A Systematic Comparison of Supervised Classifiers

Pattern recognition has been employed in a myriad of industrial, commercial and academic applications. Many techniques have been devised to tackle such a diversity of applications. Despite the long tradition of pattern recognition research, there is no technique that yields the best classification in all scenarios. Therefore, as many techniques as possible should be considered in high accuracy applications. Typical related works either focus on the performance of a given algorithm or compare various classification methods. In many occasions, however, researchers who are not experts in the field of machine learning have to deal with practical classification tasks without an in-depth knowledge about the underlying parameters. Actually, the adequate choice of classifiers and parameters in such practical circumstances constitutes a long-standing problem and is one of the subjects of the current paper. We carried out a performance study of nine well-known classifiers implemented in the Weka framework and compared the influence of the parameter configurations on the accuracy. The default configuration of parameters in Weka was found to provide near optimal performance for most cases, not including methods such as the support vector machine (SVM). In addition, the k-nearest neighbor method frequently allowed the best accuracy. In certain conditions, it was possible to improve the quality of SVM by more than 20% with respect to their default parameter configuration.     

Peptides and Peptoids - A Systematic Structure Comparison

A systematic analysis of the conformational space of the basic structure unit of peptoids in comparison to the corresponding peptide unit was performed based on ab initio MO theory and complemented by molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution.The calculations show three minimum conformations denoted as C_7ß, a_D and a that do not correspond to conformers on the gas phase peptide potential energy hypersurface. The influence of aqueous solvation was estimated by means of continuum models. The MD simulations indicate the a_D form as the preferred conformation in solution both in cis and trans peptide bond orientations.     

Floral Developmental Evidence for the Systematic Relationships of Tropaeolum(Tropaeolaceae)

The floral ontogeny of three species of Tropaeolum was studiedusing scanning electron microscopy to find morphological evidencefor discussing the systematic position of the family. The initiationof the androecium is highly unusual: there are always eightstamens which arise (1) either in a spiral sequence startingwith the stamen opposite sepal four, running in a directionopposite to the sequence of the sepals, and with reversals inthe direction of the spiral, or (2) as a sequence of pairedand unpaired stamens. The floral symmetry changes twice duringthe development of the flower, from polysymmetrical at sepaland petal initiation, through oblique monosymmetry at stameninitiation, and ending with median monosymmetry in later developmentalstages. The occurrence of median monosymmetry is a late-developmentalevent and is caused by the initiation of a hypanthial spur,and the unequal growth of the petals and styles. The originfor the unusual sequence of stamen initiation reflects a trendaffecting the whole flower which is linked with the changingpatterns of floral symmetry. Octandry is enhanced by multiplecauses, such as the loss of two stamens in an originally diplostemonousandroecium and the regulating pressure of the gynoecium. Thechange in symmetry during ontogeny is significant for discussingthe systematic position of Tropaeolaceae in comparison withthe glucosinolate-producing taxa and the Sapindales. The combinationof an androecium with eight stamens and oblique monosymmetryis either a single event in evolution and links Tropaeolum withthe Sapindales, or it has evolved at least twice, once in theSapindales, and once in a clade comprising Tropaeolaceae, Akaniaceaeand Bretschneideraceae. Morphological data support a sistergroup relationship of the three latter families, which is inline with macromolecular studies. Copyright 2001 Annals of BotanyCompany Tropaeolum, Tropaeolaceae, Glucosinolate clade, Sapindales, oblique monosymmetry, androecium, octandry, floral development, phylogeny     

吉祥草的花部器官发生及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了吉祥草（Reineckia carnea）（铃兰科）的花部器官发生发育过程。吉祥草花被片、雄蕊的发生方式是由近轴端向远轴端发生的逆单向型（reversed unidirection）,花发育后期花被片合生形成花被筒,花丝与之贴生。伴随花被片、雄蕊发生,三枚心皮也由近轴向远轴方向相继发生,随后彼此合生发育。花序顶部的花易发生花器官数目变异。结合早期花原基形态以及花器官数目变异情况分析,吉祥草的花被片与雄蕊可能是由共同原基分化而成。从花部器官发生式样和花被筒形成时间两方面比较吉祥草属、白穗花属和铃兰属的特征发现,三属中,铃兰属处于相对进化的位置,而白穗花属比吉祥草属更为原始。     

Floral sesquiterpenes and their synthesis in dioecious kiwifruit

Kiwifruit species are vigorously growing dioecious vines that rely on bees and other insects for pollen transfer between spatially separated male and female individuals. Floral volatile terpene cues for insect pollinator attraction were characterized from flowers of the most widely grown and economically important kiwifruit cultivar Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and its male pollinator ‘Chieftain’. The sesquiterpenes α-farnesene and germacrene D dominated in all floral tissues and the emission of these compounds was detected throughout the day, with lower levels at night. Two terpene synthase (TPS) genes were isolated from A. deliciosa petals that produced (+)-germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene respectively. Both TPS genes were expressed in the same tissues and at the same times as their corresponding floral volatiles. Here we discuss these results with respect to plant and insect ecology and the evolution and structure of sesquiterpene synthases.Key words: terpene, dioecy, kiwifruit, volatile, ecology, evolution, flower     

论拟贯众属的系统位置

综合形态学、叶表皮解剖学、孢粉学、分子系统学及生物地理学的证据,认为拟贯众属被置于鳞毛蕨科的处理是错误的。多方面证据支持这个属与叉蕨科的一些属有着较近的亲缘关系,我们建议将拟贯众属从鳞毛蕨科中移出而暂时置于叉蕨科内。     

芒苞草科———单子叶植物一个新科的确认兼论其系统位置

报道了芒苞草属（ＡｃａｎｔｈｏｃｈａｌｍｙｓＰ．Ｃ．Ｋａｏ）的综合研究结果。从多学科的研究材料表明,芒苞草属（ＡｃａｎｔｈｏｃｈｌａｍｙｓＰ．Ｃ．Ｋａｏ）在解剖、胚胎、细胞、孢粉等方面,都具有许多独特的性状和特征,即有原始的,也有进化的,同时还有一些过渡性的类型和特征。在营养器官和生殖器官方面,保留有与双子叶植物毛茛目（Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｌｅｓ）相联系的特征。芒苞草科所具有这些性状和特征,在我国种     

Aphyly: A Systematic Designation for a Taxonomic Problem

A taxon is aphyletic when it is deemed to be non-monophyletic or unresolved, therefore aphyletic taxa are a taxonomic problem rather than an evolutionary anomaly. A problem arises in systematics when taxonomic names assigned to aphyletic taxa are treated as if they were natural groups. In the absence of a taxonomic and systematic revision, anomalous taxa should be labelled as aphyletic without recourse to phylogenetic inference (i.e., interpretation). Doing so avoids the validation of aphyletic names and the creation of dubious results in fields that rely on systematic and taxonomic data.     

中国特有牛筋条属的核形态及其系统位置

报道了以３个不同居群为材料进行的拮筋条属核形态学研究结果。其间期核和前期核分别为简单染色体中心型和蹭型。染色体长度界于１．６６μｍ至０．８７μｍ之间,核型公式为２＝２８ｍ＋６ｓｍ,核型分类为１Ａ型。相同的染色体基数及其与苹果亚科成员近似的核型,支持将牛条属置于苹果亚科,而不赞同将其归属于李亚科或另立亚科的观点。     

A Systematic Comparison of the Anti-Tumoural Activity and Toxicity of the Three Adv-TKs

Adenovirus 5 vectors, known respectively as, the first generation, second generation and oncolytic adenovirus, have been studied extensively in preclinical and clinical trials. However, hitherto few systemic evaluations of the efficacy and toxicity of these adenoviral vectors that have reflected the vertical history of adenovirus based cancer gene therapy strategies have been undertaken. This study has chosen Adv-TK, the well-established adjuvant treatment in cancer, and compared its efficacy and safety with those of the two newly synthesized oncolytic adenovirus vectors encoding the HSV-TK gene, namely M7 and M8. The results obtained showed that systemic administration of 1×10⁸ pfu M7 had an anti-tumour efficacy similar to that of 3×10¹⁰ pfu Adv-TK whilst M8 performed even better. Furthermore, compared to Adv-TK, M7 and M8 reduced the incidence of metastases and substantially prolonged the survival time of the mice xenografted with human orthotopic gastric carcinomas with disseminated metastasis. Even more exciting, however, were the similar toxic and immune safety results obtained from the administration of high doses of M7 or M8 in comparison with Adv-TK in immunocompetent and permissive syrian hamster. The data here exhibit a comprehensive display of the efficacy and safety of the three mutants and provide evidence for the future preclinical use of the M7 and M8 viruses.     

四种旱生藓类植物的比较结构学观察

对新疆产的４种藓类植物茎、叶的表面及内部结构进行了观察,结果表明：尖叶大帽藓（Ｅｎｃａｌｙｐｔａ ｒｈａｂｄｏｃｕｒｐａ Ｓｃｈｗａｅｇｒ．）茎的中部结构类似于种子植物（单子叶）根的内皮层,其茎表皮也有类似于种子植物表皮毛（腺毛）的腺体。在阔叶紫萼藓（Ｇｒｉｍｍｉａ ｌａｅｖｉｇａｔａ（Ｂｒｉｄ．）Ｂｒｉｄ．）茎的中轴部,厚角组织发达,数层皮部厚壁组织也很发达。小石藓（Ｗｅｉｓｉａ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｖ     

繁缕和鹅肠菜的花维管束系统比较解剖学研究及其系统学意义

运用石蜡制片技术,对繁缕（Stellaria media）和鹅肠菜（Myosoton aquaticum）的花维管束系统进行了比较解剖观察,为其系统分类提供了一定的科学依据。研究结果表明,两者维管系统有以下特征：（1）花梗部维管束以3束不封闭成环形式分布在中央区。（2）花梗顶部维管束形成一个封闭的分生组织环。（3）分生组织环最先呈辐射状分离出的外层10束,每相隔一个束的那个束向外分裂出2束。其中15束是通往花萼的维管束,5束是通往花瓣的维管束。通往花瓣的5束维管束又一分为二,变成10束花瓣维管束。（4）分生组织环再呈辐射状分裂出10束,形成雄蕊维管束。（5）在子房室区分生组织环再呈辐射状分裂出4子房隔膜束,每束分裂出3束,形成胎座维管束,其数目为12束,每一束均与一个胚珠相连,从而使子房壁维管束数目增加到16束。鉴于繁缕和鹅肠菜花维管束系统的高度一致,将鹅肠菜置于繁缕属比较恰当。     

位置效应对喉毛花（龙胆科）的花特征和繁殖成功的影响

同一个植株上不同位置花的特征和繁殖成功通常表现出较大的差异,这种差异是源于不同位置花间的资源竞争还是植株本身发育过程中的结构效应仍需进一步阐明。作者以青藏高原高寒草甸中常见的一年生自交植物——喉毛花（Comastoma pulmonarium）为研究对象,通过控制植株的资源状态比较植株上不同位置花的特征和繁殖成功,探讨花序内资源竞争和结构效应的影响。结果发现,与其它位置的花相比,位于植株顶端的首先开放的花具有较大花高度和花直径,并产生了更多的花粉和胚珠 但蕾期去除顶花后,其它位置的花高度和花直径与对照植株上同位置的花相比并没有显著变化,表明喉毛花不同位置的花特征变异是由植株发育过程中的结构效应引起,改变植株的资源状态不会改变喉毛花的花特征。喉毛花顶果的种子数量、重量和萌发率均高于其它位置果实的种子 但去除顶花后,其它位置果实的种子数量与对照植株相同位置的果实相比,均呈现增加的趋势,表明喉毛花顶果以外其它不同位置果实的种子发育期间存在资源限制 改变植株的资源状态后,植株的可用资源会在不同位置的果实间重新分配,这对后期发育的果实具有一定的保障作用。研究结果表明,喉毛花植株上不同位置间的花特征和繁殖成功差异分别由结构效应和资源竞争引起,与其它的研究结果存在分歧,其原因可能与喉毛花一年生的生活史特征和资源有限的高原环境有关,但仍需要进一步的研究证明。     

A new species of Gillbeea (Cunoniaceae) from north-eastern Queensland, Australia

Gillbeea whypallana sp. nov. is described from the Wet Tropics of North Queensland. This species differs from G. adenopetala in the larger serrate asymmetrical stipules, hirsute leaves and fruits and the number of lateral veindleaflet. Gillbeea adenopetala and G. whypallana both differ from G. papuana in having hairs on the lateral margins of the petals, and in having more than two ovules per carpel. The comparative morphology of the three Gillbeea species is described and illustrated, and the phylogenetic placement of the genus within the Cunoniaceae is discussed briefly.