喀斯特峰丛洼地植被演替对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

采用经典统计分析与通径分析,研究了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地4种植被演替阶段(草丛、灌木林、次生林、原生林)表层(0—15 cm)土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的变化特征,探讨了其与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性随植被正向演替的变化规律并不完全一致。土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮和碱性磷酸酶活性整体表现为随植被正向演替而增加。而土壤蔗糖酶活性表现为:次生林草丛≈灌木林原生林,脲酶活性表现为:草丛≈次生林≈灌木林原生林。通径分析结果表明,土壤微生物生物量的直接影响因素和主要影响因素为土壤有机碳;蔗糖酶活性的直接影响因素为土壤有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳,而从总效应来看,各因素对蔗糖酶活性的影响均较小;脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的直接影响因素和主要影响因素均为全氮,但全氮对脲酶活性表现为强烈的负效应,而对碱性磷酸酶活性表现为强烈的正效应。此外,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的剩余通径系数均较大,说明存在其它未被考虑因素对其具有影响。     

油松-辽东栎混交林地表凋落物与氮添加对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及其活性的影响

2010年9月-2011年10月,在山西省灵空山油松和辽东栎混交林样地采取随机区组设计,研究了地表凋落物和氮添加处理对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性的影响.凋落物处理包括:剔除凋落物(N)、叶凋落物加倍(L)、枝果凋落物加倍(B)和混合凋落物加倍(LB);氮添加量分别为0(N0)、5 g· m-2·a-1(N1)和10 g·m-2·a-1(N2).结果表明:剔除地表凋落物且无氮添加时,油松和辽东栎混交林地的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量显著降低,其他试验处理间对SOC的影响无显著差异.土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)及其活性(MR)的变化范围依次为:262.42 ～ 873.16 mg·kg-1、73.55 ～ 173.85 mg·kg-1和2.38～3.68mg·kg-1·d-1.MBC、MBN和MR两两间呈极显著正相关.氮添加对MBC、MBN和MR均无显著影响;凋落物处理对MR影响显著,表现为混合凋落物加倍处理的MR最高,叶凋落物加倍处理次之,剔除凋落物处理最低,而对MBC和MBN无显著影响.凋落物和氮添加处理在整个试验过程中未表现出交互作用.短期的氮添加处理和森林地表凋落物变化对土壤微生物过程的影响有限.     

不同林龄杨树农田防护林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性

以辽宁省建平县5、10、15和20年生4个林龄的杨树农田防护林为对象,以农田作为对照,研究了农田营造防护林对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物活性的影响.结果表明：农田营造防护林后,0～15 cm层土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、氮含量和土壤基础呼吸均呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,在造林20年后达到或超过未造林农田的水平;而代谢熵在造林5年后显著增加,然后随着林龄的增加而降低.上述结果表明,农田营造杨树防护林后,土壤微生物生物量和活性均发生了明显的变化.     

Spatial patterns of surface soil properties and vegetation in a Mediterranean semi-arid steppe

In arid and semi-arid areas with sparse vegetation cover, the spatial pattern of surface soil properties affects water and nutrient flows, and is a question of considerable interest for understanding degradation processes and establishing adequate management measures. In this study, we investigate the spatial distribution of vegetation and surface soil properties (biological crusts, physical crusts, mosses, rock fragments, earthworm casts, fine root accumulation and below-ground stones) in a semi-arid Stipa tenacissima L. steppe in SE Spain. We applied the combination of spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and geostatistics to assess the spatial pattern of soil properties and vegetation, and correlation analyses to explore how these patterns were related. SADIE analysis detected significant clumped patterns in the spatial distribution of vegetation, mosses, fine root accumulation and below-ground stone content. Contoured SADIE index of clustering maps suggested the presence of patchiness in the distribution of earthworm casts, fine roots, below-ground stone content, mosses and biological crusts. Correlation analyses suggested that spatial pattern of some soil properties such as biological crusts, moss cover, surface rock fragments, physical crusts and fine roots were significantly related with above-ground plant distribution. We discuss the spatial arrangement of surface soil properties and suggest mechanistic explanations for the observed spatial patterns and relationships.     

鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落土壤微生物量特征

系统调查了鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落土壤微生物量,地表植被生物量及土壤养分性状。结果表明:0—10cm土层微生物量碳以水蓼群落明显最高(925.36mgkg-1),其次为灰化薹草群落(607.43mgkg-1)、蒌蒿群落(577.03mgkg-1)、白茅群落(556.42mgkg-1)及阿及薹草群落(497.08mmgkg-1);香蒲群落与芦苇(荻)群落表层微生物量碳相近,分别为393.40mgkg-1与376.41mgkg-1;芦苇群落则显示了最低的表层土壤微生物量碳(174.90mgkg-1)。与微生物量碳相似,表层土壤微生物量氮以水蓼群落最高,依次为白茅群落﹥灰化薹草群落﹥蒌蒿群落﹥阿及薹草群落﹥香蒲群落﹥芦苇(荻)群落﹥芦苇群落。表层土层微生物量磷在17.730—30.948mgkg-1之间,各群落间差异较小,以白茅群落最高,芦苇群落最低。微生物量碳与含水量、有机碳、全氮、有效氮极显著正相关,与有效磷显著正相关;微生物量氮与微生物量碳相似,与含水量、有机碳、全氮及有效氮显示极显著正相关性。土壤微生物碳、氮、磷与地表植被生物量之间均显示了互增长关系,其中以微生物量氮关系最为密切(R2=0.377,P=0.027),依次为微生物量磷(R2=0.318,P=0.036)与微生物量碳(R2=0.245,P=0.042),三者与地表植被生物量均达到了显著相关关系(P0.05)。土壤微生物碳与Shannon-Winner指数之间关系密切,呈显著负相关关系(R2=0.277,P=0.039);土壤微生物量氮与微生物量磷与Shannon-Winner指数之间显示负相关关系,但关系均较弱。     

Effects of three herbicides on soil microbial biomass and activity

Three post-emergence herbicides (2,4-D, picloram and glyphosate) were applied to samples of an Alberta agricultural soil at concentrations of 0, 2, 20, and 200 μg g⁻¹. The effects of these chemicals on certain microbial variables was monitored over 27 days. All herbicides caused enhancement of basal respiration but only for 9 days following application, and only for concentrations of 200 μg g⁻¹. Substrate-induced respiration was temporarily depressed by 200 μg g⁻¹ picloram and 2,4-D, and briefly enhanced by 200 μg g⁻¹ glyphosate. It is concluded that because changes in microbial variables only occurred at herbicide concentrations of much higher than that which occurs following field application, the side-effects of these chemicals is probably of little ecological significance.     

保护性耕作对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

研究保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性的影响对于土壤管理具有重要意义。试验研究了保护性耕作对麦田土壤微生物量碳、活跃微生物量、土壤呼吸、呼吸商的影响。前3项采用的方法分别是:基质诱导呼吸法、呼吸曲线数学分析法和CO2释放量法。结果表明,保护性耕作土壤微生物量碳0～10cm土层大于10～20cm土层,而常规耕作两土层间无明显差异。秸秆还田在播种前、越冬期和起身期能显著提高土壤微生物量碳,而开花期和收获期则降低土壤微生物量碳。少耕还田10～20cm土层微生物具有较强的养分调控作用。保护性耕作利于0～10cm土层活跃微生物量的提高。秸秆还田和保护性耕作在耕作作业初期(越冬期和起身期)能增强土壤呼吸速率;在耕作作业后期(开花期和收获期)能显著降低土壤呼吸速率。免耕秸秆覆盖在10～20cm土层呼吸商较高,而常规耕作无秸秆还田在0～10cm土层呼吸商较高。土壤微生物量碳和呼吸商是衡量土壤微生物特性的重要指标。     

Biogeographical patterns of soil molecular microbial biomass as influenced by soil characteristics and management

Aim The spatial organization of soil microbial communities on large scales and the identification of environmental factors structuring their distribution have been little investigated. The overall objective of this study was to determine the spatial patterning of microbial biomass in soils over a wide extent and to rank the environmental filters most influencing this distribution. Location French territory using the French Soil Quality Monitoring Network. This network covers the entire French territory and soils were sampled at 2150 sites along a systematic grid. Methods The soil DNA extracted from all these soils was expressed in terms of soil molecular microbial biomass and related to other soil and land‐use data over French territory. Results This study provides the first extensive map of microbial biomass and reveals the heterogeneous and spatially structured distribution of this biomass on the scale of France. The main factors driving biomass distribution are the physico‐chemical properties of the soil (texture, pH and total organic carbon) as well as land use. Soils from land used for intensive agriculture, especially monoculture and vineyards, exhibited the smallest biomass pools. Interestingly, factors known to influence the large‐scale distribution of macroorganisms, such as climatic factors, were not identified as important drivers for microbial communities. Main conclusions Microbial abundance is spatially structured and dependent on local filters such as soil characteristics and land use but is relatively independent of global filters such as climatic factors or the presence of natural barriers. Our study confirms that the biogeography of microorganisms differs fundamentally from the biogeography of ‘macroorganisms’ and that soil management can have significant large‐scale effects.     

黄土丘陵区植被类型与土壤微生物区系及生物量的关系

以陕西延安黄土丘陵区5种不同植被类型(人工刺槐林、天然侧柏林、天然辽东栎林、灌丛和裸地)为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量、细菌和真菌的丰度变化规律及其与土壤基本化学性质的关系。结果表明:(1)4种植被类型的土壤质量较之裸地都有不同程度的改善,总体趋势:天然林地人工林地裸地;(2)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的总体趋势:天然林地最高,人工林次之,裸地最低,且与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和速效磷(AP)极显著正相关(P0.01);(3)裸地土壤的细菌丰度最低,人工刺槐林真菌含量显著低于天然辽东栎林。细菌丰度与土壤营养状况呈显著正相关(P0.05),而真菌与土壤营养无明显相关性,只与土壤pH负相关。说明在该研究区域,植被类型与土壤质量对微生物资源都具有不同程度的作用。     

Litter fingerprint on microbial biomass,activity, and community structure in the underlying soil

Aims

Little is known about how plant leaf litter decomposing on the soil surface is affecting microbial communities in the underlying soil. Here we examined the effects of decomposing leaf litter of different initial chemistry on biomass, stoichiometry, community structure and activity of microorganisms in the soil underneath the decaying litter layer.

Methods

Leaf litter from six different neotropical tree species with contrasted quality decomposed on top of a common tropical soil in a laboratory microcosm experiment over 98 days. At the end of the experiment we determined microbial biomass C, N, and P, microbial community structure (PLFA), and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) from the top soil.

Results

Despite growing in a common soil substrate, soil microorganisms were strongly affected by litter species, especially by the soluble litter fraction. While litters with low soluble C content did not affect the soil microbial community, litters with high soluble C content led to an increase of microbial biomass and to a structural shift to relatively more Gram-negative bacteria. Changing community structure resulted in changes of catabolic capacity of microorganisms to metabolize a range of different C substrates. The large differences in leachate N and P among litter species, in contrast, had no effect on soil microbial parameters.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that plant litter decomposing on the soil surface exhibit a strong and predictable leachate C-control over microbial community biomass, structure and function in the underlying soil.

     

冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的短期影响

研究不同的冬季作物马铃薯、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜在"冬季作物-双季稻"轮作种植制度下短期内对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,在湖南省土壤肥料研究所的实验网室内设置了小区试验.试验结果表明:几种冬季作物均提高了稻田土壤微生物碳、氮含量,黑麦草明显提高了土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵,紫云英明显提高了土壤微生物量氮.冬季作物对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮的季节性影响变化趋势基本一致,紫云英、马铃薯处理的土壤微生物量C、N含量均在水稻生育期间8月中旬达到最大值.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

Plant functional traits and soil microbial biomass in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau

Plant functional traits built the relationships between plant diversity, species composition, and physiology along with the environmental changes, thus influencing soil microbial community. As the sensitivity indicators, soil microbial biomass and plant functional traits responses soil micro-organism and plant characteristics in direct way. Ten plant functional traits of 149 species and soil microbial biomass (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) were analyzed across the different vegetation types (forest, forest-steppe, and steppe) that are divided by environmental gradient (temperature and precipitation), aimed to find the correlations among them. Our results confirmed the greatest values of plant functional traits (except the leaf density and the fine root density) that were distributed in the steppe zone, mainly due to the different mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation conditions. For different plant growth forms, the plant functional traits were significant differences among the vegetation zones. The advantages of higher rate nutrient cycling, plentiful biomass supplements, and favorite habit conditions lead to the forest-steppe zone with the highest C_mic and N_mic concentrations. The canonical correlation analysis indicated that leaf nitrogen, root nitrogen, and fine root densities were correlated with root exudate and tissue which affected the concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N), consequently impacting soil microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (N_mic). Soil is the medium that connects micro-organism and plant root system that influenced leaf nitrogen, root nitrogen, and fine root density of plant functional traits, the concentrations of SOC and total N that plant feedback are consequently influencing C_mic and N_mic.     

秸秆预处理对土壤微生物量及呼吸活性的影响

冬小麦秸秆经8．0g·L^-1H2O2(pH11．0)溶液、12．5g·L^-1 NaOH溶液或H2SO4溶液浸泡8h并80℃烘干后,与无机N一起加入土壤,进行室内25℃恒温培养试验,在不同时间测定土壤微生物量C、N和CO2释放速率。结果表明,培养前期,秸秆预处理使土壤微生物量C数量增加了1．0～1．4倍,但降低了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;培养后期,NaOH和H2SO4处理使土壤微生物量C分别下降了28％和42％,但增加了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;H2O2处理则使土壤微生物量N增加90％;土壤微生物区系中的真菌比例在不同时刻有所增加,表明将秸秆预处理后施入土壤,将对土壤中微生物数量和呼吸活性产生一定影响。     

Grass species and soil type effects on microbial biomass and activity

We evaluated plant versus soil type controls on microbial biomass and activity by comparing microbial biomass C, soil respiration, denitrification potential, potential net N mineralization and nitrification in different soils supporting four grass species, and by growing a group of 10 different grass species on the same soil, in two experiments respectively. In the first experiment, none of the microbial variables showed significant variation with grass species while all variables showed significant variation with soil type, likely due to variation in soil texture. In the second experiment, there were few significant differences in microbial biomass C among the 10 grasses but there were significant relationships between variation in microbial biomass C and potential net N mineralization (negative), soil respiration (positive) and denitrification (positive). There was no relationship between microbial biomass C and either plant yield or plant N concentration. The results suggest that 1) soil type is a more important controller of microbial biomass and activity than grass species, 2) that different grass species can create significant, but small and infrequent, differences in microbial biomass and activity in soil, and 3) that plant-induced variation in microbial biomass and activity is caused by variation in labile C input to soil.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial biomass, activity, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem

This study reports the effects of long-term elevated atmospheric CO2 on root production and microbial activity, biomass, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem in southern California. The free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) ring was located in a stand dominated by the woody shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum. Between 1995 and 2003, the FACE ring maintained an average daytime atmospheric CO2 concentration of 550 ppm. During the last two years of operation, observations were made on soil cores collected from the FACE ring and adjacent areas of chaparral with ambient CO2 levels. Root biomass roughly doubled in the FACE plot. Microbial biomass and activity were related to soil organic matter (OM) content, and so analysis of covariance was used to detect CO2 effects while controlling for variation across the landscape. Extracellular enzymatic activity (cellulase and amylase) and microbial biomass C (chloroform fumigation-extraction) increased more rapidly with OM in the FACE plot than in controls, but glucose substrate-induced respiration (SIR) rates did not. The metabolic quotient (field respiration over potential respiration) was significantly higher in FACE samples, possibly indicating that microbial respiration was less C limited under high CO2. The treatments also differed in the ratio of SIR to microbial biomass C, indicating a metabolic difference between the microbial communities. Bacterial diversity, described by 16S rRNA clone libraries, was unaffected by the CO2 treatment, but fungal biomass was stimulated. Furthermore, fungal biomass was correlated with cellulase and amylase activities, indicating that fungi were responsible for the stimulation of enzymatic activity in the FACE treatment.     

五种温带森林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的时空格局

土壤微生物是森林生态系统中的重要分解者,在碳和氮循环中起着重要作用,同时也是对环境变化的敏感指示者。采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了我国东北地区5种温带森林土壤微生物生物量碳(Cmic)和氮(Nmic)的季节动态及其在土壤中的垂直变化。结果表明:林型之间Cmic和Nmic差异显著(P0.01)。落叶松林、红松林、蒙古栎林、杨桦林、硬阔叶林的Cmic的变化范围依次为:278937mgkg-1、2181020mgkg-1、313891mgkg-1、5101092mgkg-1、4401911mgkg-1;其Nmic的变化范围依次为:1872mgkg-1、18103mgkg-1、2495mgkg-1、43125mgkg-1、40208mgkg-1。所有林型的Cmic和Nmic均随土壤深度的增加而下降。Cmic和Nmic基本上呈现出生长季开始之前下降、生长季结束时上升、其中出现12个峰值的季节变化格局,但峰值大小和出现时间随林型和土壤层次而变。010cm土层的Cmic和Nmic季节变化较大。Cmic和Nmic与凋落叶量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤总氮含量呈显著正相关。Cmic与土壤含水量呈正相关,而与土壤温度呈负相关。不同林型凋落物数量和组成、土壤理化性质的差异是导致其土壤微生物生物量时空格局差异的主要因素。     

黄土高原不同土壤微生物量碳、氮与氮素矿化势的差异

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,对黄土高原主要类型土壤中微生物量碳(Bc)、微生物量氮(BN)和氮素矿化势(NO)的差异性进行了比较研究.结果表明,Bc、BN和NO在不同类型土壤间存在显著差异,由关中平原至陕北风沙区,BC、Bn和NO总体呈现下降趋势,其中以土垫旱耕人为土最高,简育干润均腐土最低,黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土等各土类平均BC分别为305.2μg·g-1,108.4μg·g-1,161.7μg·g-1和125.4μg·g-1,BN分别为43.8μg·g-1,20.3μg·g-1,26.0μg·g-1和30.6μg·g-1,NO分别为223μ·g-1,75μg·g-1,163μg·g-1和193μg·g-1.土壤氮素矿化速率(k)则以简育干润均腐土最大,干润砂质新成土最低,土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土的k分别为0.039w-1,0.044w-1,0.031w-1和0.019w-1.不同类型土壤BC、BN与NO的差异,主要与土壤形成过程、输入土壤的植物同化产物和土壤有机质的差异等有关,从较大尺度进一步证明了在黄土高原,土壤有机质是影响BC、BN的主要因子.研究结果对分析黄土高原土壤生产力形成过程具有一定参考价值.     

Effects of repeated (NH4)2SO4 application on sulfur pools in soil,soil microbial biomass,and ground vegetation of two watersheds in the Black Forest/Germany

The effect of repeated (NH₄)₂SO₄ applications (3 × 700 kg ha^–1 in 1988, 1991, and 1994, respectively) on S pools in soil, soil microbial biomass, and ground vegetation was studied at two Norway spruce (Picea abies L. [Karst.]) sites in the Black Forest/Germany. In both eco-systems, most of the total S pool was located in the soil. The soil also was the predominant compartment for retention of applied SO₄ ^2--S. The fractions of organic and inorganic S forms in the initial soil S content, and the retention of experimentally applied S was different for both sites. In the podzol Schluchsee, organic S accounted for 92% of total S. In the cambisol Villingen, the S pool consisted of 33% organic S and 67% inorganic S. The retention of applied S in various compartments of both ecosystems reflected these proportions. Only minor amounts of fertilized S (<1%) was retained in the spruce trees, ground vegetation, and soil microbial biomass. However, between 51% (Villingen) and 72% (Schluchsee) of the applied S was retained in the soil. In the Schluchsee podzol, 75% of retained fertilizer S was accumulated as ester sulfate, whereas SO₄ ^2-adsorption and precipitation of Al hydroxy sulfates were restricted by dissolved organic matter in the soil solution. In the Villingen cambisol, SO₄ ^2- adsorption was the dominant process of S retention, although 20% of the fertilized S again was retained as ester sulfate. The significant relevance of organic S forms in the retention of fertilizer S in both soils emphasizes the need for models which include the formation and re-mineralization of organic S compounds, especially of ester sulfates, for correctly simulating and predicting the retention and remobilization of S in acid forest soils subject to changing atmospheric N and S deposition.