SPF级金黄地鼠的主要生物学特性

目的测定SPF级金黄地鼠的生物学特性数据,为生物制品的生产、检定及科学研究提供标准化的SPF级金黄地鼠。方法在5周龄、10周龄和30周龄群体中随机抽样20只地鼠,雌雄各半。测定生长发育、繁殖性能、淘汰种鼠干物质及粗脂肪含量、解剖学特性以及血液生理生化指标等生物学特性指标。结果从SPF级金黄地鼠的生长和繁殖特性来看,通过严格的选择和淘汰,SPF级金黄地鼠的生长、繁殖等特性已保留下来,同比原种群得到进一步提高。其体重和主要脏器重量、脏器系数的数据在5、10和30这三个日龄段基本稳定一致,呈现正常的生长规律;该鼠群的血常规、血液生化指标和免疫指标也比较稳定一致,个体间的差异很小。结论本实验测定的SPF级金黄地鼠的主要生物学特性,将为SPF级金黄地鼠进一步标准化提供极其重要的依据。     

金黄地鼠封闭群SPF化后的微卫星遗传学检测

目的检测和评估金黄地鼠封闭群SPF化后的遗传学变化,为SPF金黄地鼠遗传质量的控制提供技术资料。方法应用小鼠和大鼠的微卫星标记筛选适于金黄地鼠遗传检测的微卫星标记,并结合微卫星荧光标记-半自动基因分型技术,对成都生物制品研究所的SPF级金黄地鼠及其来源的普通级金黄地鼠进行遗传检测,计算其群体遗传学参数。结果对18个小鼠和6个大鼠微卫星标记进行了筛选,分别有2个小鼠和2个大鼠微卫星标记在金黄地鼠种群中具PCR扩增多态性。4个检测的微卫星位点在普通级金黄地鼠和SPF金黄地鼠种群分别发现25和20个等位基因,两群体的期望杂合度分别为0.4979和0.5048,其群体遗传多样性无显著差异;群体间的不同微卫星位点FST范围从0.0095到0.0367,平均为0.0315,表明两群体间的遗传分化很弱,其遗传多样性主要存在于群体内;Nei(1972)遗传距离和Nei(1978)无偏遗传距离分别为0.0678和0.0570,表明了2群体之间很高的遗传相似度和非常近的亲缘关系;Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验表明普通级和SPF金黄地鼠分别有2个和3个位点偏离遗传平衡,且偏离位点均表现为杂合子缺陷。结论该SPF金黄地鼠基本保持了其来源普通级黄地鼠的遗传多样性,两群体间遗传分化程度和遗传差异很小,但应进一步加强其封闭群的繁育控制,保持其遗传稳定性。     

实验动物运输盒微生物指标检测分析

目的检测SPF金黄地鼠在从204车间转运到隔离器车间时微生物污染情况,同时对不同运输盒进行比较,筛选合格的实验动物运输盒。方法用TSA培养皿模拟实验动物运输过程,比较沉降菌检测结果。结果大小IVC笼盒内环境微生物能控制在14 cfu/4 h以下,而且菌落形态与SPF饲养间环境内的沉降菌基本一致,符合标准要求;甲乙普通运输盒内环境微生物却在70 cfu/4 h以上,不符合标准要求。结论 SPF金黄地鼠在从204车间转运到隔离器车间时未受到污染;实验动物转移运输应选择大小IVC笼盒。     

湖南省2006～2010年实验动物微生物质量监测结果分析

目的了解湖南省实验动物微生物学质量,为实验动物实行科学管理提供重要依据,保证实验动物质量,确保实验结果准确和实验动物科技事业工作者的职业健康与安全。方法在相关单位生产繁殖群以单纯随机抽样原则采样,按照GB 14922.2-2001、GB/T 14926-2001和GB/T14926.21-2008进行实验动物微生物检测。结果 SPF级大鼠批次合格率为73.68%,SPF级小鼠批次合格率为77.78%,普通级新西兰兔批次合格率为60.61%,普通级豚鼠批次合格率为100%。结论我省2006～2010年实验动物微生物学质量前期呈现下降趋势,后期得到较大改善。要继续采取措施加强实验动物管理,消除实验动物种群微生物感染。     

日本佐藤善一先生来兰讲学

<正>日本实验动物协会理事、日中技术交流会会员佐藤善一先生,于11月13日上午应邀在我所作了“关于SPF动物的生产”的学术报告。佐藤先生曾在我国原大连生物制品研所工作,1955年回国。他从事SPF实验动     

SPF动物口腔菌群的调查

SPF 即无特定病原动物,指不存在某些特定的具有病原性或潜在病原性微生物的动物。SPF 动物较无菌动物更容易获得,目前 SPF 动物广泛地用于医学实验研究。本研究对 SPF 动物的口腔菌群进行了初步的调查,为今后用此作牙周病的细菌学研     

国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心

国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心是 1998年由国家科委批准建立的 ,设在中国药品生物制品检定所实验动物中心。其主要任务是 :引进、收集和保存实验动物品种、品系 ;研究实验动物保种新技术 ;培育实验动物新品种、品系 ;为国内外用户提供标准的实验动物种子。我中心建立以来 ,已经向全国二十个省市的 5 0多家单位 ,供应了SPF级种鼠一万多只。目前保存有SPF级大小鼠、豚鼠、家兔等 2 0多个品种品系的实验动物 ,最近引入了F344、B N、ICR、C57BL 10等品系 ,还将陆续从国外引进急需的实验动物种子。我中心严格控制实验动物质量 ,确保为用户提…     

国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心简介

国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心是1 998年由国家科委批准建立的,设在中国药品生物制品检定所实验动物中心。其主要任务是:引进、收集和保存实验动物品种、品系;研究实验动物保种新技术;培育实验动物新品种、品系;为国内外用户提供标准的实验动物种子。该中心建立以来,已经向全国2 0个省市的5 0多家单位,供应了SPF级种鼠1万多只。目前保存有SPF级大、小鼠,豚鼠,家兔等2 0多个品种品系的实验动物,最近引入了F344、B .N、ICR、C57BL 1 0等品系,还将陆续从国外引进急需的实验动物种子。该中心严格控制实验动物质量,确保为用户提供合格的种子;…     

SPF大鼠感染金黄色葡萄球菌原因的调查分析

目的连续监测某实验动物饲养场SPF大鼠携带的金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus(SA)情况,结合该饲养场环境、人员等检测结果,查找污染源,为保障和提高实验动物质量提供依据。方法2011—2017年依据《实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法(GB/T 14926.14-2001)》对SPF大鼠进行SA监测,并采集饲养环境和饲养人员的样本进行检测。对所有分离的SA菌株应用金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(SPA)基因分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型,分析污染源。结果35份SPF大鼠检出16株SA,检出率45.71%;18份饲养环境和饲养人员样本检出2株SA,检出率11.11%。SPA分型可分成5个型别,T2360为优势型别,主要由2013年和2017年SPF大鼠中的菌株组成。PFGE有5种带型,SA4为主要带型。饲养环境中SA的PFGE带型与2017年SPF大鼠中的完全一致。结论饲养环境中存在的SA与SPF大鼠感染的SA具有紧密联系。     

不同种株利什曼原虫对Balb/c小鼠和金黄地鼠的致病性研究

为了比较不同种株利什曼原虫对实验动物的致病性,分别将5×107的杜氏利什曼原虫SC6株、热带利什曼原虫K27株、婴儿利什曼原虫LEM235株和婴儿利什曼原虫KXG-Liu株前鞭毛体与无鞭毛体感染Balb/c小鼠和金黄地鼠,观察各感染动物皮肤损害状况,3月后,有限稀释培养法分别检测肝和脾脏内的虫荷数.发现不同种株利什曼原虫引起的疾病存在极大的异质性,杜氏利什曼原虫四川SC6株致Balb/c小鼠轻微皮肤损害,肝和脾脏内重度虫荷数,金黄地鼠肝和脾脏内重度虫荷数;热带利什曼原虫K27株致Balb/c小鼠严重的皮肤损害,但肝和脾脏的虫荷数较低,金黄地鼠肝和脾脏中未查见原虫;婴儿利什曼原虫LEM235株致Balb/c小鼠严重的皮肤损害,肝和脾脏内重度虫荷数,金黄地鼠肝和脾脏内重度虫荷数;婴儿利什曼原虫KXG-Liu株可致Balb/c小鼠严重的皮肤损害,肝和脾脏中度虫荷数,金黄地鼠肝和脾脏内少量虫荷数.另外,还发现原虫的生活史状态和进入机体的途径及实验动物的类型对不同种株利什曼原虫感染致病产生影响.     

The duration of capture and restraint during anesthesia and euthanasia influences glucocorticoid levels in male golden hamsters

Deep litter has been shown to decrease stereotypic wire-gnawing in male golden hamsters, suggesting that increased litter depth may be associated with decreased chronic stress levels. To determine the relationship between litter depth and stress levels in hamsters, the authors measured serum levels of corticosterone, cortisol, and ACTH in male golden hamsters kept in cages with three different depths of litter. The duration of handling the hamsters significantly increased the concentrations of corticosterone, cortisol, and the ratio of cortisol/corticosterone. It took longer to catch hamsters housed in cages with deep litter and the ACTH levels were higher in these hamsters. The positive effect of the enrichment (deep litter) was diminished by methodological problems during handling/anesthesia.     

Pineal melatonin in hibernating and aroused golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Daily changes of pineal melatonin content were determined in warm-adapted nonhibernating and cold-adapted hibernating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Pineal melatonin in nonhibernating golden hamsters showed marked daily rhythm with the night values about 20 times higher than the daytime ones. In hamsters hibernating for 2 and 3 days the melatonin rhythm was abolished, since no increase of pineal melatonin over basal levels occurred throughout 24 hr period. After arousal from hibernation melatonin increased rapidly regardless whether the hamsters were provoked to arousal during day or night.     

金黄地鼠高血脂模型的建立

目的建立高血脂金黄地鼠动物模型,研究红葡萄酒预防高血脂的作用。方法用含有2%胆固醇的高脂饲料喂养金黄地鼠,设正常对照组和模型组,饲养15 d。期间观察金黄地鼠对高脂饲料的耐受性,试验结束时,测量血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)值,并对肝脏进行光镜和电镜观察。结果金黄地鼠对高脂饲料具有较强的耐受性。经过15 d之后,模型组TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、VLDL-C极显著升高(P<0.01),分别为对照组的9.06、4.19、2.43、6.21、18.88倍,而HDL-C/(LDL-C VLDL-C)显著降低(P<0.05),光镜和电镜观察表明模型组动物的肝脏出现脂肪肝样改变。结论本造型方法时间短,取血方便,血量充足,是一个较好的高血脂模型建立方法。     

Effect of different environmental temperatures on the serotonin concentration and turnover in the brain stem of a hibernator.

The serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacttic acid (5-HIAA) levels and 5-HT turnover were studies in the brain stem of warm- (+30 degrees C) and cold- (+6 degrees C) acclimated golden hamsters, exposed for 3 hours to temperatures of +6 degrees C, +30 degrees C and +37 degrees C, respectively. In war-acclimated hamsters kept under conditions the 5-HT level in the brain did not change significantly during the year. The 5-HIAA level was slightly higher in the winter. The 5-HT turnover varied within limits of 0.071 to 0.180 mug/g/hour-1. Three hours' exposure of warm-acclimated golden hamsters to cold (6 degrees C) increased the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the 5-HT turnover in the brain. After long-term adaptation to cold (6 degrees C) the 5-HT level, and the 5-HT turnover returned to the original level. Three hours' exposure of golden hamsters to higher environmental temperatures (warm-acclimated individuals to 37 degrees C and cold-acclimated individuals to 30 degrees C) also increased the 5-HT turnover. The concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA increased in cold-acclimated golden hamsters exposed to 30 degrees C and was not changed in warm-acclimated ones, exposed to 37 degrees C. Although the elevated temperatures induce greater changes in serotonin metabolism than lowered temperatures, the serotonin pathways in the brain do not seem to be affected by short-term temperature changes specifically. The findings are rather indicative that changes in 5-HT turnover may be the primary reaction to stressful conditions.     

Isolation calls and retrieving behavior in laboratory and wild-derived golden hamsters—No sign for inbreeding depression

Isolated juvenile golden hamsters produce ultrasonic and audible vocalizations, so-called isolation calls, as a reaction to being separated from their mother and nest and their cooling down. Their aim is to stimulate mothers to search and retrieve the pups. In this work, the vocalization of juvenile laboratory (Zoh:GOHA; Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg) and juvenile wild-derived golden hamsters (captured in northern Syria and southern Turkey) from birth up to the age of 18 days were digitally recorded, analyzed and compared using an ultrasonic microphone and the software Avisoft. Furthermore, the retrieving behavior of the mothers was observed and compared. The results showed that the number of isolation calls was age-specific and the structure of the calls was influenced by body temperature, body mass and sex of the pups. The age of the pups determined retrieval by the maternal golden hamsters; however these did not discriminate between their own pups or foreign pups. In spite of enormous genetic differences between wild-derived and laboratory golden hamsters, only minor differences between the strains were found.     

Strain-specific barriers against bovine prions in hamsters

We investigated the susceptibilities of Syrian golden hamsters to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents from cattle. We report efficient transmission of the L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent into hamsters. Importantly, hamsters were also susceptible to the transmissible mink encephalopathy agent from cattle, which has molecular features similar to those of the L-type BSE agent, as also shown in bovinized transgenic mice. In sharp contrast, hamsters could not be infected with classical or H-type BSE agents from cattle. However, previous adaptation of the classical BSE agent in wild-type mice led to efficient transmission. Thus, this study demonstrates the existence of distinct "strain barriers" upon the transmission of bovine prions in hamsters.     

Acylases in plasma of hamsters with experimental hepatitis

After the administration of D-galactosamine to golden Syrian hamsters, a rapid but short-lived increase in acylase I and cobalt-activated (AA-Co) activity was noted in the blood plasma, but not in the liver. In the plasma of control hamsters, only form 2 AA-Co was identified, but during experimental hepatitis, the appearance of form 1 was observed. Only form 2 hamster enzyme is strongly inhibited by alpha-hydroxyisocaproil-tyrosine and reacts with antihuman form 2 antibody.     

ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF WILD AND LABORATORY GOLDEN HAMSTERS (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS) UNDER ENTRAINED AND FREE-RUNNING CONDITIONS

The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is one of the most frequently used laboratory animals, particularly in chronobiological studies. One reason is its very robust and predictable rhythms, although the question arises whether this is an inbreeding effect or rather is typical for the species. We compared the daily (circadian) activity rhythms of wild and laboratory golden hamsters. The laboratory hamsters were derived from our own outbred stock (Zoh:GOHA). The wild hamsters included animals captured in Syria and their descendants (F1). Experiments were performed under entrained (light: dark [LD] 14h:10h) and under free-running (constant darkness, DD) conditions. Locomotor activity was recorded using passive infrared detectors. Under entrained conditions, the animals had access to a running wheel for a certain time to induce additional activity. After 3 weeks in constant darkness, a light pulse (15 min, 100 lux) was applied at circadian time 14 (CT14). Both laboratory and wild hamsters showed well-pronounced and very similar activity rhythms. Under entrained conditions, all hamsters manifested about 80% of their total 24h activity during the dark portion of the LD cycle. The robustness of the daily rhythms was also similar. However, interindividual variability was higher in wild hamsters for both measures. All animals used the running wheels almost exclusively during the dark portion of the LD cycle, although the wild hamsters were three times more active. The period length, measured in constant darkness, was significantly shorter in wild (23.93h ± 0.10h) than in laboratory hamsters (24.06 ± 0.07h). The light-induced phase changes were not different (about 1.5h). In summary, these results indicate that the laboratory hamster is not much different from the wild type. (Chronobiology International, 18(6), 921-932, 2001)