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1.
Pascale Schwab Castella Isabelle Blanc Marcel Gomez Ferrer Bastien Ecabert Martyn Wakeman Jan-Anders Manson Daniel Emery Seong-Ho Han Jinglan Hong Olivier Jolliet 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(5):429-442
Background, aim, and scope A coupled Life Cycle Costing and life cycle assessment has been performed for car-bodies of the Korean Tilting Train eXpress
(TTX) project using European and Korean databases, with the objective of assessing environmental and cost performance to aid
materials and process selection. More specifically, the potential of polymer composite car-body structures for the Korean
Tilting Train eXpress (TTX) has been investigated.
Materials and methods This assessment includes the cost of both carriage manufacturing and use phases, coupled with the life cycle environmental
impacts of all stages from raw material production, through carriage manufacture and use, to end-of-life scenarios. Metallic
carriages were compared with two composite options: hybrid steel-composite and full-composite carriages. The total planned
production for this regional Korean train was 440 cars, with an annual production volume of 80 cars.
Results and discussion The coupled analyses were used to generate plots of cost versus energy consumption and environmental impacts. The results
show that the raw material and manufacturing phase costs are approximately half of the total life cycle costs, whilst their
environmental impact is relatively insignificant (3–8%). The use phase of the car-body has the largest environmental impact
for all scenarios, with near negligible contributions from the other phases. Since steel rail carriages weigh more (27–51%),
the use phase cost is correspondingly higher, resulting in both the greatest environmental impact and the highest life cycle
cost. Compared to the steel scenario, the hybrid composite variant has a lower life cycle cost (16%) and a lower environmental
impact (26%). Though the full composite rail carriage may have the highest manufacturing cost, it results in the lowest total
life cycle costs and lowest environmental impacts.
Conclusions and recommendations This coupled cost and life cycle assessment showed that the full composite variant was the optimum solution. This case study
showed that coupling of technical cost models with life cycle assessment offers an efficient route to accurately evaluate
economic and environmental performance in a consistent way. 相似文献
2.
Karen G. Shapiro 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):121-123
The goal of LCA is to identify the environmental impacts resulting from a product, process, or activity. While LCA is useful
for evaluating environmental attributes, it stops short of providing information that business managers routinely utilize
for decision-making — i.e., dollars. Thus, decisions regarding the processes used for manufacturing products and the materials
comprising those products can be enhanced by weaving cost and environmental information into the decision-making process.
Various approaches have been used during the past decade to supplement environmental information with cost information. One
of these tools is environmental accounting, the identification, analysis, reporting, and use of environmental information,
including environmental cost data. Environmental cost accounting provides information necessary for identifying the true costs
of products and processes and for evaluating opportunities to minimize those costs. As demonstrated through two case studies,
many companies are incorporating environmental cost information into their accounting systems to prioritize investments in
new technologies and products. 相似文献
3.
4.
Rita C. Schenck 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):114-117
Background The primary purpose of environmental assessment is to protect biological systems. Data collected over the last several decades
indicates that the greatest impacts on biological resources derive from physical changes in land use. However, to date there
is no consensus on indicators of land use that could be applicable worldwide at all scales. This has hampered the assessment
of land use in the context of LCA.
Objectives The Institute for Environmental Research and Education and its partner Defenders of Wildlife have begun an effort to develop
the necessary consensus.
Methods In July 2000, they held a workshop attended by a diverse group of interested parties and experts to develop a preliminary
list of life cycle indicators for land use impacts.
Results Their preliminary list of impact indicators includes: protection of priority habitats/species; soil characteristics: soil
health; proximity to & protection of high priority vegetative communities; interface between water and terrestrial habitats/buffer
zones; assimilative capacity of water and land; hydrological function; percent coverage of invasive species within protected
areas; road density; percent native-dominated vegetation; restoration of native vegetation; adoption of Best Management Practices
linked to biodiversity objectives; distribution (patchiness; evenness, etc.); and connectivity of native habitat.
Conclusion The list of indicators conforms well to other efforts in developing indicators. There appears to be convergence among experts
in the field and in related fields on the appropriate things to measure.
Future Prospects These indicators are currently being tested in the United States. Further workshops and testing is planned towards developing
internationally recognized indicators for land use. 相似文献
5.
Yasuhumi Mori Gjalt Huppes Helias A. Udo de Haes Suehiro Otoma 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(6):327-334
To date, numerous simplified Life Cycle Assessment methods and techniques have been developed to reduce complexities associated
with practical application. However, these methods often identify critical elements according to subjective considerations.
In this paper, we develop and apply a new type of Life Cycle Inventory method — Component Manufacturing Analysis (CMA) — that
is easy to implement and less arbitrary. Application of CMA requires identification of all product components and their associated
weights, which are then entered into a factory-type database. Because the factory database has a rigorous yet generic structure
and because calculation is done automatically, the application of CMA tends to be less arbitrary and more complete than other
simplified methods. Results of a case study on beverage vending machines show that the manufacturing stage is a significant
phase in the whole life-cycle inventory of a product. We conclude that CMA shows promise for further development and future
application. 相似文献
6.
Marlo Raynolds Roydon Fraser David Checkel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(1):37-46
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is being used more and more as a decision making tool to compare alternative systems of providing a given product or service. Each system is theoretically made up of a near infinite number of elements or unit processes to produce the product or service. In practice, time and resources to complete an LCA are limited, hence the need to draw practical boundaries on the systems being analyzed. However, how does the LCA practitioner draw fair boundaries on two or more different systems being compared? In other words, how does one decide which unit processes to include in each system? A consistent quantitative method of selecting boundaries is essential for comparative LCA studies. This paper first outlines the requirements for a system boundary selection methodology and then demonstrates the shortfalls of existing methods. The primary objective is to present the Relative Mass-Energy-Economic (RMEE) method for system boundary selection. This concise, repeatable and quantitative method for selecting system boundaries for LCA is demonstrated on a life-cycle system for ethanol fuel. Unlike many other methods of selecting system boundaries, the RMEE method is practical to use and quantitatively ensures different systems have similar system boundaries to ensure a fair comparison between options. The RMEE method has been designed specifically for LCA studies of energy systems 相似文献
7.
The application of the methodology Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is time-consuming and expensive. A definite interpretation,
furthermore, is not always derivable from the determined results. The reason for the leeway of interpretation is frequently
due to the imprecision and uncertainty of the ingoing data. An improved clearance of interpretation is to be expected by an
ecological evaluation of methodology with the support of fuzzy-sets. The influence of uncertainties of ingoing data on evaluation
results becomes transparent through a representation as fuzzy-sets. Thus, the interpretation of an uncertainty of assessment
results is reduced in comparison to usual procedures for environmental LCA thus far. Time and cost saving is to be expected
from the fact that the extensive quantification of many energy and mass flows is replaced by a fuzzy-set supported iteration
loop, with which only the exact quantification of a few important flows is necessary. 相似文献
8.
我国生活垃圾产量大但处理能力不足,产生多种环境危害,对其资源化利用能够缓解环境压力并回收资源。为探讨生活垃圾资源化利用策略,综合生命周期评价与生命周期成本分析方法,建立生态效率模型。以天津市为例,分析和比较焚烧发电、卫生填埋-填埋气发电、与堆肥+卫生填埋3种典型生活垃圾资源化利用情景的生态效率。结果表明,堆肥+卫生填埋情景具有潜在最优生态效率;全球变暖对总环境影响贡献最大,而投资成本对经济影响贡献最大。考虑天津市生活垃圾管理现状,建议鼓励发展生活垃圾干湿组分分离及厨余垃圾堆肥的资源化利用策略。 相似文献
9.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(6):363-368
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. We invite the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting up
similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
10.
Arnold Tukker 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(3):177-186
Current LCA implicitly assumes that a single rational truth can be found. Mainstream policy sciences has taken a different
starting point when analysing decision making in complex and controversial societal debates for already several decades. In
such debates, in general, more than one reasonable conceptualisation or ‘framing’ of the problem is at stake which forms the
core of the controversy. This paper analyses the Dutch chlorine debate and the Swedish PVC debate and shows that (three) frames
also play a role in toxicity controversies: the risk assessment frame, the strict control frame, and the precautionary frame.
The latter frame, adhered to by the environmentalists, seeks to judge substances mainly on their inherent safety. The cases
show that this logic may be defended as at least being equally reasonable to the emission-effect calculations that form the
core of Risk Assessment and Life-cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). As predicted by policy sciences, this finding implies that
the political neutrality of tools like LCIA is questionable. In summary, the approaches and procedures developed for LCA have
to be reconciled with key lessons from policy science and philosophy of science, i.e. considering the fact that multiple realities
play a key role in many decision making processes. This paper suggests some alternative indicators for toxicity evaluations,
and indicates the implications of LCA method development. 相似文献
11.
12.
Mathias Borg Jacob Paulsen Wolfram Trinius 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(4):219-230
Application and development of the LCA methodology to the context of the building sector makes several building specific considerations
necessary, as some key characteristics of products in the building sector differ considerably from those of other industrial
sectors. The largest difference is that the service life of a building can stretch over centuries, rather than decades or
years as seen for consumer products. The result of the long service life is that it is difficult to obtain accurate data and
to make relevant assumptions about future conditions regarding, for example, recycling. These problems have implications on
the issue of allocation in the building sector, in the way that several allocation procedures ascribe environmental loads
to users of recycled or reused products and materials in the future which are unknown today. The long service life for buildings,
building materials and building components, is associated with the introduced concept of a virtual parallel time perspective
proposed here, which basically substitutes historical and future processes and values with current data. Further, the production
and refining of raw material as a parallel to upgrading of recycled material, normally contains several intermediate products.
A suggestion is given for how to determine the comparability of intermediate materials. The suggested method for allocation
presented is based on three basic assumptions: (1) If environmental loads are to be allocated to a succeeding product life
cycle, the studied actual life cycle has to take responsibility for upgrading of the residual material into secondary resources.
(2) Material characteristics and design of products are important factors to estimate the recyclable amount of the material.
Therefore, a design factor is suggested using information for inherent material properties combined with information of the
product context at the building level. (3) The quality reduction between the materials in two following product life cycles
is indicated as the ratio between the market value for the material in the products. The presented method can be a good alternative
for handling the problem of open-loop recycling allocation in the context of the building sector if a consensus for the use
of the fictive parallel time perspective and the use of the design factor can be established. This as the use of the time
perspective and design factor is crucial to be able to deal with the problem of long service lives for buildings and building
materials and the specific characteristics of the same building materials and components built into different building contexts. 相似文献
13.
14.
Christophe Rafenberg Mayer Eric 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(3):131-144
On behalf of the French press group Le MONDE, four newspapers have been examined in a Life Cycle Assessment study. The products
were the newspaper actually produced and sold in 1995, two other 1995 versions with reduced amounts of unsold circulation
and an improved version manufactured under adequate management control and using paper, inks, printing plates and packaging
material with lower environmental impacts.
Results include the following
System boundaries and references are given in the paper. 相似文献
• | An improved distribution, reducing the unsold circulation by 40% and 80%, does not reduce significantly the relative effect score of the different environmental impacts because the effects of the internal management are predominant. |
• | The development of an improved version of Le MONDE depends more on managerial will than on technical decisions. |
• | The use of vegetal inks improves significantly the air quality inside the printing plant as well as the photochemical oxidant potential. |
15.
Jaewon Lee Hye-jin Cho Bokmoon Choi Joonyong Sung Sungyoung Lee Minjong Shin 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(4):205-208
This study was intended to evaluate the environmental impact, and potential improvements for a typical tractor model (LT360D)
of LG Machinery Co., Ltd. The life cycle of this study includes all stages from raw material acquisition up to final disposal.
The eco-indicator 95 method was employed to perform an impact assessment. The result of this study is expected to represent
the environmental feature of typical diesel vehicles at each life cycle stage. This study is a starting point of building
life cycle inventories for typical off-road diesel tractors. With this result, environmental weak points of the tractor have
been defined, and major improvement strategies have been set up to develop the ‘Green Tractor’. 相似文献
16.
Sabrina Spatari Michael Betz Harald Florin Martin Baitz Michael Faltenbacher 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):81-84
The growing availability of software tools has increased the speed of generating LCA studies. Databases and visual tools for
constructing material balance modules greatly facilitate the process of analyzing the environmental aspects of product systems
over their life cycle. A robust software tool, containing a large LCI dataset and functions for performing LCIA and sensitivity
analysis will allow companies and LCA practitioners to conduct systems analyses efficiently and reliably. This paper discusses
how the GaBi 3 software tool can be used to perform LCA and Life Cycle Engineering (LCE), a methodology that combines life
cycle economic, environmental, and technology assessment. The paper highlights important attributes of LCA software tools,
including high quality, well-documented data, transparency in modeling, and data analysis functionality. An example of a regional
power grid mix model is used to illustrate the versatility of GaBi 3. 相似文献
17.
Bo Weidema 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(4):237-240
Different lists of application areas for life cycle assessment are reviewed together with some suggestions for a typology
of these application areas. It is concluded that the scope of a life cycle assessment is determined by the area of validity
of the decision with respect to time, space, and interest groups affected. On this basis, six application areas are distinguished.
It is further concluded that the application area has limited influence on the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases,
although these may be influenced significantly by the decision-maker and the complexity of the trade-offs between the involved
environmental impacts. The reporting format for a life cycle assessment depends on the socio-economic importance of the decision,
the intended audience, and the time available for decision making. 相似文献
18.
Julien Matheys Wout Van Autenboer Jean-Marc Timmermans Joeri Van Mierlo Peter Van den Bossche Gaston Maggetto 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(3):191-196
Goal, Scope and Background This paper describes the influence of the choice of the functional unit on the results of an environmental assessment of different
battery technologies for electric and hybrid vehicles. Battery, hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles are considered as being
environmentally friendly. However, the batteries they use are sometimes said to be environmentally unfriendly. At the current
state of technology different battery types can be envisaged: lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion
and sodium-nickel chloride. The environmental impacts described in this paper are based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach.
One of the first critical stages of LCA is the definition of an appropriate and specific functional unit for electric and
hybrid vehicle application. Most of the known LCA studies concerning batteries were performed while choosing different functional
units, although this choice can influence the final results. An adequate functional unit, allowing to compare battery technologies
in their real life vehicle application should be chosen.
The results of the LCA are important as they will be used as a decision support for the end-of-life vehicles directive 2000/53/EC
(Official Journal of the European Communities L269/24 2000). As a consequence, a thorough analysis is required to define an
appropriate functional unit for the assessment of batteries for electric vehicles. This paper discusses this issue and will
mainly focus on traction batteries for electric vehicles.
Main Features An overview of the different parameters to be considered in the definition of a functional unit to compare battery technologies
for battery electric vehicle application is described and discussed. An LCA study is performed for the most relevant potential
functional units. SimaPro 6 is used as a software tool and Eco-indicator 99 as an impact assessment method. The influence
of the different selected functional units on the results (Eco-indicator Points) is discussed. The environmental impact of
the different electric vehicle battery technologies is described. A sensitivity analysis illustrates the robustness of the
obtained results.
Results and Discussion Five main parameters are considered in each investigated functional unit: an equal depth of discharge is assumed, a relative
number of batteries required during the life of the vehicle is calculated, the energy losses in the battery and the additional
vehicle consumption due to the battery mass is included and the same lifetime distance target is taken into account. On the
basis of the energy content, battery mass, number of cycles and vehicle autonomy three suitable functional units are defined:
‘battery packs with an identical mass’, ‘battery packs with an identical energy content’ and ‘battery packs with an identical
one-charge range’.
The results show that the differences in the results between these three functional units are small and imply less variation
on the results than the other uncertainties inherent to LCA studies. On the other hand, the results obtained using other,
less adequate, functional units can be quite different.
Conclusions When performing an LCA study, it’s important to choose an appropriate functional unit. Most of the time, this choice is unambiguous.
However, sometimes this choice is more complicated when different correlated parameters have to be considered, as it is the
case for traction batteries. When using a realistic functional unit, the result is not influenced significantly by the choice
of one out of the three suitable functional units.
Additionally, the life cycle assessment allowed concluding that three electric vehicle battery technologies have a comparable
environmental impact: lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride. Lithium-ion and sodium-nickel chloride have lower
environmental impacts than the three previously cited technologies when used in a typical battery electric vehicle application.
Recommendations and Perspectives The article describes the need to consider all relevant parameters for the choice of a functional unit for an electric vehicle
battery, as this choice can influence the conclusions. A more standardised method to define the functional unit could avoid
these differences and could make it possible to compare the results of different traction battery LCA studies more easily. 相似文献
19.
Bruno Notarnicola Gjalt Huppes Nico W. van den Berg 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(5):289-300
LCA aims to help direct decisions in an environmentally sustainable direction. It indicates the environmental effects of choices
and evaluates these against this background. Approaches to evaluation in LCA differ substantially, related to the way of modelling
environmental effects and to the way these effects are combined into an overall judgement on alternative options. Several
approaches are now operational, which are linked to different paradigms in decision making. It is shown that the choice of
paradigm is quite decisive on the outcome of the analysis. Also within similar paradigms, different methods now operational
may lead to different outcomes. These latter differences may be alleviated more easily than those related to paradigmatic
choices, as they are partly a matter of refinement, and they partly result from legitimate differences in subjective priorities.
The more basic paradigmatic differences can hardly be bridged. The practical relevancy of the subject is proven by applying
different operational methods to one case, showing widely differing outcomes. The paradigm behind evaluating environmental
effects is either values based, directly or through policy decisions, or economics based, as individual preferences measured
in the monetary terms of willingness-to-pay. Accordingly, the different methods are “policy-oriented” or “monetary”. It may
be doubted if the differences between these can be overcome in standardisation. 相似文献
20.
Günter Fleischer Wulf-Peter Schmidt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(1):20-24
A screening and simplified LCA method, is essential necessary to include environmental aspects in the stage of Research and
Development (R&D) of products and processes. An interactive, iterative and integrative eco-design tool using the top-down
approach in the identification of advanced materials is being developed in a joint project performed by six research institutes.
The principles and methods as well as some examples for the validation of the screening LCA as well as its application in
eco-design in case studies are presented in this article. 相似文献