A freight network planning model in oligopolistic shipping markets

The paper presents a multi-level hierarchical approach which models the oligopolistic behavior of carriers in maritime freight transportation networks. With the merger of the carriers’ industry and some dominant carriers in today’s shipping markets, carrier competition frequently exhibits an oligopolistic nature. This study considers the following three types of carriers; ocean carriers, land carriers, and port terminal operators. The oligopolistic ocean carriers, land carriers, and port terminal operators compete with each other in their pricing and routing decisions. The carriers determine service charges and delivery routes at different parts of the multi-modal freight network, creating hierarchical relationships. When using a game theoretic approach, ocean carriers become the leaders in an oligopoly shipping market. When dealing with individual carrier problems, the Nash equilibrium reveals the optimal decision where each carrier obtains the greatest profit. A three-level model is formulated to capture the interactions among different types of carriers. The validity and capability of the model gets demonstrated through an empirical example.     

基于生态系统服务层级关联性的景感营造实现途径

生态系统服务是建设人类与生态系统和谐共处的桥梁,景感营造是维持可持续发展的重要途径。然而两者之间的关系并不清晰,这限制了景感营造的实践和功能发挥。从人类需求的角度论证了生态系统服务的层级关联性,生态系统所提供的支持服务、供给服务、调节服务和文化服务具有依次发展的层级关系并且各服务之间相互协同。生态系统服务为景感营造提供愿景与载体,景感营造保持、改善与增强生态系统服务,景感营造的作用与生态系统服务的效能相辅相成。最后基于生态系统服务的层级关联性与可持续发展的建设路径提出景感营造的实现途径：（1）生态系统服务供给的物质愿景与载体通过农业景观、大地艺术的建造方式体现物质的精神内涵;（2）生态系统服务提供的精神愿景与载体通过建设文化景观、展现生态文化的方式把精神内涵物质化。不同景感营造途径的构建其目的都是通过生态系统各类型服务之间的协同作用来实现景感的整体化表达从而增强可持续发展。本研究分析结果有助于为生态系统服务价值衡量和景感生态规划提供理论基础。     

Hybrid simulation and optimization approach for green intermodal transportation problem with travel time uncertainty

The increasing volumes of road transportation contribute to congestion on road, which leads to delays and other negative impacts on the reliability of transportation. Moreover, transportation is one of the main contributors to the growth of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, where the impact of road transportation is significant. Therefore, governmental organizations and private commercial companies are looking for greener transportation solutions to eliminate the negative externalities of road transportation. In this paper, we present a novel solution framework to support the operational-level decisions for intermodal transportation networks using a combination of an optimization model and simulation. The simulation model includes stochastic elements in form of uncertain travel times, whereas the optimization model represents a deterministic and linear multi-commodity service network design formulation. The intermodal transportation plan can be optimized according to different objectives, including costs, time and \(CO_2e\) emissions. The proposed approach is successfully implemented to real-life scenarios where differences in transportation plans for alternative objectives are presented. The solutions for transportation networks with up to 250 services and 20 orders show that the approach is capable of delivering reliable solutions and identifying possible disruptions and alternatives for adapting the unreliable transportation plans.     

大学校园的健康服务功能及要素构成—以北京为例

作为教学科研场所的大学校园,可以提供重要的健康服务功能。但是,除了为师生提供服务,市民是否也应该享受大学校园提供的健康服务缺乏清晰的判定。以大学校园承载的健走、跑步等线性体育活动为研究对象,利用在线用户最多的"咕咚软件"获取运动健身活动的VGI共享数据,结合GIS分析技术,从个体属性、运动时间、运动空间、运动模式4个维度,分析行为与空间的关系,通过比对城市空间和校园空间的健身特征,对高校提供的健康服务功能进行解析,判定大学校园提供的健康服务功能。研究表明,校园空间承载着将近30%的城市健身行为,对师生和市民都具有较高的支持潜力。校园健身活动的主要空间载体是校园道路、体育设施和景观空间,空间类型多元化可以有效地促进体育活动。同时,校园的安全效应也增强了校园健身的吸引力。因此,合理有效的校园管理可以提升校园对城市的健康服务效能。     

丹江口水源区生态系统服务时空变化及权衡协同关系

研究区域多种生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系特征,对不同生态系统服务、不同区域之间的协调发展,实现利益相关方效益最大化,达到区域发展与生态保护"双赢"具有重要意义。针对目前权衡协同定性分析、长时间动态变化研究不足的现状,以丹江口水源区为例,在采用"当量因子法"求得研究区生态系统服务价值的基础上,使用长时间整体分析占优的相关性分析方法和短时期动态变化分析占优的生态系统服务权衡协同度(ESTD)模型对研究区1990—2015年10种生态系统服务的权衡协同关系展开研究。结果表明:1990—1995年,丹江口水源区生态系统服务价值呈负增长,之后则呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅最大的生态系统服务为水资源供给。生态服务价值最高的用地类型为林地,其次为草地和水域。空间上,生态系统服务价值呈东南高西北低特征。在丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间相互关系中,协同关系占64%,是丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间的主导关系,权衡关系较少,且大多存在于供给服务与调节服务、文化服务、支持服务之间。丹江口大坝加高后,即2005年之后,水源区内生态系统服务之间的权衡协同方向有所改变,改变明显的生态服务有净化环境、水文调节和水资源供给。这3种生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系增多,除这3种生态系统服务外,其余几种单项生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系减少。     

Strategic allocation of cyclically calling vessels for multi-terminal container operators

We consider a terminal operator who provides container handling services at multiple terminals within the same port. In this setting, the well-known berth allocation problem can no longer be considered for each terminal in isolation since vessel calls should be spread over the various terminals to avoid peaks and troughs in quay crane utilization, and an allocation of two connecting vessels to different terminals will generate inter-terminal container transport. In this paper, we address the problem of spreading a set of cyclically calling vessels over the various terminals and allocating a berthing and departure time to each of them. The objectives are (1) to balance the quay crane workload over the terminals and over time and (2) to minimize the amount of inter-terminal container transport. We develop a solution approach based on mixed-integer programming that allows to solve real-life instances of the problem within satisfactory time. Additionally, a practical case study is presented based on data from the terminal operator PSA Antwerp who operates multiple terminals in the port of Antwerp, Belgium. The computational results show the cost of the currently agreed schedules, and that relatively small modifications can significantly reduce the required crane capacities and inter-terminal transport.     

河流景观生态服务供给与需求/消费的互馈机制

河流景观系统孕育了人类文明,为人类社会提供类型多样的生态系统服务。其本身是一个自然景观过程和社会经济过程高度耦合的社会-生态系统,具有极高的空间异质性、时间动态和鲜明的组织尺度等级结构。当前,对河流景观系统这种特点所决定的生态系统服务供给与需求/消费互馈的机制研究不够深入,普遍缺乏从过程角度刻画生态服务供给与需求/消费互馈关系及其时空异质性和尺度特征。生态服务供给、需求和消费产生于社会-生态系统,是社会-生态耦合的纽带。阐述了河流景观生态服务供给和需求/消费的时空异质性,阐释了它们时空耦合机制和尺度特征,梳理了当前对生态服务供给、需求/消费互馈机理研究的不足。认为未来需要在社会-生态系统的框架下,从景观结构和生态过程出发,融合景观生态过程和社会过程来深入认识河流景观系统的生态服务供给与区内人类对生态服务的需求/消费之间的互馈机制。未来应重点关注：（1）河流景观结构和过程决定的生态服务供给和消费的空间分异及驱动机制;（2）河流生态服务传输的自然和人文载体及其耦合格局;（3）将生态服务需求/消费通过景观结构和生态过程对生态服务供给的反馈融入生态服务评估的方法框架,研发基于生态服务供给和需求/消费的社会-生态互馈过程模型。     

生态系统服务流研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,人类对生态系统的干扰导致多种生态服务退化或消失.生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的输送、转化和维持有重要作用,并成为相关研究的新兴方向之一.本文在对生态系统服务流进行分类的基础上,分析了生态系统服务传递的载体,初步探讨生态系统服务流的形成机制,包括服务流的形成、属性、尺度特征、定量化及其制图等.同时,对生态系统服务流的成本效应,如输送成本、转化成本、使用成本和成本相对性等进行尝试性分析,旨在分析生态系统服务流传递过程中的成本耗散.生态系统服务流研究一定程度上解决了生态系统服务价值评估的“双重核算”问题,使人类准确识别生态系统服务供给和消费热点区域,有利于生态系统服务在传递过程中达到效益最大化,对提出科学合理的生态补偿有重要意义.     

生态系统服务流研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,人类对生态系统的干扰导致多种生态服务退化或消失.生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的输送、转化和维持有重要作用,并成为相关研究的新兴方向之一.本文在对生态系统服务流进行分类的基础上,分析了生态系统服务传递的载体,初步探讨生态系统服务流的形成机制,包括服务流的形成、属性、尺度特征、定量化及其制图等.同时,对生态系统服务流的成本效应,如输送成本、转化成本、使用成本和成本相对性等进行尝试性分析,旨在分析生态系统服务流传递过程中的成本耗散.生态系统服务流研究一定程度上解决了生态系统服务价值评估的“双重核算”问题,使人类准确识别生态系统服务供给和消费热点区域,有利于生态系统服务在传递过程中达到效益最大化,对提出科学合理的生态补偿有重要意义.     

Experimental microbial contamination and disinfection of dry (vapour) shipper dewars designed for short-term storage and transportation of cryopreserved germplasm and other biological specimens

Cryopreservation, storage and transport of cryopreserved germplasm without the risk of disease transmission is of great concern to animal and human health authorities. Here we report on the efficacy of microbial decontamination of the liquid nitrogen (LN) dry (vapour) shippers used for short-term storage and transportation of germplasm and other biological specimens. Dry shippers containing either a hydrophobic or a non-hydrophobic LN absorbent were experimentally contaminated with high titers of cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). Biocidals with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and gas vapours of formalin and ethylene oxide were used for disinfection of the dewars. Among the biocidals used, treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution, the quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants and peracetic acid were the most effective and useful for dry shippers with a hydrophobic LN absorbent. None of the bacterial or viral microorganisms were detected in samples of semen and embryos stored in dry shippers following their disinfection with these biocides. An application of some other disinfectants, due to their foaming properties or to the permeability of the absorbent hydrophobic membrane (HM) was not effective or may have caused irreversible damage to the LN absorbent. Gas sterilization by ethylene oxide in contrast to formalin was fully effective for both types of dry shippers.     

Hotspot and relationship identification in multiple landscape services: A case study on an area with intensive human activities

The identification of the relationships between different landscape services is important in social–ecological complex systems, especially in areas with intensive human activities. In this paper, Beijing and its peripheral regions are taken as a case study to calculate and map the intensities of five classic landscape services including material production, carbon storage, soil retention, habitat conservation, and population support based on grid maps. Overlap and correlation analyses were used to identify multiple service hotspots and the relationships between landscape services. The results show that (1) landscape services have spatial heterogeneity: high-intensity area of material production and population support is on the southeast plains of this region and high-intensity area of soil retention and habitat conservation is on the northwest; (2) approximately 96.03% of the region can provide at least one type of landscape services, whereas approximately three-quarters of the area provide multiple services, with the multiple service hotspots surrounding Beijing and Tianjin; (3) correlations exist between all pairs of landscape services, but strong correlations (correlation coefficient >0.5 or <−0.5) exist between four pairs, which are soil retention and habitat conservation (0.672), soil retention and population support (−0.613), habitat conservation and population support (−0.540), and material production and population support (0.529); (4) the services can be divided into two trade-off service bundles: the “natural” bundle, which contains carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat conservation, and the “artificial” bundle, which contains material production and population support. Only 4.19% of the area in this region contains these service bundles simultaneously. Finally, an improved understanding of the relationships between services was illustrated, and the importance of such services was highlighted for decision-makers and stakeholders.     

大宁河流域生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应

深入理解生态系统服务权衡关系是推动生态系统有效管理和实现区域高质量发展的基础。然而,目前涉及生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应的研究仍相对较少。选取三峡库区大宁河流域为研究区域,对典型平水年份2018年粮食生产、碳固持、土壤保持和产水量4种生态系统服务进行了量化评估和空间制图,探讨了海拔、降雨量、植被覆盖度3种环境因子梯度下生态系统服务的空间分异规律,采用均方根偏差进一步分析了生态系统服务权衡关系梯度效应。研究结果表明：粮食生产在空间上呈现中部、南部高,北部低的趋势,碳固持由西北向东南递减,土壤保持和产水量高值区均分布在西部。海拔、降雨量和植被覆盖度显著影响了生态系统服务,碳固持、土壤保持总体上随着环境梯度的增加而增加,而粮食生产随着3种环境因子梯度的增加呈下降的趋势。从生态系统服务权衡方面来看,碳固持与产水量为弱权衡关系,土壤保持与粮食生产为中度权衡,生态系统服务之间多为强权衡关系。由于多种环境梯度的相互作用,生态系统服务权衡关系随海拔梯度变化无明显规律,植被覆盖度增加显著加强了生态系统服务权衡关系,而降雨量增加显著减弱了生态系统服务权衡关系。因此,今后以流域生态系统服务协调和功能整体提升为目标的生态修复工程中,应更加注重统筹不同环境梯度区域内生态系统服务权衡关系。     

Incorporating service and user information and latent features to predict QoS for selecting and recommending cloud service compositions

The rapid growth of published cloud services in the Internet makes the service selection and recommendation a challenging task for both users and service providers. In cloud environments, software re services collaborate with other complementary services to provide complete solutions to end users. The service selection is performed based on QoS requirements submitted by end users. Software providers alone cannot guarantee users’ QoS requirements. These requirements must be end-to-end, representing all collaborating services in a cloud solution. In this paper, we propose a prediction model to compute end-to-end QoS values for vertically composed services which are composed of three types of cloud services: software (SaaS), infrastructure (IaaS) and data (DaaS) services. These values can be used during the service selection and recommendation process. Our model exploits historical QoS values and cloud service and user information to predict unknown end-to-end QoS values of composite services. The experiments demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms other prediction models in terms of the prediction accuracy. We also study the impact of different parameters on the prediction results. In the experiments, we used real cloud services’ QoS data collected using our developed QoS monitoring and collecting system.     

人类活动对生态系统服务流的影响

生态系统服务流对生态系统服务地形成、输送、转化和维持具有重要作用,搭建起了生态系统服务供给与人类需求之间的桥梁,成为近期学者关注的焦点之一。随着人口数量的急剧增加和经济社会的快速发展,人类的物质需求呈非线性方式增长。人类在利用生态系统服务流带来惠益的同时,也给生态系统服务流带来压力。综述了生态系统服务流的内涵和属性特征,包括生态系统服务流的定义、分类、时空尺度、载体特征和量化属性等。分析了人类活动对生态系统服务流的影响机制,即积极的与消极的人类活动通过对生态系统服务流的空间单元、传递载体和量化属性等方面的影响进而影响到具体的生态系统服务流并最终影响人类福祉。探讨了通过生态系统服务流价值和风险评估、生态系统服务流保护规划、生态系统服务流恢复与重建等积极的人类活动,来实现生态系统服务流传输功能的可持续。未来可以通过对生态系统服务流路径载体衰减效应研究、多尺度分析处理系统的使用和生态系统服务流传输网络动态耦合模型的构建等来制定合理的生态系统服务流集成管理。通过对人类活动与生态系统服务流相互关系的研究,有利于对退化的生态系统服务流进行保护和恢复,也可为生态系统服务流相关研究奠定基础。     

Corridor network design in hinterland transportation systems

In this paper the design of the service network in intermodal barge transport is studied. The network of inland barge terminals is modelled to demonstrate potential cooperations in a corridor network. Cooperation between inland terminals leads to bundling of freight flows in the hinterland of major ports. A service network design model for intermodal barge transport is developed and applied to the hinterland network of the port of Antwerp in Belgium. Selected cooperation schemes are simulated by means of a discrete event simulation model for intermodal barge transport and compared with simulation results of bundling in the port area. Cooperation between inland terminals offers an opportunity to attain economies of scale, but may not be perceived as a sole solution for reducing waiting times of inland barges at sea terminals. A combination of bundling measures in the port area and in the hinterland may be necessary to improve the intermodal transport chain.     

近30年辽东湾北部区土地利用强度与生态系统服务价值的时空关系

探讨滨海湿地土地利用强度与生态系统服务价值的时空关系,是促进滨海湿地资源合理配置及维持生态系统可持续发展的重要依据。基于辽东湾北部区1985、1993、2002、2014年4期Landsat TM遥感数据,在计算土地利用强度综合指数的基础上,运用地统计学方法及地理加权回归模型探讨土地利用强度与生态系统服务价值的时空耦合关系,结果表明:1)1985—2014年,生态系统服务价值变化显著,其中水域占比最大,滩涂和草地次之。2)研究区单位面积生态系统服务价值在空间上总体呈现由南高北低向西高东低演变的趋势。3)研究区土地利用强度与生态系统服务价值之间整体呈强烈的负相关关系,当土地利用强度增加时,生态系统服务价值降低。4)随着土地利用强度的增加,四种服务类型之间出现以供给服务价值的增加而导致其他服务类型价值减少的权衡关系。     

Inbound container storage price competition between the container terminal and a remote container yard

With the rapid development of global ocean transportation, storage space in container terminals is becoming a scarce resource. Hence, the terminal yard only performs as a temporary storage facility for inbound cargos. A storage charge is levied for inbound cargos that stay longer than a free storage time (called free-time-limit). After the free-time-limit, customers may move cargos from the terminal yard to a remote container yard where the storage price is lower than that in the terminal. This paper proposes inbound container storage pricing game models between the container terminal and a remote container yard. Two cases are considered: (1) the inbound container’s dwell time is random and follows a probability distribution function; (2) the inbound container’s dwell time is sensitive to the storage prices. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the storage pricing behavior and competition outcomes of the container terminal and the remote container yard. A number of insights and analysis are provided.     

密云水库上游流域生态系统服务功能空间特征及其与居民福祉的关系

生态系统管理的一个重要挑战是在区域尺度上管理生态系统服务并提高当地居民福祉。以2009年土地利用数据和社会经济数据为基础,利用InVEST模型和空间制图在乡镇尺度上对密云水库上游流域水资源供给服务、土壤保持服务、水质净化服务、产品供给服务以及居民福祉进行了定量评估和空间特征刻画,并探讨了生态系统服务与居民福祉的不同关系模式。结果表明,流域内各乡镇土壤保持服务从上游到下游呈逐渐递增的趋势,水质净化服务从上游到下游整体上也呈逐渐递增的趋势,流域内水质净化服务功能与水资源供给服务、粮食供给服务、蔬菜供给服务以及畜牧产品供给服务在空间上呈显著负相关;基于生态系统服务与居民福祉在空间上的聚集特征,可将56个乡镇划分为低服务低福祉模式、供给服务依赖模式和高服务高福祉模式,针对这3种关系模式特点,可分别提出改善生态系统服务功能和居民福祉的管理措施。案例研究可为其他区域实施分区管理、协调生态系统服务功能保护与居民福祉的关系提供借鉴。     

Plant diversity enhances provision of ecosystem services: A new synthesis

Biodiversity is known to play a fundamental role in ecosystem functioning and thus may positively influence the provision of ecosystem services with benefits to society. There is a need for further understanding of how specific components of biodiversity are affecting service provision. In this context, terrestrial plants are a particularly important component of biodiversity and one for which a wealth of information on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships is available. In this paper, we consider terrestrial plants as providers of ecosystem services and analyze whether manipulating plant diversity has an effect on the magnitude of ecosystem service provision using a meta-analysis of 197 effect sizes and a vote-counting analysis of 361 significance tests. The results of these analyses are compared with those of a previous meta-analysis that included a wide diversity of service providers. We produce a synthesis table to explicitly link plants as service providers to indicators of ecosystem properties and these to ecosystem services. By focusing on only plants, we found a clear positive effect of biodiversity on six out of eight services analyzed (provisioning of plant products, erosion control, invasion resistance, pest regulation, pathogen regulation and soil fertility regulation). When controlling for pseudoreplication (repeated records from single studies), we found that four of the six positive effects remained significant; only pest regulation and soil fertility showed non-significant effects. Further expanding our basis for inference with the vote-counting analysis corroborated these results, demonstrating that quantitative meta-analysis and vote-counting methods are both useful methods to synthesize biodiversity–ecosystem service studies. Notwithstanding the restricted number of identified services, our results point to the importance of maintaining plant diversity to ensure and increased provision of ecosystem services which benefit human well-being.     

乡村地区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系——以湖州市为例

湖州是中国"美丽乡村"发源地,十多年来乡村面貌发生较大改变,从而对其生境维持、文化保护带来压力,定量评估湖州乡村的生态系统服务及相关关系对其可持续发展具有重要意义。基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Miami模型、InVEST模型、水量平衡法、Maxent模型等方法对该区域2010-2018年粮食供给、碳贮存、水源涵养、文化服务等四项生态系统服务进行时空演变分析,探究不同生态系统服务间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明：(1)在2010-2018年,湖州市乡村地区粮食供给在波动中下降,一级区以东、西部的平原耕地为主;碳贮存均值与总量年际变化极小,中、西部的高山林地碳储量最高;水源涵养均值呈现先增后减的小幅波动,空间分布特点与碳贮存相似;文化服务能力逐年增强,一级区向景点区域集聚并扩张。(2)在权衡与协同分析中,水源涵养与碳贮存、粮食供给之间以协同效应为主,文化服务与水源涵养、粮食供给、碳贮存之间以权衡效应为主,粮食供给与碳贮存之间由权衡效应向协同效应转变,各服务间相关关系总体逐渐增强且存在空间差异性。(3)热点区域识别研究显示,Ⅰ类热点区主要为提供粮食供给的耕地,占比多且略有增强;Ⅱ类热点区主要为提供碳贮存、水源涵养的林地,总体有所减少;Ⅲ类热点区主要为提供碳贮存、水源涵养,以及粮食供给或文化服务的林地和耕地,占比较多并不断扩大;Ⅳ类热点区、非热点区分别位于山地-平原过渡区、靠近城镇区域,均占比极少且变化小。研究结果以期为揭示乡村地区生态系统供给、调节、文化服务间的关系,优化乡村经济结构与发展模式,推进乡村的合理规划和可持续发展提供参考。