Changes in free and bound fractions of aroma compounds of four Vitis vinifera cultivars at the last ripening stages

The volatile composition of white Agudelo, Blanco lexitimo, Godello and red Serradelo cultivars (NW Spain) harvested at two different stages of ripening have been evaluated. C₆-compounds, alcohols, volatile fatty acids, monoterpenes, C₁₃-norisoprenoids, volatile phenols and carbonyl compounds were identified and quantified in free and glycosidically bound forms by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total volatile concentration showed a significant increase between the two ripening stages studied for all cultivars. The free volatile composition increased during maturity for Godello and Serradelo cultivars; however the glycosidically bound concentration increases for all cultivars with exception of B. lexitimo. Free C₆-compounds ((E)-2-hexanal, 1-hexanol and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol) and bound alcohols (benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol) showed the highest concentrations of volatile compounds for all grape cultivars in the two dates studied. Godello cultivar showed the highest change of volatile concentration between two ripening dates because of the high value of free C₆-compounds. B. lexitimo was the most terpene-rich cultivar at the last ripening stage due to linalool; however C₁₃-norisoprenoids in free form were detected in low concentrations for all cultivars but not in Godello and B. lexitimo cultivars at the last ripening stage. Free hexanoic acid increased during ripening in all cultivars. The evolution of volatiles during ripening of grape juice from the cultivars studied was not proportional to the changes in sugar content, which shows that the technological and aromatic maturities did not occur at the same time in these cultivars. The results also showed the cultivar * ripening date interaction for all, free and bound, groups of compounds.     

Metabolite profiling of the ripening of Mangoes <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mangifera indica</Emphasis> L. cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’ by real-time measurement of volatile organic compounds

Real-time profiling of mango ripening based on proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR–ToF–MS) of small molecular weight volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is demonstrated using headspace measurements of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes. VOC metabolites produced during the ripening process were sampled directly, which enabled simultaneous and rapid detection of a wide range of compounds. Headspace measurements of ‘Keitt’ mangoes were also conducted for comparison. A principle component analysis of the results indicated that several mass channels were not only key to the ripening process but could also be used to distinguish between mango cultivars. The identities of 22 of these channels, tentatively speciated using contemporaneous GC–MS measurements of sorbent tubes, are rationalized through examination of the biochemical pathways that produce volatile flavour components. Results are discussed with relevance to the potential of headspace analysers and electronic noses in future fruit ripening and quality studies.     

不同颜色果袋对‘巨峰’葡萄果实中挥发性成分的影响

以‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,研究白袋、绿袋、红袋、蓝袋4种不同颜色果袋对葡萄成熟期果实中挥发性成分的影响,为葡萄专用果袋的研发提供理论依据.结果表明:不同颜色果袋可为葡萄果实的发育提供特定的光环境,不同套袋处理葡萄成熟期果实中的挥发性成分差异显著.‘巨峰’葡萄成熟期果实中检测到酯、醛、醇、酮类、萜烯类和芳香族化合物,对照、白袋、绿袋、红袋和蓝袋处理成熟期果实检测到的挥发性组分分别为33、37、38、32和34种.与对照相比,白袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、癸醛含量增加;绿袋处理除3-己烯酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯醛、(反,反)-2,4-己二烯醛、癸醛、苯乙醇外,其他共有组分的含量均出现降低;红袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现降低;蓝袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等主要酯类物质的含量未发生较大变化,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现升高.在非共有组分中,套袋处理中醇类组分的种类减少,萜烯类、芳香族化合物的种类增加.总体上,蓝袋处理果实中主要的‘果香型’酯类组分含量最高,白袋处理果实中主要的酯类组分及‘青草香型’的醛类组分含量较高,绿袋、红袋处理果实主要香气组分含量较低.     

Volatiles from apple (Malus domestica) eliciting antennal responses in female codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): effect of plant injury and sampling technique

The antennal responses of codling moth females, Cydia pomonella, to volatiles from apple branches with green fruits were recorded by electroantennography coupled to gas chromatography. The antennae strongly responded to 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, linalool, beta-caryophyllene, (E)-beta-farnesene, germacrene D, (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene and methyl salicylate. These compounds were all present in volatile collections on Porapak Q from both living and cut branches. Analysis by the solid phase microextraction technique (SPME) showed that the emission of some electrophysiologically active compounds increased after branches had been cut, especially 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, linalool and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. The identification of apple volatiles eliciting antennal responses is the first step towards the identification of compounds mediating host-finding and oviposition in codling moth females.     

红火蚁工蚁对棉蚜诱导的棉花挥发物的嗅觉和行为反应

【目的】红火蚁 Solenopsis invicta 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 存在兼性共生关系,红火蚁可能利用棉蚜危害诱导棉花释放的挥发物定位棉蚜。本研究将测试红火蚁工蚁对棉花挥发物的嗅觉和行为反应。【方法】使用Y型管实验测试红火蚁工蚁对棉花气味的行为反应;以红火蚁告警信息素2-乙基-3,5(6)-二甲基吡嗪为阳性对照,测试红火蚁工蚁对不同剂量(100, 10, 1 和0.1 μg)的9种棉花挥发物组分[α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-石竹烯、( E, E )-4,8,12-三甲基-1,3,7,11-十三碳四烯(TMTT)、( E )-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(DMNT)、辛醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯和水杨酸甲酯]的触角电位反应;再利用Y型嗅觉仪测试这些挥发物对红火蚁工蚁的行为选择影响。【结果】结果表明,受棉蚜为害的棉花较健康棉花对红火蚁工蚁具有极显著的引诱效果。红火蚁对9种挥发物组分的EAG反应随着剂量升高而升高。各化合物在100 μg剂量时EAG反应值最大,其中,工蚁对水杨酸甲酯和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮这两个化合物反应最强。在行为选择实验中,化合物水杨酸甲酯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和DMNT对红火蚁工蚁均具有显著的引诱效果。【结论】棉蚜诱导的棉花挥发物中水杨酸甲酯和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮对红火蚁有显著的引诱效果,这2种化合物可能在红火蚁定位棉蚜、建立共生关系中起着关键的作用。     

七种秋石斛鲜花挥发性成分差异性分析

为查明秋石斛不同品种关键赋香成分,利用固相微萃取(SPME)方法结合GC-MS技术,测定了秋石斛5个具香气的品种,即绿天使(Dendrobium Hand Green)、日出2号(Dendrobium Burana Sunrise No.2)、白花607(Dendrobium K.B.White 607)、紫背256(Dendrobium Blue Sapphine 256)、魅力(Dendrobium Burana Charming)以及2个不具香气的品种,即红牛(Dendrobium Red Bull)、三亚阳光(Dendrobium Sunya Sunshine)盛花期的花朵挥发性成分及其相对含量。结果表明:共鉴定出45种挥发性化合物,其中萜烯类34种、芳香族化合物8种、酯类3种,5种具香气的秋石斛花朵所含挥发性成分绝大部分都是萜烯类,萜烯类对秋石斛的花香起着重要的作用。通过比较发现,5种具香气秋石斛的主要赋香成分为3-蒈烯、芳樟醇、α-可巴烯和α-法尼烯,不同品种挥发性成分的组成和含量明显不同。绿天使和日出2号的主要香气成分是3-蒈烯,相对含量分别为59.343%和77.775%,但日出2号中的释放率约为绿天使的3倍;白花607主要香气成分为3-蒈烯(29.170%)、α-可巴烯(17.660%)、芳樟醇(10.990%);紫背256中α-法尼烯相对含量最高(42.310%);魅力中主要香气成分是α-可巴烯(33.648%),邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(13.866%)为其次。2个不具香气品种中鉴定出化合物较少,主要挥发性成分释放率较小;红牛主要挥发性成分是胡莫柳酯(28.118%),三亚阳光是异丁子香酚(27.529%)。这些主要挥发性成分对不同品种秋石斛花的特有香味起决定性作用,且大部分已被广泛应用于香精香料,医药,日化等产品中。该研究结果为香型秋石斛产品开发及品种的培育提供了参考。     

Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the parasitic wasp Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Ceratitis capitata-induced fruit volatiles

Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) is a koinobiont larval-pupal endoparasitoid of many Tephritidae of great economic importance, such as the medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In several species of parasitoids it has been demonstrated that the mated females are strongly attracted by specific volatiles from insect-damaged plants. Yet the role of olfactory cues deriving from C. capitata-infested fruits on the female’s decision during the P. concolor host location was poorly investigated. In the present study, the responses of P. concolor females to either healthy or C. capitata-infested fruits was studied through behavioral assays. Volatiles emitted by healthy and infested fruits were SPME-sampled and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The attractiveness of the identified volatiles was assessed and their electrophysiological activity was analyzed through gas-chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC-EAD). P. concolor preferred infested peaches and apples over healthy ones, either when visual and olfactory or only olfactory cues were given. Nine compounds were found as exclusive of infested peaches, with respect to healthy ones, and seven of them evoked electrophysiological responses. In apples only quantitative changes in volatile emissions were observed after the medfly infestation. The emissions of 1-butyl butylate, 1-hexyl acetate and 1-butyl esanoate increased in infested apples, whereas 1-hexyl (E)-2-methyl butenoate decreased significantly. Among apple volatiles, 1-butyl butylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-butyl 2-methylbutanoate, 1-butyl hexanoate and 1-hexyl (E)-2-methyl butenoate elicited responses in female antennae. Synthetic blends reproducing the odors emitted by infested peaches and apples elicited strong attraction towards P. concolor females. For both fruits, the blend attractiveness was mainly due to some specific electrophysiological active chemicals: ethyl octanoate, decanal and 4-decanolide for peach, and 1-butyl butylate and 1-butyl hexanoate for apple. The responses induced by the identified fruit volatiles to P. concolor females allow us to suppose that they play a role as short-range attractants during host location.     

Enhanced Levels of the Aroma and Flavor Compound S-Linalool by Metabolic Engineering of the Terpenoid Pathway in Tomato Fruits

The aromas of fruits, vegetables, and flowers are mixtures of volatile metabolites, often present in parts per billion levels or less. We show here that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants transgenic for a heterologous Clarkia breweri S-linalool synthase (LIS) gene, under the control of the tomato late-ripening-specific E8 promoter, synthesize and accumulate S-linalool and 8-hydroxylinalool in ripening fruits. Apart from the difference in volatiles, no other phenotypic alterations were noted, including the levels of other terpenoids such as gamma- and alpha-tocopherols, lycopene, beta-carotene, and lutein. Our studies indicate that it is possible to enhance the levels of monoterpenes in ripening fruits by metabolic engineering.     

钝叶榕榕果挥发物成分及其构成特征分析

为揭示钝叶榕与其传粉榕小蜂及两种协同进果的非传粉榕小蜂Diaziella yangi和Lipothymus sp.间的化学联系与分配机制,采用顶空动态法提取钝叶榕(Ficus curtipes Corner)雌花期和传粉后的榕果挥发物,用定性和定量的方法鉴定、分析了挥发物的成分和变化动态。结果表明:从钝叶榕榕果中共鉴定出45种挥发物成分,主要是单萜类和倍半萜类化合物。6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、β-罗勒烯、反-β-金合欢烯、α-金合欢烯、α-派烯、香桧烯、顺-β-罗勒烯、顺-β-香柠檬烯、大香叶烯D和4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯可能是构建钝叶榕特异性化学信息的基础。雌花期榕果挥发物释放量明显高于传粉后挥发物的释放量,且两者在时间和空间上存在异质性。这说明榕蜂育幼繁殖系统间存在着化学信息的联系。     

根瘤蚜对不同抗性葡萄的选择性及葡萄根系挥发性物质的鉴定

为了探讨不同抗性水平砧木及品种对根瘤蚜吸引及驱避效应以及鉴定挥发性物质组分,采用离体根段培养法测定葡萄根瘤蚜Phylloxera viticola Fitch对砧木5BB,140Ru及栽培品种巨峰的选择性,发现根瘤蚜对栽培品种巨峰的根段具有很强的选择性,至接种后3 d,67.13％的根瘤蚜优先选择巨峰;而对5BB和140Ru的选择性却很差,分别有15.29％和17.58％的根瘤蚜选择5BB及140Ru。根瘤蚜在不同品种根段上的生长发育和繁殖也存在明显差异。对砧木5BB和巨峰根系的挥发性组分进行测定,发现2个品种挥发物独有组分数量均较高,巨峰独有组分为23个,占总成分数的48.94％,5BB的独有组分为32个,占总成分数的57.14％。5BB和巨峰的共有组分为24个,主要成分均为亚油酸甲酯和反油酸甲酯,但含量有所不同,其中,5BB以倍半萜类的丁香醇及脂肪酸甲酯类的亚油酸甲酯,反油酸甲酯,棕榈油酸甲酯含量较高,高于巨峰中相应物质含量的4.23%~6.46％,而巨峰以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及胆甾烷含量较高,分别高于5BB相应组分含量的6.81％和1.07％。结果说明葡萄根瘤蚜对不同抗性水平砧木及品种确实存在不同的选择性,并且不同抗性水平的砧木及品种的挥发性物质存在显著差异。     

Synergism between aromatic compounds and green leaf volatiles derived from the host plant underlies female attraction in the oriental fruit moth

Blends of volatile compounds emitted by host plants are known to mediate the attraction of gravid female herbivores to oviposition sites, but the role of individual odor components is still little understood. We characterized the olfactory response of mated female Cydia (Grapholita) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to synthetic mixtures of compounds emitted by peach shoot, a key host plant of this herbivore, and investigated the role of important constituents of bioactive mixtures in moth attraction. Relative ratios of constituents of the mixtures corresponded to the natural ratio of volatile compounds collected in the plant's headspace. A significant attractant effect was found for a comparatively complex 10‐compound mixture that included four green leaf volatiles [(Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, 1‐hexanol, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate], five aromatics (benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate, methyl benzoate, benzonitrile, and phenylacetonitrile), and a carboxylic acid (valeric acid). Using a subtraction approach, the number of compounds was progressively decreased, resulting in a bioactive 5‐compound mixture composed of two constituents, green leaf volatiles and aromatic compounds. Further evaluations revealed that benzaldehyde and benzonitrile must be present in association with three distinct green leaf volatiles to produce an attractant effect on the female moths. This 5‐compound mixture was as attractive as natural peach shoot volatiles, which are known to comprise over 20 compounds. Results are discussed in light of the documented synergistic effect between the three general green leaf volatiles and the two specific aromatic compounds.     

Methyl jasmonate affects phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is a fruit very much appreciated by consumers for its antioxidant potential and health‐promoting traits. Its beneficial potential properties are mainly due to a high content of anthocyanins and their amount can change after elicitation with methyl jasmonate. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in expression of several genes, accumulation of phenolic compounds and alterations in antioxidant potential in two different blueberry cultivars (‘Duke’ and ‘Blueray’) in response to methyl jasmonate (0.1 mM). Results showed that 9 h after treatment, the expression of phenylalanine ammonium lyase, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase genes was stimulated more in the ‘Blueray’ variety. Among the phenols measured an increase was recorded also for epicatechin and anthocyanin concentrations. ‘Duke’ is a richer sourche of anthocyanins compared to ‘Blueray’, treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted in ‘Blueray’ an increase in pigments as well as in the antioxidant potential, especially in fully ripe berries, but treated ‘Duke’ berries had greater levels, which were not induced by methyl jasmonate treatment. In conclusion, methyl jasmonate was, in some cases, an effective elicitor of phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry, though with different intensity between cultivars.     

Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) wild type and bud mutant fruits by direct analysis in real-time and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry

The direct analysis in real-time (DART) ion source and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry were applied in non-targeted metabolomic analyses of fruits of an orange bud mutant, ‘Hong Anliu’ along with its parental wild-type, ‘Anliu’. Fruits of the two isogenic cultivars were sampled at three different ripening stages, i.e. 120, 170 and 220 days after flowering. More than 130 metabolites were tentatively identified, including acids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids, coumarins, amino acids, and plant hormones. Metabolomic analyses revealed that, compared to its wild type, the bud mutant fruit is characterized by higher levels of monosaccharides and disaccharides and lower levels of organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid and quinic acid, which agrees well with the anticipated fruit quality benefits of the mutation. In addition, many secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, showed significant differences between the two genotypes, indicating that the whole fruit metabolome is significantly changed due to the bud mutation. This study provided a comprehensive assessment of metabolites in orange fruits, and revealed metabolomic differences in fruits between two isogenic orange genotypes. The results are helpful for understanding how the bud mutation in ‘Hong Anliu’ impacts the physiological and biochemical processes of orange fruits.     

Soil Temperature Regulates Fruit Color Change in ‘Algerie’ Loquat: Nutritional and Hormonal Control

In Rosaceae fruit tree species, fruit and roots grow opposite because of carbohydrate competition, and root activity is thus reduced by fruit growth. In agreement with this, for some of these species soil temperature has been suggested as a factor regulating fruit ripening, but the mechanism with which it works remains unknown. In this study, we reduced loquat root activity by lowering soil temperature, expecting faster fruit growth and advanced fruit ripening. Eight 4-year-old ‘Algerie’ loquat trees, budded onto seedling rootstock, and grown outdoors in 39-l plastic containers filled with sandy-loamy soil were used. The roots of four trees were cooled by placing the containers in a cooling compartment (9.5 °C), whereas those of the other four trees were maintained at air temperature (16.5 °C). We measured lateral root primordia emergence, fruit diameter and fruit color development, carbohydrates and nitrogen partitioning, as well as GA, CK, IAA, ABA, and JA content. Lowering soil temperature increased carbohydrate translocation to the fruit and reduced root N uptake and translocation to both the canopy and the fruit. Changes in plant hormones were also caused by reduced soil temperature, and fruit color advanced. Loquat fruit ripened 8–10 days earlier when soil temperature was reduced to 9.5 °C.     

Fruit abscission and ethylene production of four blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.)

In all cultivars the force required to harvest fruit declined during ripening. The fruit retention strength (FRS) of ripe fruit varied between cultivars with ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Chehalem’ being easier to remove than ‘Bedford Giant’ or ‘Oregon Thornless’. The cultivars ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Oregon Thornless’ showed no increase in ethylene production during fruit ripening whereas ‘Bedford Giant’ and ‘Chehalem’ had increased rates of ethylene production (EPR) in the ripe fruit. Exogenous ethylene accelerated abscission, ethylene production and pigment changes in ‘Ashton Cross’ fruit at all stages of development. 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) supplied to fruit at all stages of development was converted to ethylene at levels in excess of those found naturally. The differences between cultivars are discussed with reference to the role of ethylene in both machine harvesting and post-harvest storage of blackberry fruit.     

Induced emissions of apple fruit volatiles by the codling moth: changing patterns with different time periods after infestation and different larval instars

The changes in the emission of volatiles from mature apple fruits in response to larval feeding by the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) under laboratory conditions are reported. A time course experiment investigated the emission of volatiles throughout the period of larval development following infestation. The volatiles consisted mainly of esters, a few aldehydes, and the terpene alpha-farnesene. Infested apples emitted the same compounds as healthy apples. The quantities of volatiles released were much higher for infested as compared to healthy fruits for an initial three day period. Following this period there was a decrease in volatile emissions (days 6-9), eventually declining back to the levels emitted from healthy apples or below by 9-21 days after infestation. In a separate experiment, the volatile emissions from healthy and artificially damaged fruits were compared to those from herbivore damaged fruits for each of the five larval instars of C. pommonella. The results from the discriminant analysis indicate that the most effective induction of volatiles occurred when fruits were infested with first instar larvae. Induction by first instar larvae was generally higher than after infestation by later instars, and for most compounds it also exceeded the emission from artificially damaged fruits.     

日光温室黄瓜发育过程中主要芳香物质和脂肪酸含量的变化

以'新泰密刺'为试验材料,比较分析了日光温室条件下,不同月份黄瓜商品成熟果实及其发育过程中的主要芳香物质及亚麻酸、亚油酸含量差异.结果显示:(1)黄瓜果实中挥发性物质主要有2E,6Z-壬二烯醛、2E-壬烯醛、2E-己烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醇、正己醛、戊醛、2-戊烯醛和3,6-壬二烯醇.其中2E,6Z-壬二烯醛相对含量以5月份最高,1月份其次,11月份最低;具有黄瓜香气的2,6-壬二烯醇和3,6-壬二烯醇,以及与黄瓜风味品质密切相关的2E,6Z-壬二烯醛/2E-壬烯醛比值以1月份最高,5月份其次,11月份最低.(2)1月份黄瓜果实的亚麻酸和亚油酸含量显著大于5月份,说明低温弱光有利于不饱和脂肪酸的形成和积累.(3)随着果实发育天数的增加,黄瓜2E,6Z-壬二烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醇和3,6-壬二烯醇相对含量,2E,6Z-壬二烯醛/2E-壬烯醛比值均较大幅度升高,商品成熟期达到高峰,若延迟采收,上述指标多趋于下降;2E-壬烯醛、2E-己烯醛、正己醛、戊醛等的相对含量多随果实发育而降低,商品成熟期2E-壬烯醛、2E-己烯醛和正己醛降到最低,之后快速升高.研究表明,果实发育过程中亚麻酸和亚油酸含量及二者的比例与2E,6Z-壬二烯醛和2E-壬烯醛相对含量及其比值的变化规律基本相似,说明黄瓜风味品质与其亚麻酸和亚油酸含量有一定相关性.     

枣飞象对枣树植物挥发物的EAG和行为反应

【目的】枣飞象Scythropus yasumatsui是枣树Zizyphus jujuba主要害虫。近年来,在陕西和山西枣区暴发成灾,造成了严重的经济和生态损失。本研究旨在明确枣树挥发性物质在枣飞象成虫化学通讯中的作用,为该虫植物源引诱剂开发和研制提供基础资料。【方法】利用顶空吸附法收集5个枣树品种(木枣、狗头枣、赞皇枣、骏枣和酸枣)的枣芽挥发物,采用气质联用(GC-MS)进行化学指纹谱的鉴定和分析;随后分别利用触角电位(electroantennogram, EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定枣飞象成虫对17种枣树挥发性物质的EAG和行为反应。【结果】5个品种枣树的枣芽中共鉴定出挥发性物质6类26种,包括9种萜烯类、6种酯类、4种醇类、4种烷类、2种醛类和1种酚类;不同品种枣芽挥发性物质种类和含量具有差异。EAG试验结果表明,枣飞象成虫对测试的17种枣树挥发性物质的EAG反应相对值有明显差异。枣飞象成虫对D-柠檬烯、正十三烷、正十四烷、正十五烷、壬醛、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯7种挥发性物质的EAG反应较强。当挥发性物质浓度为0.1~100 μg/μL时,随着浓度增加,枣飞象成虫的EAG反应相对值先增加后下降,刺激浓度为50 μg/μL时EAG反应相对值达到最大。50 μg/μL浓度下,枣飞象雌成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛EAG反应相对值分别为3.84和3.67,雄成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛EAG反应相对值分别为3.47和3.21,极显著高于对其他挥发性物质的EAG反应相对值。行为反应结果表明,枣飞象雌雄成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛有明显趋向性, 选择率均大于65%,雄成虫对十五烷有明显趋向性,雌雄成虫对其他供试的物质无明显趋向性。【结论】棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛对枣飞象雌雄成虫均有明显吸引作用,十五烷对雄成虫有明显吸引作用。结果提示棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛可能与枣飞象对不同品种枣树偏好性选择密切相关。     

白星花金龟对寄主植物挥发物的电生理反应

[目的]白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis是我国经济上重要的农业害虫.本研究拟鉴定苹果、葡萄和玉米3种果实在两种状态(健康与受白星花金龟成虫为害)下的挥发物中能引起白星花金龟雌成虫触角电生理反应的挥发物成分.[方法]采用动态顶空吸附法收集苹果、葡萄和玉米3种果实的挥发物,用气相色谱-触角电位联用技术(...     

Phenological resistance of grapes to the green June beetle,an obligate fruit-eating scarab

Changes in fruit characteristics associated with ripening increase the vulnerability of crops to insect depredation, making it difficult for growers to protect cultivated fruits from pest injury close to harvest. This study evaluated phenological resistance, the use of cultivars that ripen before or after peak pest activity, for reducing injury to grapes (Vitis spp.) by the green June beetle (GJB) (Cotinis nitida), an obligate feeder on soft, ripe fruits. Accumulation of sugars, softening of berry skins and recruitment of GJB feeding aggregations were monitored on replicated vines of early-, mid- and late-season ripening cultivars that require from 85 to 125 growing days from bloom to harvest. GJB flight peaked in late July and early August coinciding with later stages of veraison of early-season ripening cultivars which recruited numerous GJB feeding aggregations resulting in >95% crop loss. Small (1–2 weeks) phenological differences between mid-season ripening cultivars and peak GJB flight translated to marked differences in injury, whereas cultivars that ripened in mid-August or later, after GJB flight had waned, sustained little or no damage. Trapping experiments confirmed that the tougher berries and low sugar content of less-ripe fruit clusters inhibited beetle feeding and induction of yeast-mediated volatiles responsible for GJB host-location. Implications of these findings for sustainable or organic management of GJB and other near-harvest fruit pests are discussed.