小麦阿拉伯木聚糖的益生功能及对肠道微生态的调节

病原体的耐药性日渐增大,替代抗生素的益生元成为近年来研究的热点问题。小麦阿拉伯木聚糖（AX）及水解产物阿拉伯低聚木糖（AXOS）作为一种新型益生元,对人和动物肠道益生菌有特异性增殖效果。此外,与菊粉等益生元相比,降解后的小麦AX显著提高小鼠结肠和盲肠短链脂肪酸的含量及其抗肿瘤免疫活性。最新研究表明,添加GH11木聚糖酶（50mg EP/kg）能够溶解和降解麦麸AX,并产生可通过盲肠微生物群发酵的低平均聚合度（avDP值为4~8）的AXOS,丁酸水平增加2mmol（P<0.05）,产丁酸的细菌属柔嫩梭菌和肠单胞球菌显著增加,而拟杆菌的水平显著降低,导致微生物群移位并对体外跨上皮耐药性有益。本文主要介绍近年来关于小麦AX、AXOS益生功能及对肠道微生态的研究,为小麦产品及饲粮的有效利用与开发提供科学依据。     

益生元-双歧杆菌生长促进因子

微生态学的观点认为肠道菌群的状况与人体健康密切相关,肠道中的有益菌如双歧杆菌、乳酸菌等在净化肠道、改善机体营养和维护宿主健康方面起到重要作用。益生元为人体不消化或难消化的食物成份,其中多数是非消化性的低聚糖,其作用可选择性地刺激肠道有益菌的生长和代谢活性,改善肠道菌群平衡从而有利于人体健康。本文对一些重要的功能性低聚糖的性质、生理功能及其生产了概述。     

几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果的研究

目的探讨几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果。方法通过体外实验和体内试验。结果低聚果糖、水苏糖、低聚木糖、低聚异麦芽糖均能促进双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的增殖,并能够酸化肠道的pH;能够显著提高肠道的B／E值（肠道内双歧杆菌和肠杆菌数量log值的比值）,增加肠道中有益菌的比例,有益于稳定肠道的微生态平衡。结论这几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群有较好的调节作用。     

一名肥胖儿童营养干预后肠道内假小链双歧杆菌碳水化合物利用能力的探究

双歧杆菌被认为是肠道内的有益菌,可以利用膳食中的多种植物多糖或寡糖,能够被人体无法消化的复杂碳水化合物选择性富集。本研究采用序列引导的分离策略,于厌氧条件下采用MRS琼脂培养基,得到了一名肥胖儿童营养干预后肠道内优势的双歧杆菌。采用ERIC指纹图谱技术对分离物进行基因水平上的分型,并通过16S r RNA基因测序鉴定分离株的分类地位。73个双歧杆菌分离物分为5种ERIC类型,均为假小链双歧杆菌。与Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148、Eschrichia coli D45和Anaerostipes hadrus BPB5这些肠道中常见共生菌的代表菌株相比,丰度最高的ERIC类型代表菌株Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum C95利用复杂碳水化合物的能力更强。Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum C95被膳食中的复杂碳水化合物和益生元显著富集,成为该儿童营养干预后肠道内的优势菌。菌株自身较强的碳水化合物利用能力可能是其生长优于肠道中其他共生细菌的原因。     

益生芽胞杆菌肠道微生态学研究进展

芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂的一种重要来源细菌,在维护人和动物肠道健康、促进微生态平衡方面起着重要的作用。但是对于益生芽胞杆菌的作用机制却知之甚少。近年来,人们对芽胞杆菌在肠道微生物调控方面做了大量的基础研究,随着芽胞杆菌肠道分子微生态学研究的不断深入,人们发现芽胞杆菌的芽孢能够在体内迅速萌发增殖,从而起到免疫促进、改善肠道菌群以及相关的代谢酶活性等生理作用。本文从芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的分布与定植、芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的增殖以及芽胞杆菌与肠道菌群之间的关系等三个方面综述了益生芽胞杆菌对肠道微生态的调控作用的最新研究进展,为指导芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂机制研究和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

益生芽孢杆菌对动物免疫功能影响研究进展

益生芽孢杆菌是一种新型的微生态制剂,其抗性好,具有调节动物肠道微生态平衡、促进机体消化与吸收、增强动物免疫功能、提高动物生产性能等益生效应,在动物养殖业中得到了广泛的应用。本文主要综述了益生芽孢杆菌对动物免疫器官、特异性免疫、非特异性免疫和红细胞免疫等免疫功能的影响,免疫调节和产生抗菌物质两方面的作用机理,以及影响免疫效果的因素,提出有待研究的方向和解决的方法,为益生芽孢杆菌的应用提供理论参考。     

麻鸭肠道无芽胞厌氧菌定性、定量和定位研究

本研究采用气、液相色谱分析法(Gas-Liquid Chromatography,GLC)分析细菌代谢产物,结合微生物学鉴定和微量快速生化反应,在我国首次定量测定了麻鸭小肠、大肠每克内容物4种厌氧菌的菌数,初次确定在小肠有卵形类杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌4个种;在大肠有卵形类杆菌、多形类杆菌、解脲类杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短双歧杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌和粪弯曲杆菌9个种。类杆菌和乳杆菌等是麻鸭肠道正常微生物群。     

益生元在慢性病预防中的作用

慢性病的井喷趋势已经引起国家的干预和重视。慢性病可防可治,临床上肠道菌群失调患者常有双歧杆菌数量减少及伴有其他肠道菌群减少或增多。增殖患者体内益生菌数量可以改善患者肠道微生态状态。益生元具有增殖肠道有益菌、抑制有害菌的生理功能,通过选择服用益生元类产品调节肠道菌群,有助于保持肠道健康状况。     

益生元及其作用概述

益生元及其作用概述重庆医科大学检验系微生物教研室重庆６３００４６蒋虹胡宏人肠道细菌大致分为两大类,一类是对人类有益的,如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等;一类是对人无益或有害的,如一些肠杆菌和梭菌等。增加体内双歧杆菌的数量与活性的方法有两种,应用益生菌和益生元。１...     

小菌虫肠道可培养细菌的分离鉴定 及产消化酶活性分析

摘要：目的 分离小菌虫肠道可培养细菌,并研究其产消化酶活性,探讨肠道细菌对小菌虫消化食物的影响。方法 采用传统细菌分离培养方法分离小菌虫肠道细菌,利用16S rDNA序列进行细菌分子鉴定;利用筛选培养基鉴别各细菌的产蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性。结果 在小菌虫肠道中分离到4种可培养细菌,分别是枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）、Pseudocitrobacter faecalis和芽胞杆菌（Bacillus sp.）。其中,2种芽胞杆菌属细菌有产消化酶活性。枯草芽胞杆菌有产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性;芽胞杆菌仅有产蛋白酶活性,但产酶能力低于枯草芽胞杆菌。结论 小菌虫肠道细菌中可培养细菌结构简单,但其中的芽胞杆菌属细菌有产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶能力,说明小菌虫肠道中的2种芽胞杆菌属细菌可能有协助小菌虫进行食物消化的功能。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.