灰旱獭年龄鉴定的方法

有关灰旱獭Marmota baibacina的年龄鉴定,等(1973)曾以臼齿磨损度作过描述,并划分出6个年龄组,但缺少年龄与个体发育关系的资料。国内以牙齿磨损度鉴定灰旱獭年龄与种群年龄组成尚未见报道。 灰旱獭为天山山地的优势鼠种,分布广,数量多,既是自然疫源性疾病的宿主动物,又是重要的毛皮兽。我们于1983年6-8月对该旱獭的年龄鉴定方法及其年龄组成进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

高原鼢鼠低氧适应研究进展

高原低氧是青藏高原主要的环境限制因子之一,高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原特有的地下啮齿类动物,受到高原低氧和洞穴低氧的双重压力。近年来,高原鼢鼠低氧适应主要生理特征及低氧适应关键基因越来越为人们所关注。这些研究结果对阐明高原鼢鼠低氧适应机制具有重要意义,并将对探索人类对低氧环境的适应能力以及人类高原病的防治产生巨大的影响。     

动物对高原低氧的适应性研究进展

本文从血液学、肺动脉、心肺发育及其它方面简要介绍了动物对高原低氧适应的生理、生化及形态学特征,同时也对其中低氧诱导因子的作用及其遗传性方面的研究进行了概述。关于高原低氧适应的遗传机制仍需进一步的深入研究。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应机制,以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为对照,测量三者的心脏/体重比(HW/BW)、右心室/(左心室 室间隔)重量比[RV/(LV S)];应用免疫组织化学方法测定心肌微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD);通过显微体视学技术比较线粒体的面数密度(NA,单位面积中线粒体数目)、体密度(Vv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体的体积密度)、面密度(Sv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体外膜的面积密度)、比表面(δ,线粒体外膜面积与其自身体积的比);用分光光度法测定心肌中的肌红蛋白(myoglobin, Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid, LD)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活力;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察LDH同工酶谱.结果显示:高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔HB/WB显著大于SD大鼠(P<0.05), RV/(LV S)显著小于SD大鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠心肌MVD和线粒体NA依次递减(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠线粒体Vv显著低于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05),高原鼠兔与SD大鼠之间没有明显差异;高原鼢鼠线粒体Sv显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05),与高原鼠兔相比无明显差异;高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的线粒体δ无显著差异,但均明显低于高原鼢鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心肌Mb含量显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠心肌LD含量显著高于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05);两种高原动物心肌LDH活力显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05).同工酶谱显示,高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的LDH中H亚基所占比例依次递减.以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔通过增加心肌线粒体Sv、MVD以及Mb含量提高其在低氧环境获取氧的能力;同时,由于生境和习性上的不同,两者线粒体指标又表现出差异性.     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔红细胞低氧适应特征

为探讨高原鼢鼠对低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境及高原鼠兔对高海拔低氧生境的适应机制,用Sysmex SF-3000血细胞分析仪及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两种高原动物的血常规及血红蛋白类型进行分析,后者采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)及平均红细胞容积(MCV)组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数显著高于SD大鼠,红细胞压积及平均红细胞容积均显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠的血红蛋白浓度(HBC)与SD大鼠无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于高原鼠兔的HBC(P<0.05)。高原鼢鼠血红蛋白主要有2种类型,高原鼠兔血红蛋白主要有3种类型,而SD大鼠血红蛋白主要有5种类型。从血红蛋白电泳迁移来看,2种高原动物血红蛋白类型有明显的趋同特征并与SD大鼠具有明显的差异。上述结果提示,长期适应高海拔低氧环境的高原动物的红细胞和血红蛋白表现出趋同进化,同时因生境和习性的差异又表现出各自的特异性。     

灰旱獭生命表和繁殖的初步研究

1985年4-9月,于野外捕捉灰旱獭(Marmota baibacina)911只,经鉴定划分为12个年龄组,用生命表法探讨该种群数量动态。灰旱獭的期望寿命(e_x)雌雄分别为3.4393、2.8798年,平均死亡率(q)雌雄分别为0.2956、0.2538。繁殖力以第5-8年龄组较强。妊娠期35-40天。哺乳期约30天。平均产仔数6.027只。内禀增长率(r_m)为0.1695/年。周限增长率(λ)为1.1847/年。世代时间(T)为7.1436/年。种群经一世代的净增殖率(R₀)为3.3574。     

高原鼠兔低氧适应分子机制的研究进展

高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）是生活在青藏高原海拔3000-5000m地区的特有物种,具有极强的低温、低氧耐受能力。近十几年来,许多国内外学者从整体水平及分子水平对高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制进行了大量研究,认为该动物是研究低氧适应的理想动物模型。本文对高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制从血液学特征、肺血管的结构和功能及分子生物学研究等方面作一系统阐述,旨在阐明高原土生动物在高寒缺氧环境中生存的适应机制,这对人类适应高原及高原疾病的防治有着重要的指导意义。     

高原鼠兔低氧适应机制的研究概况

综述了新型实验动物——高原鼠兔对高原低氧环境的适应特点,并与移居大鼠、人类及世居高原人群的生理变化进行了比较,对于高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制,从血液学、氧的摄取、氧利用及肺循环的结构和功能,进行了较为系统的阐述,对高原适应的生理研究及发展方向也做了扼要介绍。     

高原鼠兔的血象及其与低氧适应的关系

高原鼠兔是新开发的实验动物,能很好地适应高原低氧环境。本研究报道了驯化高原鼠兔的部分血液指标,并与野生高原鼠兔及部分其它实验动物和人的相应指标作了比较。同时对高原鼠兔能适应高原低氧环境的机理作了探讨。高原鼠兔红细胞数量高、体积小、红细胞膜表面积大,从而提高了Ｈｂ的利用率,使尽可能多的Ｈｂ参与摄氧和释氧。     

一种模拟高原低氧复合冷冻的简易动物实验舱

以氮稀释法使舱内氧含量维持实验模拟高度,以普通冰箱制冷系统维持舱内恒温,以多功能低温浴槽作为致冻装置。该舱可于２０ｍｉｎ内升至模拟６０００ｍ高度,每次可供１６只大鼠作高原冻伤实验。实验期间高度恒定于６０００±２００ｍ,舱温２１±１℃。相对湿度５５％±１５％,冷冻液－２５．０±０．５℃。该舱结构简单、使用方便,可在实验室中模拟高原条件进行冷冻实验研究。由于不使用人体减压舱,不仅避免了减压缺氧对实验人员的不利影响,也减少了实验消耗。     

Wnt5a attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arteriolar remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in mice

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), which is characterized by pulmonary arteriolar remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy, is still a life-threatening disease with the current treatment strategies. The underlying molecular mechanisms of HPH remain unclear. Our previously published study showed that Wnt5a, one of the ligands in the Wnt family, was critically involved in the inhibition of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation by downregulation of β-catenin/cyclin D1 in vitro. In this study, we investigated the possible functions and mechanisms of Wnt5a in HPH in vivo. Recombinant mouse Wnt5a (rmWnt5a) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was administered to male C57/BL6 mice weekly from the first day to the end of the two or four weeks after exposed to hypoxia (10% O₂). Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was associated with a marked increase in β-catenin/cyclin D1 expression in lungs. Right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy index were reduced in animals treated with rmWnt5a compared with PBS. Histology showed less pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in the group treated with rmWnt5a than with PBS. Treatment with rmWnt5a resulted in a concomitant reduction in β-catenin/cyclin D1 levels in lungs. These data demonstrate that Wnt5a exerts its beneficial effects on HPH by regulating pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in a manner that is associated with reduction in β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling. A therapy targeting the β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling pathway might be a potential strategy for HPH treatment.     

The influence of right ventricular stimulation on acute response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy

Background

The contribution of right ventricular (RV) stimulation to cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) remains controversial. RV stimulation might be associated with adverse haemodynamic effects, dependent on intrinsic right bundle branch conduction, presence of scar, RV function and other factors which may partly explain non-response to CRT. This study investigates to what degree RV stimulation modulates response to biventricular (BiV) stimulation in CRT candidates and which baseline factors, assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, determine this modulation.

Methods and results

Forty-one patients (24 (59 %) males, 67 ± 10 years, QRS 153 ± 22 ms, 21 (51 %) ischaemic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 25 ± 7 %), who successfully underwent temporary stimulation with pacing leads in the RV apex (RV_apex) and left ventricular posterolateral (PL) wall were included. Stroke work, assessed by a conductance catheter, was used to assess acute haemodynamic response during baseline conditions and RV_apex, PL (LV) and PL+RV_apex (BiV) stimulation.Compared with baseline, stroke work improved similarly during LV and BiV stimulation (∆+ 51 ± 42 % and ∆+ 48 ± 47 %, both p < 0.001), but individual response showed substantial differences between LV and BiV stimulation. Multivariate analysis revealed that RV ejection fraction (β = 1.01, p = 0.02) was an independent predictor for stroke work response during LV stimulation, but not for BiV stimulation. Other parameters, including atrioventricular delay and scar presence and localisation, did not predict stroke work response in CRT.

Conclusion

The haemodynamic effect of addition of RV_apex stimulation to LV stimulation differs widely among patients receiving CRT. Poor RV function is associated with poor response to LV but not BiV stimulation.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12471-015-0770-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

颈动脉瞬时波强无创评价高血压不同构型左心室功能的研究

目的:探讨瞬时波强(WI)评价高血压不同构型心室功能的价值.方法:测量105例高血压组和98例对照组颈总动脉WI,左心室结构和功能指标.结果:①从对照组,高血压正常构型组,向心性重构组,向心性肥厚组到离心性肥厚组:其血压水平,左室舒张末内径,重量指数递增;中层短轴缩率递减;左室射血分数在向心性肥厚组增大,离心性肥厚组减...     

Changes of collagen metabolism predict the left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction

Objectives: To analyze the predictive value of cardiac collagen metabolism “in vivo" in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Design: Forty-five patients (age 66 ± 8.27) underwent biochemical analysis for cardiac collagen metabolism (groups A, B and C); 30 patients with their first MI were treated with successful PCI (group A; n = 30), group B (n = 5) were MI patients with unsuccessful PCI. Group C were patients without MI (n = 10), they underwent elective diagnostic coronary angiography only. The collagen metabolism was analyzed in acute and subacute MI phases by using serum blood markers: the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP). Furthermore, the ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume maximal changes in the course of 6 months were measured by echocardiography. Results: A significant increase of both PICP and PIIINP on day 4 following MI was detected. Furthermore, PICP and PIIINP level assessed on the 30th day was significantly higher in the PCI unsuccessful group versus successful group. PICP level on day 4 above 110 ug/l and PIIINP level above 4 ug/l was significantly often found in the subgroup of patients with the EF improvement less than 10% or worsening and with significant left ventricular dilatation during 6 months follow-up. Cardiac catheterization itself does not affect collagen metabolism. Conclusion: We concluded that collagen metabolism markers enable to study in vivo the MI healing and to predict left ventricular functional and volume changes.     

人参皂苷Rg2对异丙肾上腺素诱导的大鼠心室重构的保护作用

目的：探讨人参皂苷Rg2对异丙肾上腺素诱导的心室重构模型大鼠的保护作用。方法：将60只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、心室重构模型组、人参皂苷Rg2（20、40、80 mg/kg）组和普萘洛尔（propranolol,15 mg/kg）组,n=10。采用多点皮下注射异丙肾上腺素85 mg/（kg·d）,连续7 d,建立大鼠心室重构模型;对照组皮下注射等体积的生理盐水。此后按分组灌胃给药,每天1次,连续给药6 w后,使用八道生理记录仪测定血流动力学参数,并测定心脏重量和左心室重构指数。结果：与对照组相比,注射异丙肾上腺素后第7周时模型组大鼠颈动脉收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率、LVSP、+dp/dt_max、-dp/dt_max显著降低（P<0.01）;而HW/BW和LVW/BW、LVDP显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组相比,人参皂苷Rg2低、中、高剂量组和普萘洛尔组大鼠颈动脉收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率、LVSP、+dp/dt_max、-dp/dt_max显著升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）;LVDP显著降低（P<0.01）,而人参皂苷Rg2中、高剂量组和普萘洛尔组大鼠HW/BW和LVW/BW显著降低（P<0.01）。与普萘洛尔组相比,人参皂苷Rg2低剂量组收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压显著降低（P<0.05,P<0.01）;人参皂苷Rg2低剂量组LVDP和高剂量组LVSP和+dp/dt_max显著升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论：人参皂苷Rg2对异丙肾上腺素所致的心室重构模型大鼠具有改善作用。     

吴茱萸次碱对肺动脉高压大鼠右心室重构的影响

目的：观察吴茱萸次碱（Rut）对野百合碱（MCT）诱导的肺动脉高压（PH）大鼠右心室重构的作用及机制。方法：SD大鼠48只适应性喂养一周,随机分为正常对照组、Mcr组、MCT＋Rut（20mg／kg）及Mcr＋Rut（40mg／kg）剂量组（n=12）。MCT（60mg／kg）皮下注射诱导PH大鼠模型。连续给药4周后,右颈外静脉插管测定大鼠右心室收缩压（RVSP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）。分离大鼠右心室（RV）、左心室＋室间隔（LV＋s）并称重,剥离大鼠胫骨并测量其长度,计算av／（LV＋s）gRV／胫骨长度的比值。HE染色观察右心室病理学变化,Masson染色观察右心室胶原沉积的变化。比色法测定右心室总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量。Real time PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测右心室NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4）mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：Rut连续给药4周后能明显降低MCT诱导的PH大鼠RVSP及mPAP,减轻RV／（Lv＋s）及RV重量／胫骨长度的比值,改善右心室病理变化,降低右心室胶原的沉积及collagenI、collagenHI的表达,提高右心室T-AOC水平,降低右心室NOX4的表达及MDA含量。结论：Rut能够缓解野百合碱诱导的PH大鼠右心室重构,其机制可能与抑制NOX4的表达,进而降低氧化应激损伤有关。     

Expression of ApoA5 and its function in the right ventricular failing and remodeling secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Right heart failure and right ventricular (RV) remodeling were the main reason for mortality of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. Apolipoprotein AV (ApoA5) is a key regulator of plasma triglyceride and have multifunction in several target organs. We detected decreased ApoA5 in serum of patients with PH and both in serum and RV of monocrotaline‐induced PH model. Exogenously, overexpression ApoA5 by adenovirus showed protective effects on RV failure and RV fibrosis secondary to PH. In addition, in vitro experiments showed ApoA5 attenuated the activation of fibroblast induced by transforming growth factor β1 and synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase‐Smad3 pathway. Finally, we suggest that ApoA5 may potentially be a pivotal target for RV failure and fibrosis secondary of PH.     

Effects of prolonged exposure to hypoxia on morphological changes of endothelial cells plated on fibrin gel

Since tissue oxygenation has a profound effect on capillary growth, the effect of pO2 on endothelial cell functions was studied. Under normoxic conditions, EA.hy926 endothelial cells and HUVEC plated onto fibrin gels in low-serum culture medium underwent rapid and profound morphological changes within 12 to 48 hours depending on the cell line used. Their characteristic cobblestone organisation was transformed into a network of cord-like or tube-like structures. We showed that when exposed to low oxygen concentrations for 3 days, HUVEC and EA.hy926 have their ability to rearrange reduced to around 50 %. With EA.hy926 this effect was amplified by 79% after 9 days of hypoxia. The altered behaviour of hypoxia-adapted cells was not caused by a loss in their fibrinolytic activity. In fact, the fibrin degradation rate and the generated fibrin fragments appeared identical in normoxia and hypoxia. Confocal microscopy and gel densitometry showed that in normoxia the remaining undegraded fibrin gel underwent a dynamic remodeling whereas in hypoxia it remained undisturbed. It is likely that hypoxia induces modification in the factors that integrate matrix information and cytoskeletal organisation in order to contract fibrin.     

Association of increased oncostatin M with adverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction

BackgroundThe study of laboratory biomarkers that reflect the development of adverse cardiovascular events in the postinfarction period is of current relevance. The aim of the present study was evaluation of oncostatin M (OSM) concentration changes in the early and late stages of myocardial infarction and evaluation of the possibility of its use in prediction of adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-elevated segment (STEMI).MethodsThe study involved 31 patients with STEMI admitted in the first 24 hours after the onset of MI and 30 patients with chronic coronary artery disease as a control group. Echocardiographic study was performed on day 3 and in 6 months after STEMI. The serum levels of biomarkers were evaluated on the day of hospital admission and 6 months after MI using multiplex immunoassay.ResultsOSM level increased during the first 24 h after the onset of the disease, with the following decrease in 6 months. OSM concentration at admission had correlated with echocardiography parameters and Nt-proBNP, troponin I, CK-MB levels. Our study has demonstrated association of the increased levels of OSM at the early stages of STEMI with development of the adverse LV remodeling in 6 months after the event.ConclusionsElevation of OSM levels in the first 24 h after STEMI is associated with the development of the adverse LV remodeling in the long-term post-infarction period.