低氧对大鼠右心室肥厚及心肌中缝隙连接蛋白43表达的影响

目的:研究低氧对大鼠右心室肥厚及心肌中缝隙连接蛋白43 (Cx43)表达的影响.方法:40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组(control)、低氧3周组、低氧4周组和低氧5周组.除正常组外,其余3组大鼠分别在低氧环境中饲养3周、4周和5周.测定和比较各组大鼠的平均肺动脉压力(mPAP)、右心室收缩压(RVSP)、右心室肥厚度[Rv/(LV+S)％],并通过免疫组化染色法观察各组大鼠左心室心肌细胞中cx43的表达.结果:与正常组相比,低氧3周、4周、5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著升高(P均＜0.05),与低氧3周组比较,低氧4周、5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著升高(P均＜0.05),而低氧5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著高于低氧4周(P均＜0.05).免疫组织化学结果显示:低氧组大鼠Cx43排列紊乱,端-端连接减少,侧面连接增多;随着低氧时间的延长,大鼠心肌细胞中Cx43的表达逐渐减少,差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论:低氧可导致右心室肥厚,并随着诱导时间的延长而逐渐加重,这可能与心肌中Cx43的分布紊乱及表达减少有关.     

心源性猝死患者心肌CX43和C-JUN表达及意义

目的:探讨心源性猝死者心肌细胞中连接蛋白(connexin CX)CX43和原癌基因蛋白(C-JUN)的表达及意义.方法:从2008-2011年青岛市市立医院病理科现有的蜡块中选取心性猝死者40例.其中冠心病22例,肺动脉栓塞10例,病毒性心肌炎5例,扩张性心肌病3例,选取因交通事故、外伤等死亡的病例10例作为对照组.应用免疫组织化学的方法分别检测各组病例中心室肌细胞中C-JUN和CX43蛋白的表达.结果:心源性猝死(SCD)组中心肌细胞中C-JUN的表达明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).而心性猝死组中CX43的表达却低于对照组.SCD组中心肌细胞中C-JUN与CX43的表达正相关(r=0.315,P=0.022).结论:SCD患者心肌细胞中CX43表达和分布异常,结构的重塑导致了致死性心律失常的反生,SCD患者心肌中C-JUN高表达,且与CX43蛋白的表达呈正相关,提示二者可能共同参与了SCD的发生发展,不仅可以用于临床相应药物的研发,还可能称为法医学上对SCD的鉴别提供辅助指标.     

新生猪缺氧后心肌连接蛋白Cx43表达的变化

目的探讨新生猪缺氧后心肌连接蛋白Cx43 mRNA和蛋白含量的变化。方法对照组(C组):新生猪6头,未吸入低氧;缺氧组(H组):新生猪6头,吸入低氧(FiO2=0.1)维持1 h。于缺氧结束后5 h,免疫荧光染色检测心肌组织细胞缝隙连接蛋白Cx43蛋白的表达,实时荧光定量逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测心肌组织Cx43 mRNA的表达。结果H组心肌组织Cx43蛋白的表达显著低于C组(P<0.01),但两组心肌组织Cx43 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论缺氧可导致心肌Cx43蛋白的表达或分布发生变化。     

高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质生长休止蛋白7表达的影响

目的 探讨高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质生长休止蛋白7(Gas7)表达的影响.方法 36只大鼠随机分为正常对照组和模拟高原低氧组,模拟高原低氧组大鼠进行6周缺氧,复制慢性高原低氧动物模型.实验结束后,所有动物采用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹技术检测大鼠大脑皮质中Gas7的表达.结果 与对照组相比,Gas7在模拟高原低氧组大鼠大脑皮质的表达明显增强.结论 Gas7可能参与了高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质神经元结构和功能的影响.     

低氧暴露下高原鼠兔肺组织间隙连接蛋白40表达分析

低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化是高原鼠兔适应低氧环境的重要策略,但参与该生理代偿反应的功能基因尚不明确。间隙连接蛋白40 (Connexin40, Cx40) 在哺乳动物肺血管内皮表达。本研究对生活在海拔3 200 m的高原鼠兔进行28 d模拟海拔5 000 m低氧处理,以Sprague Dawley (SD) 大鼠为对照,采用免疫组化法分析模拟低氧处理后高原鼠兔和SD大鼠肺组织形态结构,qPCR和蛋白印记法检测Cx40基因和蛋白表达量变化,探究Cx40在高原鼠兔低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化中的潜在作用。结果显示,低氧处理后,高原鼠兔肺泡呈空泡囊状,Cx40蛋白在支气管和肺血管中均表达,Cx40 基因mRNA水平随着低氧暴露而升高,但其蛋白质水平呈下降趋势,肺支气管Cx40蛋白无明显变化。SD大鼠肺血管和肺支气管表达的Cx40蛋白均无明显变化。暗示生活在高海拔低氧环境中的高原鼠兔,Cx40蛋白下调可抑制血管收缩信号,减弱低氧性肺血管收缩反应,使低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化,以适应高原缺氧环境。研究结果可为高原土著动物适应高寒缺氧环境提供基础理论数据。     

黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞内质网应激及Calumenin蛋白和缝隙连接蛋白CX43的作用

目的:研究黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒(CVB3)感染心肌细胞内质网应激、网腔钙结合蛋白(calumenin)及缝隙连接蛋白43(CX43)作用。方法:原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞分3组:对照组(正常细胞)、柯萨奇病毒感染组(正常细胞)、黄芪总黄酮组(正常细胞+黄芪总黄酮)。柯萨奇病毒感染组感染,黄芪总黄酮组感染同时给予黄芪总黄酮20 mg/L。采用免疫组化方法检测培养乳鼠心肌细胞α-SMA蛋白,Western blot技术检测各组心肌细胞Calumenin蛋白及内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,CX43表达。结果:1与对照组相比,柯萨奇病毒感染组心肌细胞GRP78表达增多(P0.01),calumenin蛋白及CX43表达减少(P0.01);与柯萨奇病毒感染组比较,黄芪总黄酮组心肌细胞GRP78表达减少(P0.01),Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达增多(P0.01)。结论:CVB3可引发心肌细胞内质网伴侣蛋白GRP78表达增加进而发生内质网应激,并使Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达减少;黄芪总黄酮抑制CVB3感染心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78表达从而减轻内质网应激,同时使Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达增多,该实验结果可能与其抗病毒性心肌炎并发心律失常作用密切相关。     

心肌细胞缝隙连接重塑与心律失常

缝隙连接是相邻心肌细胞间电、化学偶联的通道,亦是心室肌成为功能性合胞体的重要结构.心肌有缝隙连接蛋白(connexin,CX) 40、43与45的表达,心室肌主要表达CX43.CX43形成的缝隙连接大部分呈点状分布于闰盘部位,心肌细胞膜侧面分布极少.心肌缺血-再灌注、肥厚、衰竭、高胆同醇与糖尿病条件下,心肌细胞缝隙连接...     

灰旱獭(Marmota baibacina)移动性的模拟实验

灰旱獭(Marmota baibacina)是珍贵的毛皮动物,也是我国天山山地鼠疫自然疫源地的主要储存宿主。研究该动物的生态学,对于阐明自然疫源地的动物流行病规律及指导制订消灭疫源性的措施具有重要的意义。 用标记动物进行动物生态学研究,国外于五十年代即已作了大量工作(PendletonR.C.1956)。一些苏联学者为解决鼠疫动物流行病的一些理论问题,进行了许多旱獭生态学研究。例如,Bn6n~os(1961,1962)用染色标记方法对灰旱獭的移动性进行了观察,把旱獭移动分为迁出式移动和种群内移动,Kn3nJios(1964)用染色标记法对红旱獭(Marmota caudata)的活动性和移动性进行了详细的观察;bepcuⅡgena(1966)用放射性同位素及染色标记法对灰旱獭的种群内接触进行了试验研究。     

慢性低氧对大鼠左右心室的功能及TRPC亚家族表达的影响

目的：探讨慢性低氧3周对大鼠左右心室的影响以及规范性瞬时感受器电位亚家族（TRPC）在慢性低氧诱导的右心室心肌肥厚中的表达。方法：将SD雄性大鼠48只随机分为对照组（CON组）和慢性低氧肺动脉高压模型组（CH组）（n=24）,CH组将大鼠置于连续的慢性低氧（10％±0．2％）环境饲养三周以诱导大鼠发生心肌肥厚。通过左、右心室插管法测定右心室内压（RVSP）、左心室内压（LVSP）、心率（HR）、平均体循环动脉压（mSAP）、左、右心室内压力最大上升速率（＋dp／dtmax）、最大下降速率（-dp／dkmax）、右心肥大指数（RVMI）、左心肥大指数（LVMI）;HE染色观察左、右心室心肌组织切片;通过SYBR Green荧光定量PCR法检测CON组、CH组大鼠的肥厚侧心室心肌组织编码TRPC 1／3／4／5／6／7的rnRNA表达;结合real-time RT-PCR结果对mRNA表达有显著变化的TRPC亚型通过免疫印迹法检测相应蛋白的表达。结果：与CON组相比：CH组的RVSP、RVMI、右心室±dp／dtmax显著增高（P〈0．01）,LVSP、左心室±dp／dmax无显著变化,LVMI显著降低（P〈0．01）;CH组右心室心肌细胞显著增粗（P〈0．01）,细胞内肌原纤维数量增多,心肌纤维排列紊乱,细胞核深染,形状不整;左心室心肌纤维无明显改变;CH组编码TRPCI的mRNA和蛋白显著增高（P〈0．05）,而编码其余TRPC亚型的mRNA无显著变化。结论：慢性低氧3周可特异性诱导sD大鼠产生右心室心肌肥厚,上调了编码右心室心肌细胞TRPCI通道蛋白的mRNA和蛋白的表达,TRPCI可能参与了心肌肥厚的发生发展。     

高原鼠兔低氧诱导因子-1α蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

高原鼠兔生活在青藏高原海拔3 000～5 000 m的区域,具有极强的低温、低氧耐受能力.低氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)是一种由HIF-1α和HIF-1β组成的异源二聚体转录因子,在生物体的低氧适应性调节中起着关键作用.低氧主要通过调节HIF-1α蛋白水平来影响HIF-1α的转录活性.本研究用DNA重组技术将高原鼠兔HIF-1α(pHIF-1α)(538/822)编码基因序列亚克隆至原核表达载体PGEX- 4T-1中,并在大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行高效诱导表达,获得可溶性表达产物.将纯化后的GST-pHIF-1α(538/822)融合蛋白作为免疫原免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体.免疫印迹结果表明,制备的抗体能够识别高原鼠兔HIF-1α蛋白.进一步利用亲和纯化的方法对此多克隆抗体进行了纯化.免疫印迹和免疫染色的结果表明,纯化的抗体可以用于检测外源以及内源的高原鼠兔HIF-1α蛋白的表达和定位,为后续的研究提供了重要的实验材料.     

兔右室流出道室速对L型钙通道α1c蛋白表达的影响

目的：通过建立右室流出道室速（RVOT-VT）的动物模型,以L型钙通道α1c蛋白作为观察指标,观察RVOT-VT时对L型钙通道α1c蛋白表达的影响,旨在探讨L型钙通道在RVOT-VT中的作用。方法：健康新西兰大耳白兔30只,随机分三组,分别为对照组（10只）、室速组（10只）、室速加维拉帕米干预组（10只）。采用免疫组织化学的方法对三组实验动物的右室流出道心肌组织进行L型钙通道cdc蛋白表达的检测。结果：1、高频刺激主动脉与肺动脉交界处均诱发了起源于右室流出道部位的室速,且室速持续时间均大于4小时。2、室速组L型钙通道α1c蛋白表达量明显下降;干预组L型钙通道α1cc蛋白的表达下降,但与对照组比较无显著差异。结论：1、室速组的心肌L型钙通道α1c蛋白表达发生了重构。2、维拉帕米可以改善心肌L型钙通道α1c蛋白的重构。3、L型钙通道在RVOT-VT发生、持续中起重要作用。     

Expression and role of factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in pulmonary arteries of rat with hypoxia-induced hypertension

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha subunit (HIF-1alpha) plays a pivotal role during the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) by transactivating it' target genes. As an oxygen-sensitive attenuator, factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH) hydroxylates a conserved asparagine residue within the C-terminal transactivation domain of HIF-1alpha under normoxia and moderate hypoxia. FIH protein is downregulated in response to hypoxia, but its dynamic expression and role during the development of HPH remains unclear. In this study, an HPH rat model was established. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly after 7 d of hypoxia. The pulmonary artery remodeling index became evident after 7 d of hypoxia, while the right ventricular hypertrophy index became significant after 14 d of hypoxia. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of HIF-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a well-characterized target gene of HIF-1alpha, were markedly upregulated after exposure to hypoxia in pulmonary arteries. FIH protein in lung tissues declined after 7 d of hypoxia and continued to decline through the duration of hypoxia. FIH mRNA had few changes after exposure to hypoxia compared with after exposure to normoxia. In hypoxic rats, FIH protein showed significant negative correlation with VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein. FIH protein was negatively correlated with mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary artery remodeling index and right ventricular hypertrophy index. Taken together, our results suggest that, in the pulmonary arteries of rat exposed to moderate hypoxia, a time-dependent decrease in FIH protein may contribute to the development of rat HPH by enhancing the transactivation of HIF-1alpha target genes such as VEGF.     

Hypoxia Induces Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Gene Expression in the Pulmonary Artery of Rats via Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α

The present study was undertaken to investigate the dynamic expression of hypoxia induciblefactor-1 α (HIF-1α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertensionof rats.It was found that mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) increased significantly after 7 d ofhypoxia.Pulmonary artery remodeling index and right ventricular hypertrophy became evident after 14 d ofhypoxia.HIF-1α mRNA staining was less positive in the control,hypoxia for 3 d and hypoxia for 7 d,butbegan to enhance significantly after 14 d of hypoxia,then remained stable.Expression of HIF-1 α protein inthe control was less positive,but was up-regulated in pulmonary arterial tunica intima of all hypoxic rats.TGF-β1 mRNA expression in pulmonary arterial walls was increased significantly after 14 d of hypoxia, butshowed no obvious changes after 3 or 7 d of hypoxia.In pulmonary tunica adventitia and tunica media,TGF-β1 protein staining was less positive in control rats,but was markedly enhanced after 3 d of hypoxia,reaching its peak after 7 d of hypoxia,and then weakening after 14 and 21 d of hypoxia.Western blottingshowed that HIF- 1α protein levels increased significantly after 7 d of hypoxia and then remained at a highlevel. TGF-β1 protein level was markedly enhanced after 3 d of hypoxia,reaching its peak after 7 d ofhypoxia,and then decreasing after 14 and 21 d of hypoxia.Linear correlation analysis showed that HIF-1αmRNA, TGF-β1 mRNA, TGF-β1 protein were positively correlated with mPAP,vessel morphometry andright ventricular hypertrophy index.TGF-β1 protein (tunica adventitia) was negatively correlated withHIF-lα mRNA.Taken together,our results suggest that changes in HIF-lα and TGF-β1 expression afterhypoxia play an important role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension of rats.     

p53 Gene deficiency promotes hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in mice

Chronic hypoxia induces pulmonary arterial remodeling, resulting in pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Hypoxia has been implicated as a physiological stimulus for p53 induction and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). However, the subcellular interactions between hypoxic exposure and expression of p53 and HIF-1α remain unclear. To examine the role of p53 and HIF-1α expression on hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling, wild-type (WT) and p53 knockout (p53KO) mice were exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia for 8 wk. Following chronic hypoxia, both genotypes demonstrated elevated right ventricular pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy as measured by the ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle plus septum weights, and vascular remodeling. However, the right ventricular systolic pressures, the ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle plus septum weights, and the medial wall thickness of small vessels were significantly greater in the p53KO mice than in the WT mice. The p53KO mice had lower levels of p21 and miR34a expression, and higher levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, and PDGF expression than WT mice following chronic hypoxic exposure. This was associated with a higher proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression of pulmonary artery in p53KO mice. We conclude that p53 plays a critical role in the mitigation of hypoxia-induced small pulmonary arterial remodeling. By interacting with p21 and HIF-1α, p53 may suppress hypoxic pulmonary arterial remodeling and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation under hypoxia.     

吴茱萸次碱对肺动脉高压大鼠右心室重构的影响

目的：观察吴茱萸次碱（Rut）对野百合碱（MCT）诱导的肺动脉高压（PH）大鼠右心室重构的作用及机制。方法：SD大鼠48只适应性喂养一周,随机分为正常对照组、Mcr组、MCT＋Rut（20mg／kg）及Mcr＋Rut（40mg／kg）剂量组（n=12）。MCT（60mg／kg）皮下注射诱导PH大鼠模型。连续给药4周后,右颈外静脉插管测定大鼠右心室收缩压（RVSP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）。分离大鼠右心室（RV）、左心室＋室间隔（LV＋s）并称重,剥离大鼠胫骨并测量其长度,计算av／（LV＋s）gRV／胫骨长度的比值。HE染色观察右心室病理学变化,Masson染色观察右心室胶原沉积的变化。比色法测定右心室总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量。Real time PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测右心室NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4）mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：Rut连续给药4周后能明显降低MCT诱导的PH大鼠RVSP及mPAP,减轻RV／（Lv＋s）及RV重量／胫骨长度的比值,改善右心室病理变化,降低右心室胶原的沉积及collagenI、collagenHI的表达,提高右心室T-AOC水平,降低右心室NOX4的表达及MDA含量。结论：Rut能够缓解野百合碱诱导的PH大鼠右心室重构,其机制可能与抑制NOX4的表达,进而降低氧化应激损伤有关。     

慢性间断性缺氧伴二氧化碳潴留小鼠模型的建立

目的建立慢性间断性缺氧伴二氧化碳潴留（chronic intermittent hypoxia with carbon dioxide retention,CIH-CR）小鼠模型。方法选取雄性昆明小鼠22只,随机分为常氧组（normal control group,NC）和CIH-CR组,每组11只。CIH-CR组小鼠每天CIH-CR处理8 h,共4周,实验期间监测箱内O2和CO2浓度及小鼠尾部末端血氧饱和度（SO2）。实验终点测定右室肥厚指数并观察心、肺、肾、脑组织病理改变。结果 CIH-CR组箱内O2浓度、CO2浓度和小鼠尾部末端SO2随实验仓的关闭和开启出现周期性的变化;与NC组相比CIH-CR组右心室明显肥大（P〈0.01）;小鼠心、肺、肾和脑组织均出现明显缺氧改变。结论成功建立了CIH-CR小鼠模型。     

Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Induces Transdifferentiation of Fibroblasts into Myofibroblasts in Hypoxic Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling

The muscularization of non-muscular pulmonary arterioles is an important pathological feature of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. However, the origin of the cells involved in this process is still not well understood. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） can induce transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which might play a key role in the muscularization of non-muscular pulmonary arterioles. It was found that mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly after 7 d of hypoxia. Pulmonary artery remodeling index and fight ventricular hypertrophy became evident after 14 d of hypoxia. The distribution of nonmuscular, partially muscular, and muscular vessels was significantly different after 7 d of hypoxia. Immunocytochemistry results demonstrated that the expression of α-smooth muscle actin was increased in intra-acinar pulmonary arteries with increasing hypoxic time. TGF-β1 mRNA expression in pulmonary arterial walls was increased significantly after 14 d of hypoxia, but showed no obvious changes after 3 or 7 d of hypoxia. In pulmonary tunica adventitia and tunica media, TGF-β1 protein staining was poorly positive in control rats, but was markedly enhanced after 3 d of hypoxia, reaching its peak after 7 d of hypoxia. The myofibroblast phenotype was confirmed by electron microscopy, which revealed microfilaments and a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together, our results suggested that TGF-β1 induces transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which is important in hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling.     

Cx43基因在人类及小鼠胎心发育中的时空表达规律

目的　检测Cx4 3在人类和小鼠的胚胎心脏的表达 ,了解该基因在心脏发育过程中的表达规律。方法　选取人类 6～ 18孕周正常胚胎或胎儿心脏 6 3例 ,小鼠孕龄 9 5～ 16 5d胚胎心脏 6 4例 ,采用免疫组化法显示Cx4 3基因在心脏的表达。结果　早期人类胚胎心脏中 ,Cx4 3在心室肌中没有表达 ,心房肌表达微弱 ,原始小梁网中表达很高 ,随着胚胎发育 ,在心房和心室的表达逐渐增强 ,小梁网的表达在胚胎 13～ 14周达到高峰。室间隔的肌部表达量较弱 ,膜部室间隔不表达。房室瓣和大动脉根部管壁Cx4 3没有明显表达。除了在大动脉管壁表达不同 ,小鼠胚胎心脏表达规律与人类基本相同。结论　Cx4 3对于胚胎心脏的发育至关重要。     

心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植心梗大鼠梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化

目的应用免疫组化技术和电生理技术记录心肌细胞／胶原复合体对心梗大鼠梗死周边区的有效不应期（ERP）及缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）改变,探讨梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化。方法将成年SD大鼠随机分组：假手术组、模型组、移植组。后2组制作心肌梗死动物模型,假手术组仅开胸,不结扎冠状动脉,移植组移植心肌细胞与胶原材料复合组织。结果①左室ERP变化：与假手术组相比,心梗组梗死周边区ERP显著延长（P〈0．01）;移植组梗死周边区ERP延长,但较心梗阻ERP缩短,差异无显著性（P〉0．01）。②Cx43免疫组化结果：移植组Cx43阳性蛋白表达高于心梗组。结论移植的心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植可改善大鼠心肌梗死周边区缝隙连接电偶联网络,进而调控心肌细胞／胶原复合体与宿主心肌同步收缩。