Rotation of periphery methylpyridine of meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2, 3, 4) and its selective binding to native and synthetic DNAs

By utilizing circular and linear dichroism, the binding mode of meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2, 3, 4) to various DNAs was studied in this work. 2-N-(methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin(o-TMPyP), in which rotation of the periphery pyridinium ring is prevented, exhibits similar spectral properties when bound to DNA, poly[d(G-C)(2)] and poly[d(A-T)(2)], suggesting a similar binding mode. Close analysis of the spectral properties led us to conclude that o-TMPyP sits in the major groove. However, both 3-N- and 4-N-(methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (m- and p-TMPyP), of which the periphery pyridinium ring is free to rotate, intercalate between the basepairs of DNA and poly[d(G-C)(2)]. In the presence of poly[d(A-T)(2)], m-TMPyP exhibits a typical bisignate excitonic CD spectrum in the Soret band, while p-TMPyP shows two positive CD bands. The excitonic CD spectrum of the m-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex and the positive CD band of the o-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex were not affected by the presence of the minor groove binding drug, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), indicating that this porphyrin is bound in the major groove. In contrast, two positive CD bands of the p-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex altered in the presence of DAPI. From the changes in CD spectrum and other spectral properties, a few possible binding modes for p-TMPyP to poly[d(A-T)(2)] are suggested.     

DNA binding and nucleolytic properties of Cu(ii) complexes of salicylaldehyde semicarbazones

The copper(ii) complexes of two salicylaldehyde semicarbazones, HOC(6)H(4)CH[double bond, length as m-dash]N-NHCONR(2) [H(2)Bnz(2) (R = CH(2)Ph) and H(2)Bu(2) (R = Bu)], were evaluated for their DNA binding and cleavage properties by spectrophotometric DNA titration, ethidium bromide displacement assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results showed that the Cu(ii) complexes can bind to DNA via a partial intercalation mode with binding constants of 1.1 × 10(4) and 9.5 × 10(3) M(-1) for [Cu(HBnz(2))Cl] and [Cu(HBu(2))Cl], respectively. These complexes also cleave DNA in the presence of ascorbic acid, most likely through hydroxyl radicals that are generated via the reduction of a Cu(ii) to a Cu(i) species. The complexes show similar DNA cleavage activity, which is reflected in the similarity of their frontier molecular orbital energies calculated by density functional theory. These results are discussed in relation to the anticancer properties of the complexes.     

DNA sequence dependent binding modes of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)

The interactions of DAPI with natural DNA and synthetic polymers have been investigated by hydrodynamic, DNase I footprinting, spectroscopic, binding, and kinetic methods. Footprinting results at low ratios (compound to base pair) are similar for DAPI and distamycin. At high ratios, however, GC regions are blocked from enzyme cleavage by DAPI but not by distamycin. Both poly[d(G-C)]2 and poly[d(A-T)]2 induce hypochromism and shifts of the DAPI absorption band to longer wavelengths, but the effects are larger with the GC polymer. NMR shifts of DAPI protons in the presence of excess AT and GC polymers are significantly different, upfield for GC and mixed small shifts for AT. The dissociation rate constants and effects of salt concentration on the rate constants are also quite different for the AT and the GC polymer complexes. The DAPI dissociation rate constant is larger with the GC polymer but is less sensitive to changes in salt concentration than with the AT complex. Binding of DAPI to the GC polymer and to poly[d(A-C)].poly[d(G-T)] exhibits slight negative cooperativity, characteristic of a neighbor-exclusion binding mode. DAPI binding to the AT polymer is unusually strong and exhibits significant positive cooperativity. DAPI has very different effects on the bleomycin-catalyzed cleavage of the AT and GC polymers, a strong inhibition with the AT polymer but enhanced cleavage with the GC polymer. All of these results are consistent with two totally different DNA binding modes for DAPI in regions containing consecutive AT base pairs versus regions containing GC or mixed GC and AT base pair sequences. The binding mode at AT sites has characteristics which are similar to those of the distamycin-AT complex, and all results are consistent with a cooperative, very strong minor groove binding mode. In GC and mixed-sequence regions the results are very similar to those observed with classical intercalators such as ethidium and indicate that DAPI intercalates in DNA sequences which do not contain at least three consecutive AT base pairs.     

Dissociation of Aun (n = 3, 4) Microclusters

Abstract

The dissociation of Au₃ and Au₄ microclusters has been investigated using a molecular-dynamics computer simulation. The potential energy function used in the calculations includes two- and three-body interactions, which are represented by Lennard-Jones and Axilrod-Teller potentials, respectively. It has been found that dissociation starts for both clusters after 3000K.     

Strand scission in DNA by Gossypol and Cu(II): Role of Cu(I) and oxygen-free radicals

Gossypol, a polyphenolic binaphthyl dialdehyde found in cotton seeds, is a dietary mutagen and a potential male contraceptive. In the presence of Cu(II), gossypol caused breakage of supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA. The products were relaxed circles or a mixture of these and linear molecules. Other metal ions tested [Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Fe(II)] were ineffective or less effective in the DNA breakage reaction. In the case of gossypol-Cu(II) mediated cleavage, (Cu(I) was shown to be an essential intermediate by using the Cud) sequestering reagent bathocuproine. By using job plots, it was established that in the absence of DNA, eight Cu(II) ions can be reduced by one gossypol molecule. The involvement of active oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and H₂O₂, was established by the inhibition of DNA breakage by catalase and by sodium azide. It was further shown that gossypol is capable of directly producing H₂O₂.     

Effect of N-alkyl substituents on the DNA binding properties of meso-tetrakis (4-N-alkylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrins and their nickel derivatives

Resonance Raman, NMR, and visible spectroscopies, as well as viscosity and equilibrium dialysis studies were used to assess the effect of the N-alkyl substituent of meso-tetrakis(4-N-alkylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin cations on DNA binding. The DNAs studied include the native DNA, calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), the synthetic polynucleotides [poly(dGdC)]2 and [poly(dAdT)]2, and the oligonucleotide d(TATACGTATA)2. Both the porphyrins and the metalloporphyrins containing Ni(II) were examined with the N-alkyl = propyl (TPrpyP(4) and NiTPrpyP(4)) and 2-hydroxyethyl (TEtOHpyP(4) and NiTEtOHpyP(4)). The results were compared to those from the parent porphyrins with the N-methyl substituent (TMpyP(4) and NiTMpyP(4)). For almost all the comparisons made, the new porphyrin cations gave results very similar to those for the TMpyP(4) species. The resonance Raman study indicated that for the three DNA polymers all the Ni species were in the four-coordinate form when bound to all three polymers. It is suggested that both TPrpyP(4) and TEtOHpyP(4) bind to GC regions of DNA in the same intercalative manner as TMpyP(4) with the N-alkyl substituent extended into the solvent. For AT regions of DNA, the binding of TPrpyP(4) and TEtOHpyP(4) is nonintercalative, as found previously for TMpyP(4). The NiPrpy(4) and NiTEtOHpyP(4) cations bind to these polymers in a similar manner to the apo-porphyrins. The similar Raman spectral changes for the three Ni porphyrins upon addition of [poly(dAdT)]2 suggest that partial intercalation is not occurring because models indicate that it would be difficult to accommodate the bulkier N-alkyl substituents.     

Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DNA binding, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of Ni(ii) and Pd(ii) thiosemicarbazone complexes

New complexes, [Ni(HL)(PPh(3))]Cl (1), [Pd(L)(PPh(3))](2), and [Pd(L)(AsPh(3))](3), were synthesized from the reactions of 4-chloro-5-methyl-salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone [H(2)L] with [NiCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)], [PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)] and [PdCl(2)(AsPh(3))(2)]. They were characterized by IR, electronic, (1)H-NMR spectral data. Further, the structures of the complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. While the thiosemicarbazone coordinated as binegative tridentate (ONS) in complexes 2 and 3, it is coordinated as mono negative tridentate (ONS) in 1. The interactions of the new complexes with calf thymus DNA was examined by absorption and emission spectra, and viscosity measurements. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the new complexes have also been tested against DPPH radical in which complex 1 exhibited better activity than that of the other two complexes 2 and 3. The in vitro cytotoxicity of complexes 1-3 against A549 and HepG2 cell lines was assayed, and the new complexes exhibited higher cytotoxic activity with lower IC(50) values indicating their efficiency in killing the cancer cells even at very low concentrations.     

Enantiomeric ruthenium(II) complexes binding to DNA: binding modes and enantioselectivity

A series of enantiomerically pure polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes, delta- and lambda-[Ru(bpy)2 (HPIP)](PF6)2 (delta-1 and lambda-1; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, HPIP = 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), delta and lambda-[Ru(bpy)2(HNAIP)](PF6)2 (delta-2 and lambda-2; HNAIP = 2-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), delta- and lambda-[Ru(bpy)2 (HNOIP)](PF6)2 (delta-3 and lambda-3; HNOIP = 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), and delta- and lambda-[Ru(bpy)2(DPPZ)](PF6)2 (delta-4 and lambda-4; DPPZ= dipyridophenazine), have been synthesized. Binding behavior of these chiral complexes to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by electronic absorption, steady-state emission, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, as well as by viscosity measurements and equilibrium dialysis binding studies. Several points came from the results. (1) The DNA-binding properties were distinctly different for the [Ru(bpy)2L]2+ (L=HPIP, HNAIP, HNOIP) series of ruthenium(II) complexes, which indicates that the photophysical behavior of the complexes on binding to DNA can be modulated through ligand design. (2) Different binding rates of individual enantiomers of complexes 1 and 4 to DNA were observed through dialysis experiments. The lambda enantiomer bound more rapidly than the lambda enantiomer and their different intercalative binding geometries were suggested to be responsible. (3) Both delta-2 and lambda-2 bound weakly to CT-DNA; delta-2 may bind through a partial intercalation mode, whereas lambda-2 may bind in the DNA groove. (4) There was no noticeable enantioselectivity for complexes 1, 3, and 4 on binding to CT-DNA. Both of their enantiomers can intercalate into DNA base pairs. It is noted that delta-3 and lambda-3 exhibited almost identical spectral changes on addition of CT-DNA, and a similar binding manner of the isomers to the double helix was proposed.     

The binding of actinomycin D and adriamycin to supercoiled DNA, single-stranded DNA and polynucleotides

The effect of actinomycin D and adriamycin on synthetic polynucleotides, single-stranded viral DNA and supercoiled DNA has been studied employing the fluorescent probe, terbium. Marked displacement of the probe was observed when any deoxyribose-containing polynucleotide was pretreated with either drug. With supercoiled DNA, an unwinding of the supercoil was observed at very low drug concentrations (at approx. 1:500 molar ratio of drug:DNA) prior to the displacement of the terbium. This unwinding was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis at molar ratios of approx. 1:200. The effect was more apparent and occurred at lower drug:DNA ratios with actinomycin D than with adriamycin. Unlike cis-dichlorodiammine platinum(II), actinomycin D did not protect pBR322 DNA from cleavage at its BamHI site. The hydrolysis of Φχ174 DNA by a series of G-C-specific restriction nucleases (including HhaI, HpaII and HaeIII) was also not affected by prior treatment of the DNA with actinomycin D.     

Tris-ruthenium(II)/copper(II) multimetallic porphyrin: Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and supercoiled DNA photocleavage studies

The porphyrin, meso-5-(pentafluorophenyl)-10, 15, 20-tris(4-pyridyl)porphyrin has been used to synthesize two new metalloporphyrin complexes. Insertion of copper(II) into the porphyrin center gives the copper(II) porphyrin. Coordination of three [Ru(bipy)₂Cl]⁺ moieties (where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) to the pyridyl nitrogens of the copper(II) porphyrin gives the target complex. Electronic transitions associated with the copper(II) porphyrin and the triruthenium copper(II) porphyrin include an intense Soret band and a less intense Q-band in the visible region of the spectrum. An intense π-π∗ transition in the UV region associated with the bipyridyl groups and a metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band appearing as a shoulder to the Soret band are observed for the ruthenated copper(II) porphyrin. Electrochemical properties associated with the multimetallic complex include a redox couple in the cathodic region with E_1/2 = −0.86 V versus Ag/AgCl attributed to the porphyrin and a redox couple in the anodic region E_1/2 = 0.88 V versus Ag/AgCl due to the Ru^III/II couple. DNA titrations indicate the triruthenium copper(II) porphyrin interacts with DNA potentially through a groove binding mechanism. Irradiation of aqueous solutions of the target complex and supercoiled DNA at a 10:1 base pair to complex ratio with visible light above 400 nm indicates that the complex causes nicking of the DNA helix.     

A family of insulinomimetic zinc(II) complexes of amino ligands with Zn(Nn) (n=3 and 4) coordination modes

Several metal ions and their complexes have been known to mimic the action of insulin in in vitro and in vivo systems. We prepared a family of Zn(II) complexes derived from amino ligands with Zn(Nn) (n=3 and 4) coordination modes, the insulinomimetic activity being estimated by an inhibitory effect of free fatty acid release from isolated rat adipocytes treated with epinephrine. In comparison with the positive controls VOSO(4) and ZnSO(4), Zn(II)-amine complexes with stability constants (log beta) lower than 11.5 exhibited higher insulinomimetic activities. Among them, a bis(2-aminomethyl pyridinato)Zn(II) (Zn(2-ampy)(2)(2+)) complex with the highest insulinomimetic activity and a higher stability constant but lower than 11.5 was selected, and subjected to in vivo evaluation in KK-A(y) mice with a genetically type 2 diabetes mellitus. The high blood glucose level of the mice was lowered by daily intraperitoneal injections of Zn(2-ampy)(2)(2+) at a dose of 2 mg Zn/kg body weight for 14 days. Based on the results, Zn(2-ampy)(2)(2+) with Zn(N(4)) coordination mode was proposed to have both a high in vitro insulinomimetic activity and an in vivo blood glucose lowering effect.     

Studies on activities, cell up take and DNA binding of four multinuclear complexes of the form: [[trans-PtCl(NH(3))(2)](2)mu-[trans-Pd(NH(3))(2)-(H(2)N(CH(2))(n)NH(2))(2)]]Cl(4) where n=4-7

The activity against human cancer cell lines including ovarian: A2780, A2780(cisR), cell up take, DNA-binding and nature of interaction with pBR322 plasmid DNA have been studied for four multinuclear complexes code named DH4Cl, DH5Cl, DH6Cl and DH7Cl, having the general formula: [[trans-PtCl(NH(3))(2)](2)mu-[trans-Pd(NH(3))(2)-(H(2)N(CH(2))(n)NH(2))(2)]]Cl(4) where n=4, 5, 6 and 7 for DH4Cl, DH5Cl, DH6Cl and DH7Cl, respectively. The compounds are found to exhibit significant anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, A2780(cisR) and A2780(ZD0473R). DH6Cl in which the linking diamine has six carbon atoms is found to be the most active compound. As the number of carbon atoms in the linking diamine is decreased below six and increased above six, the activity is found to decrease, illustrating structure-activity relationship. All the multinuclear compounds are believed to form a plethora of long-range interstrand GG adducts with DNA dictated by the sequence of bases in the DNA strands. Increasing prevention of BamH1 digestion with the increase in concentration of the compounds is due to global changes in DNA conformation brought about by interstrand long-range binding of the compounds with DNA.     

Evidence for the existence of 2n gametes in Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit. (2n=2x=12): their relevance in evolution and breeding of Lotus corniculatus L. (2n=4x=24)

Summary Crosses between male sterile L. corniculatus (2n=4x=24) and L. tenuis (2n=2x=12) plants were performed in order to verify the presence of 2n gametes in L. tenuis. All but one of the plants from these crosses had 2n=4x=24 and the L. corniculatus phenotype; this plant had 2n=2x=12 and the L. tenuis phenotype. The plants also showed good quantity of pollen at tripping, good pollen fertility and good percentage of seed setting in the backcross to L. corniculatus. On the whole, both cytological and morphological observations, showing that all but one of the plants from L. corniculatus x L. tenuis were normal tetraploids, suggest the existence of diploandrous gametes in L. tenuis. On the other hand, haploid parthenogenesis probably gave origin to the dihaploid plant 2n=2x=12.     

Cu(II) binding by substituted 1, 3, 5-triazine herbicides

s-Triazine herbicides form relatively stable complexes with cupric ions, complexes in which the major binding site was found to be a cyclic nitrogen N5. Polarographic data have shown that cuprous ions also form quite stable complexes with the studied ligands. The stability constants strongly suggest that s-triazines act in solutions as the monodentate ligands, a result which agrees well with earlier X-ray results.     

Complexes of the arginine-rich histone tetramer (H3)2(H4)2 with negatively supercoiled DNA: electron microscopy and chemical cross-linking.

Tetramers of the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4 associate with supercoiled SV40 DNA either singly, giving tetrameric nucleoprotein complexes or in pairs giving octameric complexes, both of which are visualized as beads in the electron microscope. The relative amounts of the two complexes may be revealed by complete cross-linking of the proteins, followed by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. By electron microscopy of unmodified and of cross-linked complexes, both the tetrameric and the octameric complexes are shown to have a diameter of 8-9 nm and to contain about 145 base pairs (a nucleosome core length) of DNA. The compaction of the DNA in both cases is thus similar to that in the nucleosome, which has a diameter of about 12.5 nm and contains 200 base pairs of DNA.     

Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding study and biological activity against Leishmania mexicana of [Cu(dppz)2]BF4

[Cu(dppz)(2)]BF(4) complex has been synthesized by the reaction of [Cu(CH(3)CN)(4)]BF(4) and dipyrido[3,2-A:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) in a molar ratio of 1:2. The compound was characterized by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies. Absorption and viscometric studies carried out on the interaction of [Cu(dppz)(2)]BF(4) complex with calf thymus DNA suggested that the complex binds by intercalation. No covalent binding was observed. Additionally, the results obtained from electrophoresis showed nuclease activity. The biological activity of the complex was tested in vitro on Leishmania mexicana promastigote cultures. A leishmanicidal effect (LD(30)) was observed in 48 h at concentration of 41 nM. Preliminary studies of the ultrastructure of L. mexicana treated with a sublethal dose of the complex (IC(7)=4.1 nM) for 48 h showed an induction of cytoplasm disorganization, vacuolization and binucleated cells. These findings suggest that the leishmanicidal activity of the title complex could be associated with its interaction with the parasitic DNA.     

Synthesis, morphology and cytogenetics of Raphanofortii (TTRR, 2n = 38): a new amphidiploid of hybrid Brassica tournefortii (TT, 2n = 20) ×Raphanus caudatus (RR, 2n=18)

Amphidiploid Raphanofortii was synthesized by colchicinization of the F₁ hybrid Brassica tournefortii (TT, 2n = 20)×Raphanus caudatus (RR, 2n = 18). The crossability between these two species, and the cytomorphology of the F₁ plants and the amphidiploids were investigated. Intergeneric hybrids between the species were obtained only when B. tournefortii was involved as female parent. The hybrid plants were intermediate for most of the morphological attributes and showed very low pollen fertility compared to the parents. Although a majority of the pollen mother cells of the dihaploid hybrid (TR, 2n = 19) harboured univalents, a maximum of six bivalents were also observed. Of the 37 colchicine-treated F₁ plants analyzed cytologically, 21 were found to be true amphidiploids (2n = 38), whereas seven were mixoploids. Meiosis in the amphidiploids was characterized by the occurrence of 19 bivalents, though multivalents and univalents were also observed in a few cells. Most of the amphidiploid plants exhibited a fairly high pollen and seed fertility, which was further enhanced with the advancement of generations. Out of 69 plants investigated in the A₂ generation, 64 were euploids while the remaining five were aneuploids (2n = 36, 37, 39, 40 and 42). The newly synthesized Raphanofortii has great potential as a new commercial crop, as well as a bridge species for the transfer of economically important attributes of both the species to other Brassicas. Received: 2 November 1999 / Accepted: 26 March 2000     

The synthesis and characterisation of some MnLnX2 complexes (n = 1, L = pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine,X = Cl,Br, I,NCS; n = 1, L = EtOH,X = Cl,Br; n = 2, L = EtOH,X = I,NCS)

Mono-ligand complexes MnLX₂ (L = pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, X = Cl, Br, I, NCS) have been prepared. The pyridine complexes contain only bridging halide and pseudohalide groups, whereas the 4-py complexes contain both bridging and terminal bound anions. Ethanol is coordinated in Mn(EtOH)X₂ (X=C1, Br) and Mn(EtOH)₂X₂ (X=I, NCS). Although the MnLX₂ complexes have the same stoichiometry as the Mn(PR₃)X₂complexes none show any activity towaxds binding dioxygen either in the solid state or in solution.     

New asymmetric AB(n)-shaped amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-b-[poly(l-lactide)](n) (n = 2, 4, 8) bridged with dendritic ester linkages: I. Syntheses and their characterization

This study presents new investigations on chemical syntheses and characterization of new asymmetric AB(n)-shaped amphiphilic diblock methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-[poly(l-lactide)](n), MPEG-b-(PLLA)(n) (n = 2, 4, and 8), bridged with dendritic ester linkages. First, a new series of A(OH)(n)-shaped hydroxy end-capped MPEG-(OH)(2), MPEG-(OH)(4), and MPEG-(OH)(8) bearing corresponding one- to three-generation dendritic ester moieties were efficiently derived from the starting MPEG (M(n) = 2 KDa) and 2,2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (Bis-HMPA) via ester coupling and a facile hydroxy protection-deprotection cycle, and then, chemical structures of these functional MPEG-(OH)(n) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) and MALDI-FTMS. Subsequently, by employing these MPEG-(OH)(n) as functional macroinitiators, new asymmetric AB(n)()-shaped amphiphilic MPEG-b-(PLLA)(2) S1, MPEG-b-(PLLA)(4) S2, and MPEG-b-(PLLA)(8) S3 bridged with dendritic Bis-HMPA ester linkages of L1-L3 as well as linear structural MPEG-b-PLLA references (R1-R3) were synthesized through the SnOct(2)-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide at 130 degrees C in m-xylene solution, and their structures were further examined by NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It was demonstrated that the functional MPEG-(OH)(n) efficiently initiated the ROP of LLA, finally leading to successful formation of the AB(n)-shaped amphiphilic MPEG-b-(PLLA)(n) (n = 2, 4, and 8) with each PLLA arm weight close to 2 KDa and very narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, thermal history, crystallization, and spherulite morphologies were studied by means of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and polarized microscope (POM) for these new structural amphiphilic S1-S3 as well as the linear R1-R3, intriguingly indicating a strong molecular architecture dependence of segmental crystallizability, spherulite morphology, and apparent crystal growth rate. Due to the favorable biodegradability and biocompatibility of the PLLA and MPEG, these results may therefore create new possibilities for these novel structural AB(n)-shaped amphiphilic MPEG-b-(PLLA)(n) as potential biomaterials.     

Comparative mapping of twenty-eight bovine loci in sheep (Ovis aries, 2n = 54) and river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) by FISH

Peripheral blood cell cultures were treated for late incorporation of both BrdU and Hoechst-33258 to obtain R-banding pattern preparations. Twenty-eight bovine cosmids from 19 bovine syntenic groups (U), three of which contain type I loci and 25 which contain microsatellite loci and have previously been assigned to cattle chromosomes, were comparatively FISH-mapped to sheep and river buffalo chromosomes according to the standard karyotypes (13 loci for the first time in the latter species). The results enrich the physical maps of both species with information relative to the following loci and to the corresponding syntenic groups: IDVGA35 and IDVGA53 (U6), IDVGA61 and IDVGA84 (U13), JAB10 (U5), IDVGA41 and IDVGA57 (U27), IDVGA87 (U11), IDVGA32 and IDVGA10 (U19), IDVGA49, IDVGA66 and IDVGA68 (U1), ZNF164 (U23), IDVGA74 and IDVGA70 (U9), IDVGA47, IDVGA46 and IDVGA58 (U21), MAP1B (U14), IDVGA79 (U4), CATHL (U12), IDVGA71 (U8), IDVGA59 (U26), IDVGA29 (U29), IDVGA7 (U7), IDVGA82 (X), IDVGA50 (Y). All mapped loci were localized on homoeologous chromosomes and chromosome regions of the two species, confirming the high degree of chromosome homoeologies between the subfamilies Bovinae and Caprinae.