其来源进行类群的明确划分,而改良后的育种材料类群划分比较集中。帚高粱的多个性状间存在显著相关性,在种质创新中要同时进行考虑,应选择生育期适宜、株高较矮、穗较长、单穗糜子数多、穗柄较粗以及脱粒后单穗重、单穗粒重、千粒重均高的性状,但伸出程度和穗柄不宜过长。     

我国东北地区205份主要甜菜种质资源的鉴定与评价分析

本研究对东北地区205份甜菜种质资源的5个品质性状、18个农艺性状以及3种病害抗性分别进行遗传多样性、相关性、主成分和聚类分析,以此为基础筛选出丰产优质以及综合抗病的甜菜种质,为改良甜菜种质与引进新种质提供一定的理论依据.研究结果表明,5个品质性状之间变异系数变幅较大,为6.104％～33.830％,其中钠含量的变异系...     

花生籽仁外观和营养品质特征及食用型花生育种利用分析

花生籽仁的外观品质和营养品质是评价食用花生品种的重要指标。本研究对285个不同类型或来源的花生种质资源进行了籽仁外观和营养品质性状的检测和分析,旨在为食用型花生品种选育提供依据。按照植物学类型分析了各类型的8个外观性状和5个营养品质性状的分布。结果表明,我国花生种质资源包含丰富的外观性状变异类型,能够满足不同加工用途对原料的需求,但总体上高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪资源类型偏少。借鉴美国等烤制花生仁和糖果花生的外观和营养品质特征及我国煮食和烤制花生的生产消费市场,提出了食用型品种选育亲本的策略和备选品种类型,烤制和糖果用途花生育种亲本选配应以普通型、中间型或珍珠豆型中粒农家品种或育成品种为骨干亲本,进一步改良高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪等品质性状。     

东北春大豆种质资源表型分析及综合评价

种质资源是大豆遗传育种和解析复杂数量性状的基础,通过对种质资源的评价,可指导育种实践中优异互补亲本的选择,提高优异基因交流累加和新品种培育的效率。本研究选用来自东北三省一区1923-2010年间选育的340份春大豆种质资源,通过在牡丹江地区对12个表型性状的2年综合鉴定,评价品种群体遗传变异特点和筛选优异种质资源,结果表明:(1)春大豆种质资源表型变异丰富。除生育期年份间差异不显著外,其他性状品种间和年份间均呈显著的差异,且2年变化趋势相同。有效分枝数变异幅度最大,其次是主茎荚数、单株粒重和株高,这些性状选择潜力较大,品质性状的变异幅度较小,选择潜力有限;(2)表型性状特征频率分布均符合正态分布。受育成单位纬度和育种目标的影响,生育期呈现北早南晚,北部育成品种营养体较小、植株矮小、节数相对较少、脂肪含量较高,南部育成品种营养体较大、植株高大、单株有效节数多且主茎单节最多荚数多,部分品种蛋白质含量相对较高;(3)采用主成分分析方法综合评价表明,吉育71的ZF值最高,综合性状表现最好,表型性状与ZF值相关分析结果显示,生育期、株高、主茎节数、地上部生物产量、收获指数、主茎荚数和主茎单节最多荚数等7个表型性状可作为春大豆种质资源综合评价指标。在大豆育种中应重视利用具有丰富遗传多样性的基因资源,在亲本选配时适当选择综合性状优良、育种性状优势互补的种质。     

云南苦荞种质资源主要性状的遗传多样性分析

为了从云南苦荞种质资源中挖掘优异种质资源,拓宽苦荞遗传基础,以48份苦荞种质资源为材料研究了6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的遗传多样性。结果表明,云南的苦荞资源存在着丰富的遗传多样性,6个农艺性状中株粒重的变异系数为34.4%最大,品质性状中总黄酮含量的变异系数为51.72%最大。聚类结果表明,将48份材料聚为3大类,可区分为低产型、矮秆高产型和中秆高产型。6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个累计贡献率分别达84.105%和80.332%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源的主要农艺性状,可为云南苦荞种质资源的利用提供有效的科学依据。     

高粱糯质资源创新及其利用研究

利用高粱资源研究中新发掘和引进的糯质材料,通过有性杂交选育,农艺性状、抗病性鉴定和品质分析,选育出育种和生产急需的、综合农艺性状优良的糯质新种质L401A、L402A、1053A、1057A、1058A等5个不育系和R92、031069R、031038R等3个恢复系。利用新创资源组配了一批高产、综合农艺性状好的糯质高粱杂交组合。     

高粱耐盐性评价方法研究及耐盐资源的筛选

本文用50mmol/L的配比盐水溶液对3-5叶期高粱幼苗进行处理,用幼苗相对成活率对568份高粱种质进行分级,结果显示：5%的种质具有3级以上的耐盐性。此法可以用来进行大量种质的苗期耐盐筛选。根据植株在不同含盐量的盐碱地上生长的性状差异,对成株期的高粱进行耐盐鉴定,利用处理间性状的差异及各性状与穗重和秆重的相关性构建一个耐盐指数来评价材料对盐碱的耐性,从而对18个高粱品种和品系进行了分级,适合于盐碱地推广品种的筛选。     

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of accessions in the US historic sweet sorghum collection

Sweet sorghum has the potential to become a versatile feedstock for large-scale bioenergy production given its sugar from stem juice, cellulose/hemicellulose from stalks, and starch from grain. However, for researchers to maximize its feedstock potential a first step includes additional evaluations of the 2,180 accessions with varied origins in the US historic sweet sorghum collection. To assess genetic diversity of this collection for bioenergy breeding and population structure for association mapping, we selected 96 accessions and genotyped them with 95 simple sequence repeat markers. Subsequent genetic diversity and population structure analysis methods identified four subpopulations in this panel, which correlated well with the geographic locations where these accessions originated or were collected. Model comparisons for three quantitative traits revealed different levels of population structure effects on flowering time, plant height, and brix. Our results suggest that diverse germplasm accessions curated from different geographical regions should be considered for plant breeding programs to develop sweet sorghum cultivars or hybrids, and that this sweet sorghum panel can be further explored for association mapping.     

Evaluation of 41 elite and exotic inbred Sorghum genotypes for high quality callus production

Interest is high in the genetic study and improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), a crop of worldwide agronomic importance. The ability to initiate and maintain high quality (pigmentless, mucilage-free, fast growing, type II) callus cultures from a variety of sorghum genotypes is important for certain tissue culture-based genetic studies. The objective of this study was to identify high-quality callus-producing genotypes from a group of 41 diverse inbred sorghum lines. Callus cultures of 20 elite inbred sorghum genotypes and 21 inbred genotypes of exotic background were initiated from immature inflorescences. The cultures were subjected to several cycles of subculturing with selection for high quality callus growth, then rated for the callus quality traits pigment/tannin production, mucilage production, embryogenesis, and friability. Genotypic effects on each of the traits was highly significant. The range in quality of callus produced by different sorghum genotypes was large. Based on mean ratings assigned for each of the traits, 7 elite inbred genotypes and 5 nonelite genotypes were identified as producers of high quality callus.     

RFLP-based assay of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genetic diversity

Sixty-two single-copy sorghum DNA clones were used to compare restriction fragment patterns of 53 sorghum accessions from Africa, Asia and the United States. Included were accessions from five morphological races of the cultivated subspecies bicolor, and four races of the wild subspecies verticilliflorum. From two to twelve alleles were detected with each probe. There was greater nuclear diversity in the wild subspecies (255 alleles in ten accessions) than in the domestic accessions (236 alleles in 37 accessions). Overall, 204 of the 340 alleles (60%) that were detected occurred in both subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony separated the subspecies into separate clusters, with one group of intermediate accessions. Though exceptions were common, especially for the race bicolor, accessions classified as the same morphological race tended to group together on the basis of RFLP similarities. Selection for traits such as forage quality may have led to accessions genetically more similar to other races being classified as bicolors, which have a loose, small-grained panicle similar to wild races. Population statistics, calculated using four nuclear and four cytoplasmic probes that detect two alleles each, revealed a low but significant amount of heterozygosity, and showed little differentiation in alleles in the wild and cultivated subspecies. Outcrossing with foreign pollen appears to have been more important than migration via seed dispersal as a mechanism for gene flow between the wild and domestic accessions included in this study.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a type of cultivated sorghums and has been recognized widely as potential alternative source of bio-fuel because of its high fermentable sugar content in the stalk. A substantial variation of sugar content and related traits is known to exist in US sweet sorghum. The objectives of the study were to assess the genetic diversity and relationship among the US sweet sorghum cultivars and lines using SSR markers and to examine the genetic variability within sweet sorghum accessions for sugar content. Sixty-eight sweet sorghum and four grain sorghum cultivars and lines were genotyped with 41 SSR markers that generated 132 alleles with an average of 3.22 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value, a measure of gene diversity, was 0.40 with a range of 0.03–0.87. The genetic similarity co-efficient was estimated based on the segregation of the 132 SSR alleles. Clustering analysis based on the genetic similarity (GS) grouped the 72 sorghum accessions into 10 distinct clusters. Grouping based on clustering analysis was in good agreement with available pedigree and genetic background information. The study has revealed the genetic relationship of cultivars with unknown parentage to those with known parentage. A number of diverse pairs of sweet sorghum accessions were identified which were polymorphic at many SSR loci and significantly different for sugar content as well. Information generated from this study can be used to select parents for hybrid development to maximize the sugar content and total biomass, and development of segregating populations to map genes controlling sugar content in sweet sorghum.     

基于农艺性状指标的山西高粱地方品种核心种质构建

利用1285份山西省高粱地方品种18个农艺性状的历史数据,通过比较不同取样方法、取样比例和聚类方法组合的构建方法,确定了"多次聚类偏离度取样法+15％取样比例+欧氏距离+最长距离法"为山西省高粱地方核心种质构建的方法.192份初选核心种质和所有样本的均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率分别为0、8...     

Identification of SSR markers associated with height using pool-based genome-wide association mapping in sorghum

Sorghum has been proposed as a potential energy crop. However, it has been traditionally bred for grain yield and forage quality, not traits related to bioenergy production. To develop tools for genetic improvement of bioenergy-related traits such as height, genetic markers associated with these traits have first to be identified. Association mapping has been extensively used in humans and in some crop plants for this purpose. However, genome-wide association mapping using the whole association panel is costly and time-consuming. A variation of this method called pool-based genome-wide association mapping has been extensively used in humans. In this variation, pools of individuals with contrasting phenotypes, instead of the whole panel, are screened with genetic markers and polymorphic markers are confirmed by screening the individuals in the pools. Here, we identified several new simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers associated with height using this pool-based genome-wide association mapping in sorghum. After screening the tall and short pools of sorghum accessions from the sorghum Mini Core collection developed at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics with 703 SSR markers, we have identified four markers that are closely associated with sorghum height on chromosomes 2, 6, and 9. Comparison with published maps indicates that all four markers are clustered with markers previously mapped to height or height-related traits and with candidate genes involved in regulating plant height such as FtsZ, Ugt, and GA 2-oxidase. The mapping method can be applied to other crop plants for which a high-throughput genome-wide association mapping platform is not yet available.     

Quality Traits, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Yield Components in Wild Wheats

Seventy-one wild and primitive diploid accessions of the S-,A- and D-genome species of Aegilops and Triticum, one tetraploidwheat, T. turgidum L. var. durum Desf., ‘Mexicali’,and two hexaploid wheats, T. aestivum L., ‘Anza’and ‘Yecora Rojo’ were evaluated and compared forprotein and lysine contents, carbon isotope discrimination,and various agronomic traits in the 1987–88 season underfield conditions. Significant variability was observed amongthe 71 accessions and among the three genomes for all traits.For most characters, the D-genome species exhibited the mostvariation, followed by the A- and S-genome species. Aegilopssquarrosa, T. urartu, and T. boeoticum showed large variationfor harvest index. Large variation for grain yield was exhibitedby Ae. squarrosa, Ae. sharonensis and Ae. longissima, whichcould be exploited in hybridization and breeding programs withmodern cultivars. The mean protein and lysine values of thediploids were significantly higher than those of the moderncultivars. The S- and A-genome accessions had higher proteinand lysine contents than the D genome. Among genomes, the meanvalues for yield and harvest index were significantly greaterin S- and D-genome accessions than in the A-genome accessions. The correlation pattern between yield and quality traits wasdifferent in the three genomes. Superior accessions with regardto both grain yield and quality traits were identified in eachspecies studied, except Ae. longissima and Ae. sharonensis.The advantages and uses of these accessions in wheat breedingprograms are discussed. Aegilops spp, Triticum spp, protein and lysine contents, yield components, carbon isotope discrimination     

Morphological and molecular characterization of sweet,grain and forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes grown under temperate climatic conditions

Abstract

In the present study, we used 12 genotypes of sorghum originated from different countries (five sweet, four grain and three forage). These different genotypes and types of sorghum were evaluated for the agro-morphological traits that are associated with the estimated sugar and bioethanol yield to estimate their phenotypic diversity. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between different types of sorghum for all the evaluated traits. Sweet sorghum genotypes, however, showed better performance with respect to all studied traits than the other genotypes. A positive significant correlation was observed between plant height, leaf number, leaf area, biomass yield, cane and bagasse yields, and the predicted bioethanol yield. Both, cluster and principal component analysis were performed to group the genotypes according to their agro-morphological and molecular similarity coefficients. For analytical approaches, the Iranian grain and forage genotypes clustered separately from the other genotypes. The clustering patterns obtained from the molecular dominant markers had higher discriminatory power than using morphological characters to separate sweet genotypes from the forage and grain sorghum ones. The results clearly indicated that sweet sorghum can be grown in Germany and maintains its superiority in biomass production and sugar yield over grain and forage sorghum types.