GOLGI APPARATUS, GERL, AND LYSOSOMES OF NEURONS IN RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA, STUDIED BY THICK SECTION AND THIN SECTION CYTOCHEMISTRY

New insights into the ultrastructure and phosphatase localizations of Golgi apparatus and GERL, and into the probable origin of lysosomes in the neurons of fetal dorsal root ganglia and the small neurons of adult ganglia have come from studying thick (0.5–1.0 µ) as well as thin (up to 500 A) sections by conventional electron microscopy. Tilting the thick specimens, by a goniometer stage, has helped to increase our understanding of the three-dimensional aspects of the Golgi apparatus and GERL. One Golgi element, situated at the inner aspect of the Golgi stack, displays thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities. This element exhibits regular geometric arrays (hexagons) of interconnected tubules without evidence of a flattened portion (saccule or cisterna). In contrast, GERL shows acid phosphatase activity and possesses small cisternal portions and anastomosing tubules. Lysosomes appear to bud from GERL. Osmium deposits, following prolonged osmication, are found in the outer Golgi element. Serial 0.5-µ and thin sections of thiamine pyrophosphatase-incubated material demonstrate that, in the neurons studied, the Golgi apparatus is a continuous network coursing through the cytoplasm. Serial thick sections of acid phosphatase-incubated tissue suggest that GERL is also a continuous structure throughout the cytoplasm. Tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, possibly part of GERL, extend into the polygonal compartments of the inner Golgi element. The possible physiological significance of a polygonal arrangement of a phosphatase-rich Golgi element in proximity to smooth ER is considered. A tentative diagram of the Golgi stack and associated endoplasmic reticulum in these neurons has been drawn.     

大鼠颈上神经节烟碱电流的整流及失敏

在培养的新生大鼠颈上神经节交感神经元标本上,用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（ｎＡＣｈＲ）通道的整流及失敏现象。烟碱激动剂引起的全细胞电流在膜电位为负值时随膜电位呈线性改变,而在膜电位达＋６０ｍＶ时仍不出现外向电流,表现出强烈的内向整流。ｎＡＣｈＲ通道电流存在失敏现象,即持续恒压喷射激动剂所引起的全细胞电流随时间呈指数衰减,不能保持在峰值水平,失敏随激剂浓度呈量效关系,膜电位的超极化也加     

正常大鼠肾脏细胞溶酶体膜的构成蛋白

溶酶体是细胞内对其吞噬之物质溶解及消化之主要场所,同时也是细胞自噬作用的主要细胞器。为了进一步了解此细胞器的功能与结构,我们采用免疫荧光标记法,通过5种针对大鼠肝细胞溶酶体膜蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,对大鼠正常肾脏细胞溶酶体膜蛋白进行了标记,并通过NH_4Cl溶液对溶酶体作了膜膨胀处理,结果显示:(1)细胞内溶酶体膜蛋白是由多种蛋白所构成,其各种蛋白的含量是不同的;(2)所有溶酶体膜蛋白均表达于该细胞器之表面;(3)NH_4Cl溶液能有效地使溶酶体扩张,这将有和于进一步研究溶酶体的结构。     

大鼠孤束核中神经肽Y样神经元与咽肌运动神经元的联系——PRV和NPY免疫荧光双标记法研究

用PRV和NPY免疫荧光双标记法研究了大鼠孤束核中NPY样神经元对咽肌运动神经元的调控。PRV注射大鼠咽肌后,在孤束核的中介亚核和中间亚核中可见许多PRV和NPY双标记细胞。首次证明了大鼠孤束核中的NPY样神经元和咽肌运动神经元的联系。推测NPY可能对咽肌运动的精确调控有关。     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠丘脑束旁核痛兴奋和痛抑制神经元放电的影响

本实验观察了脑室注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)对丘脑束旁核(Pf)痛兴奋神经元(PEN)和痛抑制神经元(PIN)电活动的影响,并与吗啡的作用进行了比较。结果表明,脑内ACh增加可使PEN放电潜伏期延长,频率降低,持续时程缩短;可使PIN的完全抑制时程缩短。腹腔注射吗啡与ACh的作用相似。M胆碱受体阻断剂阿托品能阻断ACh对PEN和PIN的作用,但不影响吗啡对PEN和PIN的作用。说明吗啡镇痛不是通过胆碱能转递而实现的。     

LYSOSOMES IN THE RAT SCIATIC NERVE FOLLOWING CRUSH

Peripheral nerves undergoing degeneration are favorable material for studying the types, origins, and functions of lysosomes. The following lysosomes are described: (a) Autophagic vacuoles in altered Schwann cells. Within these vacuoles the myelin and much of the axoplasm which it encloses in the normal nerve are degraded (Wallerian degeneration). The delimiting membranes of the vacuoles apparently form from myelin lamellae. Considered as possible sources of their acid phosphatase are Golgi vesicles (primary lysosomes), lysosomes of the dense body type, and the endoplasmic reticulum which lies close to the vacuoles. (b) Membranous bodies that accumulate focally in myelinated fibers in a zone extending 2 to 3 mm distal to the crush. These appear to arise from the endoplasmic reticulum in which demonstrable acid phosphatase activity increases markedly within 2 hours after the nerve is crushed. (c) Autophagic vacuoles in the axoplasm of fibers proximal to the crush. The breakdown of organelles within these vacuoles may have significance for the reorganization of the axoplasm preparatory to regeneration. (d) Phagocytic vacuoles of altered Schwann cells. As myelin degeneration begins, some axoplasm is exposed. This is apparently engulfed by the filopodia of the Schwann cells, and degraded within the phagocytic vacuoles thus formed. (e) Multivesicular bodies in the axoplasm of myelinated fibers. These are generally seen near the nodes of Ranvier.     

地塞米松对大白鼠海马兴奋性神经元和抑制性神经元的影响

为了探讨糖皮质激素对海马兴奋性神经元和抑制性神经元的作用,本实验将地塞米松注入大白鼠侧脑室,２ｈ 后经Ｎｉｓｓｌ染色法、免疫组织化学方法和细胞计数法观察了海马谷氨酸免疫反应性（ＧｌｕＩＲ）神经元和γ氨基丁酸免疫反应性（ＧＡＢＡＩＲ）神经元的变化。结果显示：（１）ＣＡ１、ＣＡ３ 和ＳＧ区的ＧｌｕＩＲ神经元明显增多,特别是ＣＡ１ 区。经细胞计数统计分析表明,与对照组相比ＣＡ１ 有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０００１）,ＣＡ３区有显著性差异（００１＜ Ｐ＜ ００５）,ＳＧ处无明显差异（Ｐ＞ ００５）。（２）与对照组相比,ＧＡＢＡＩＲ神经元无明显变化。结果表明,糖皮质激素有增加海马谷氨酸能神经元的作用。尽管γ氨基丁酸能神经元无明显变化,并不表明糖皮质激素对其无影响     

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND CAUDATE-PUTAMEN OF THE RAT: PROPERTIES AND LOCALIZATION IN DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS

Abstract— In order to examine the hypothesis that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is contained within dopaminergic neurons of the nigro-striatal projection, the effects of selective destruction of these neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on cholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase in substantia nigra (SN) and caudate-putamen (CP) were studied in the rat. Four to five weeks after intraventricular or intracerebral 6-OHDA injections tyrosine hydroxylase in these structures was reduced by 90% or more. Choline acetyltransferase was not affected in the SN or CP, but cholinesterase was reduced by about 40% in the SN and by 12% in the CP. To determine that the observed decreases in cholinesterase activity reflected true AChE and not butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), further experiments were conducted on tissues from animals with intracerebral 6-OHDA lesions. (1) Substrate specificity. Acetylcholine (ACh) was replaced by either acetyl-β-methyl-choline (AcβMeCh) or butyrylcholine (BCh) in the cholinesterase assay. SN and CP from 6-OHDA lesioned rats showed 54% and 92% of control tissue cholinesterase activity respectively with AcβMeCh as substrate, in good agreement with values found using ACh. No decrease in activity toward BCh was observed. (2) Kinetics. The decrease in cholinesterase activities at different concentrations of ACh was determined. Analysis of the data revealed that cholinesterase in dopaminergic neurons was inhibited by high ACh concentrations, a characteristic property of AChE but not BChE. (3) Selective inhibitors. In the SN, cholinesterase in dopaminergic neurons was inhibited by the selective AChE inhibitors BW284C51 and ambenonium with a dose-response curve similar to erythrocyte AChE but different from serum BChE. The selective BChE inhibitor, tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide, inhibited the enzyme in dopaminergic neurons only at concentrations which inhibited erythrocyte AChE, concentrations somewhat higher than those which inhibited serum BChE. These results support recent histochemical observations indicating that AChE is contained in dopaminergic neurons of the SN. Moreover, these experiments represent the first characterization of AChE from a homogeneous population of non-cholinergic neurons in mammalian CNS.     

豚鼠腹腔神经节细胞γ－氨基丁酸双相反应的药理学特性

在豚鼠腹腔神经节细胞,γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）可诱发“去极化－超极化”的双相反应,去极化伴膜电阻减小,超极化伴膜电阻增大,这种反应在低钙高镁液中仍然存在。蝇蕈醇可模拟ＧＡＢＡ双相反应,但在诱发相同强度的去极化反应时,蝇蕈醇产生的超极化弱于ＧＡＢＡ。荷包牡丹碱（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和印防已毒素（１００—３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能可逆地抑制ＧＡＢＡ诱发的双相反应。Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ对神经节细胞的膜电位无明显影响。结果提示,ＧＡＢＡ双相反应的去极化相由ＧＡＢＡＡ／Ｃｌ－通道受体复合物介导,而超极化相很可能由不同于经典的ＧＡＢＡＡ受体,但其药理学行为又由与之十分相近的另一种ＧＡＢＡ受体介导。     

大鼠脑桥背侧被盖区含L-ENK和SP的神经元

本实验用成年雄性Wistar大鼠,以免疫细胞化学法、计算机图象分析法研究了大鼠脑桥背侧被盖区含亮氨酸脑啡肽(L-ENK)和P物质(SP)神经元的分布和形态。含L-ENK的神经元分布于Gudden背侧被盖核的背部和腹部(DDT、VDT),以及外背侧被盖核(LDT)。DDT内含L-ENK的细胞多而密集,周围有深染的神经纤维。胞体形态以圆形和卵圆形为主。随机测量免疫反应阳性细胞,平均等效径为12.18μm。VDT和LDT内含L-ENK细胞少,染色较浅。VDT的胞体为圆形和卵圆形,平均等效径为12.24μm。LDT的胞体为多边形,平均等效径为15.67μm。含SP的神经元仅见于LDT,细胞数量较多,胞体较大,呈多边形,平均等效径是20.39μm。本研究的结果显示:DDT,VDT和LDT各核内含L-ENK神经元的分布密度,细胞形态和大小均有所不同。DDT较密集,LDT细胞较大。LDT内含SP和L-ENK神经元多数可归为两类,含SP的胞体较大含L—ENK的胞体较小。DDT,VDT和LDT不同形态的含肽细胞可能与它们不同的中枢联系和功能有关。     

大鼠海马移植物内神经元与CA能纤维之间突触联系的研究

将胎龄为１７ｄ的大鼠胚胎海马（移植物）移植到同种成年大鼠（宿主）腹海马，９０ｄ后，用ＴＨ免疫细胞化学方法对海马移植物内神经元与儿茶酚胺（ｃａｔｅｃｈｏｌａｍｉｎｅ ＣＡ）能纤维之间的突触联系进行上观察。免疫组织化学显示，宿主海马内有大量ＴＨ免疫反应纤维。这些纤维是直径为０．５－１μｍ的细纤维。它们的分布密度是，齿回门区和ＣＡ３区透明层内较密集，分子层次之，锥体细胞层和颗粒细胞层内较稀疏。在移植物的     

豚鼠肠系膜下神经节细胞电活动与结肠运动的关系

在豚鼠肠系膜下神经节(IMG)及其支配的结肠段联合标本上,对IMG细胞内电位与肠段纵肌或环肌舒缩活动进行了同步记录。实验结果表明:(1)肠段预置张力为零时,约50％IMG细胞有自发的快兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)活动,切断结肠神经或以筒箭毒(50μmol/L)灌流IMG后消失;(2)筒箭毒或低钙高镁溶液阻断神经节传递时,环肌节律性收缩幅度增大,节律变慢,但对纵肌节律性收缩无明显影响,(3)串刺激节前神经,在IMG细胞引起一串快EPSP或动作电位并常跟随迟慢的EPSP,同时,纵肌在0.1-0.2s潜伏期后出现迅速的、时程基本与动作电位串一致的舒张波,后者在筒箭毒灌流IMG后消失,而环肌运动可见舒张、舒张波延长或收缩波增大。结果提示:IMG不仅中继经典的胆碱能传出功能,还参与以胆碱能传递为中介的肠-肠反射,该反射活动的传出效应主要在于抑制环肌收缩。     

大鼠脑内5-HT能神经元对咽肌的支配及调控

用ＰＲＶ和５－ＨＴ免疫组织化学双标记方法研究脑内５－ＨＴ能神经元对咽肌的神经支配及调控。观察到中缝核群的中缝苍白核、中缝隐核、中缝大核、中缝桥核、中缝正中核、中缝背核、和中缝尾侧线形核等部位有ＰＲＶ和５－ＨＴ双标记细胞,直接证明中缝核群的５－ＨＴ能神经元投射到支配咽肌的疑核运动神经元和孤束核中的前运动神经元,调控咽肌的运动。并推测脑干中缝核群中的５－ＨＴ能神经元对咽肌运动的调控可能经由５ＨＴ３和５ＨＴ１Ａ两种受体介导。     

THE EFFECT OF DEPRIVATION OF GLUCOSE ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION OF THE RAT IN VITRO

The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of the rat kept in vitro in a bicarbonate-buffered Krebs' solution retains its capacity for synaptic transmission and axonal conduction during more than 36 hr. After glucose withdrawal, synaptic transmission is lost in 2½ hr and this loss is irreversible; on the other hand, axonal conduction can still be measured on the postganglionic nerve for more than 24 hr after glucose deprivation. Electrophysiological measurements as well as electron microscope studies revealed specific changes at the level of the presynaptic terminal processes, while the ganglion cells and the satellite cells remained relatively unaltered. The presynaptic lesion due to lack of glucose can be prevented by keeping the preparation in vitro at 6°C. This strongly suggests that this lesion results from a major disturbance of the metabolism of the presynaptic fibers.     

CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF A HISTONE IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS DURING DEVELOPMENT

The isolation and cellular localization of a basic protein (histone) from central nervous tissue have been previously reported. In the tissues previously studied (nervous tissue, testis, liver, spleen, kidney, ovary), the basic protein was restricted in distribution to the nuclei of neurons and spermatogonia. In the present study, the temporal appearance of the histone within neurons and the changes in its distribution during ontogenesis were examined. The reaction between a fluorescent immune γ-globulin prepared against this purified tissue-specific histone and the neurons from the dorsal root ganglia of the rat was investigated. The dorsal root ganglia examined were those from fetuses, 2-, 10-, and 40-day-old rats, and from adult rats. At the earliest stages, only the nucleoli reacted. Subsequently, threads of fluorescent material were seen to emerge from the nucleoli. The extent of this reaction between the immune globulin and the threads within the nuclei continued to increase with maturation. No changes in fluorescence localization during development could be seen in the nuclei of neurons in the cerebellum or brain stem. The role that this tissue-specific histone may play in cell function is discussed.     

凝血酶诱导大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡及其与Bcl-2及Bax表达变化关系的实验研究

目的研究不同浓度凝血酶诱导海马神经元凋亡的作用及其机制.方法将原代培养新生大鼠海马神经元分为对照组,凝血酶组(1U/ml,10U/ml,20U/ml,40U/ml),凝血酶受体激活肽组.应用TUNEL及流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞数及凋亡百分率,免疫细胞化学方法检测Bcl-2,Bax蛋白表达.结果低浓度凝血酶组(1U/ml)凋亡细胞数和凋亡率与对照组无差异,Bcl-2表达增加;随凝血酶浓度增加,TUNEL阳性细胞数及凋亡率明显增多,Bcl-2表达下调,Bax表达上调,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低.凝血酶受体激活肽的作用与大剂量凝血酶类似.结论凝血酶可能通过激活PAR-1受体诱导凋亡,凋亡呈剂量依赖性.Bcl-2的表达减少,Bax的表达增加,Bcl-2/Bax降低可能为高浓度凝血酶诱导凋亡的机制之一.     

疑核咽肌运动神经元中SOM和NOS的共存—PRV、SOM、NOS三标记法研究

用ＰＲＶ、ＳＯＭ及ＮＯＳ三标记方法研究了ＳＯＭ和ＮＯＳ样神经元在疑核咽肌运动神经元中的共存。将ＰＲＶ注射入大鼠咽肌后,先进行ＰＲＶ和ＳＯＭ免疫荧光双标记,再进行ＮＡＤＰＨ反应。结果在疑核半致密部中观察到有少量细胞呈ＰＲＶ、ＳＯＭ和ＮＯＳ三标记。ＳＯＭ和ＮＯＳ样神经元在疑核咽肌运动神经元中共存的意义还不清楚,推测可能和咽肌运动的精细调节有关     

DIFFERENTIATION OF DOPAMINERGIC AND NORADRENERGIC NEURONS IN RAT SPINAL CORD

Abstract— Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DM) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) content have been measured in different parts of rat spinal cord and cerebellum by a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method. In cerebellum, which does not contain dopaminergic neurons, the ratio of NE to DA content was 47, whereas in parts of the spinal cord this ratio varied between 11 and 19. In the cord after desipramine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) plus 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA, 100/jg intracisternally), there was a significant depletion of DM but not of NE. Conversely, after benztropine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) plus 6-HDA there was a significant depletion of NE but not of DM. Chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or clozapine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant increase in spinal cord HVA concentration 1 h after treatment. Evidence is presented which suggests that the increased HVA measured in the cord did not originate in the brain. After electrolytic lesion of the locus coeruleus there was a significant reduction of NE but not of DM. Spinal cord DM and NE were depleted by reserpine in a dose-dependent manner, the threshold dose for DM depletion being less than that for NE depletion. Seven days after cord transection at T₁₀ spinal cord DM was significantly reduced in the lumbar region. These results suggest that dopaminergic neurons exist in rat spinal cord independently of noradrenergic neurons and that the DM is likely to be present in the terminals of descending axons.     

肾上腺髓质素在正常大鼠脑中的分布-免疫组化及原位杂交分析

目的验证大鼠脑内是否存在ADM及其mRNA。方法取10只健康雄性SD大鼠,体重200-250g,应用免疫组织化学法和原位杂交组织化学法检测正常大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA的表达情况。结果在大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA阳性细胞主要表达在大脑皮质、海马结构、齿状回、丘脑、室旁组织、脉络丛、室管膜细胞、基底节、血管内皮细胞,其中脉络丛、室旁组织、丘脑为高表达区,其次为大脑皮质、海马。在大鼠大脑内ADMmRNA的表达与ADM阳性细胞的表达相一致。结论ADM及其mRNA在大脑内广泛表达,提示ADM在中枢神经系统内具有重要的作用。