中国猕猴桃属植物叶表皮毛微形态特征及数量分类分析

选取国产猕猴桃35个分类群的代表植株,应用光学显微镜对其新鲜叶表皮毛的微形态特征、形体大小、细胞结构、分布和密度等多态性状和数量性状进行了观察和测量。该属植物的叶表皮毛微形态特征可归纳为6个类型：1)单细胞毛;2)单列多细胞毛,包括线形单列毛、泡状单列毛、扭曲毛、直壁单列毛、曲壁单列毛;3)多列渐尖毛和急尖毛,包括多列曲壁渐尖毛和急尖毛、多列直壁渐尖毛和急尖毛; 4)多列粗毛,包括柱状毛、多列渐尖粗毛、多列急尖粗毛;5)星状毛,包括薄壁星状毛、厚壁星状毛(分正常状况和莲座毛、盾形星状毛、叠生星状毛等特殊状况);6)二歧分枝毛。在此基础上,建立了数据矩阵,并选择猕猴桃科藤山柳lematoclethra lasioclada作为外类群,应用Wagner法和UPGMA聚类法对中国猕猴桃属植物进行了分支分析和表征分析。分支分析结果表明：梁畴芬在1984年发表的分类系统中的净果组为单系类群,而其它3个组(斑果组、糙毛组和星毛组)均不构成单系类群。表征分析反映了猕猴桃属分类群间的表征亲缘关系,特别是反映了中华猕猴桃与美味猕猴桃两个物种间关系较近,而与硬齿猕猴桃两个变种间的关系较远。叶表皮毛微形态特征及数量分类分析方法对研究猕猴桃属植物的系统发育关系和亲缘关系具有重要的意义。     

中国常绿栎类叶表皮毛形态与分类的研究

经扫描电镜观察,我国常绿栎类的叶表皮共发现有10种不同类型的毛,它们分别是：单列毛、单分枝毛、泡状毛、莲座毛、单毛、束毛、短柄束毛、多出毛、星状毛和并合星状毛。 不同的分类单位有不同毛类型的组合。所有常绿栎类的叶表皮上都出现有非腺毛类型的毛,而腺毛则仅限于某些分类单位中。这两种基本类型的毛在结构和功能上有着本质的区别,分别代表了物种的生存适应方式和进化途径。按叶表皮毛的基本类型将我国常绿栎类划分为腺毛类群和非腺毛类群两个类群,支持将常绿栎类分成高山栎组(Sect．Suber(Reichenb．)Spach)和巴东栎组(Sect．Englerianae(A. Camus)Hsu et Jen)的分组处理。综合叶表皮毛的类型、密度以及分枝特征提出了我国常绿栎类各分类单位之间的亲缘关系图。     

中国黄耆属糙叶组叶表皮毛状体微形态学特征

采用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对中国产黄耆属糙叶组34种植物的叶表皮毛状体的形态特征及其分布进行了观察,以探讨中国黄耆属糙叶组物种表皮毛微观形态的变异式样及其分类学意义,为糙叶组物种的分类鉴定提供依据。结果表明：除乳白花黄耆（A. galactites）仅在叶下表面被毛外,其余种类上下表皮均有毛,且毛的分布、形态、长度和臂比在不同种类间存在差异。叶表皮毛为伏贴或开展的中空管状毛,伏贴毛着生部位基部膨大,整体形态从中部向两端由粗逐渐变细,开展的毛大部分为细长的丝状或线状,光滑或具条纹状纹饰,上面分布有乳突。研究认为,叶表皮表面伏贴、短而平直、其上光滑具密集乳突、臂比值小、整体宽扁的毛是祖先特征;而叶表皮表面向上开展、长而密集、外形呈丝状或线形、其上具条纹状纹饰、乳突稀疏、臂比值大的毛是进化特征。     

苜蓿属和胡卢巴属植物的形态特征及数量分类研究

为研究苜蓿属(Medicago L.)与胡卢巴属(Trigonella L.)间的亲缘关系,寻找两属间的分属依据,解决中间过渡类群的分类归属问题,对苜蓿属与胡卢巴属种类的种皮结构和花粉形态特征进行了观察和测量,并以苜蓿属和胡卢巴属植物的40个形态性状为依据、应用数量分类方法对供试的16个种类进行了聚类分析(UPGMA)和主成分分析(PCA).此外,还根据具有重要分类学意义的形态性状,编写了供试的苜蓿属和胡卢巴属16个种类的分类检索表.观察结果表明,供试的两属植物(11种)的种皮结构基本相同,均由栅栏组织细胞、厚壁细胞和薄壁细胞组成,但胡卢巴属种皮的帽状结构和栅栏组织的厚度均小于苜蓿属.供试的两属植物(9种)花粉形态特征相似,均为椭球形或近球形,赤道面观为椭圆形,极面观为三裂圆形;极轴和赤道轴长分别为22.67～34.67 μm和17.34～31.60 μm;花粉表面纹饰较简单,呈小穴状.种皮结构和花粉特征显示两属的亲缘关系较近,仅种皮结构中的帽状结构差异具有一定的属间分类学意义.聚类分析结果表明,在欧氏距离10.85处,供试的苜蓿属(11种)和胡卢巴属(5种)的16个种类被划分为2组,A组均由胡卢巴属种类组成,B组均由苜蓿属种类组成;在欧氏距离9.32处,B组可被进一步划分为3个亚组,所包含的种类分别为苜蓿属的阔荚亚属(Subgen. Platycarpos D. F. Cui)、镰荚亚属(Subgen. Medicago Tutin)和天蓝苜蓿亚属(Subgen. Lupulina Gressh.)的种类.主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分的累积贡献率较低,仅57.50%;在前3个主成分中,果实和小叶的长宽比、花萼长和被毛状况、茎和小叶的被毛状况、小叶尖形状、花序长等相关性状的绝对权重值均在0.6以上,具有重要的分类学意义;基于前2个主成分所做的二维散点图中供试的16个种类组成4个表征类群,与聚类分析结果一致.     

猕猴桃属9种植物的花粉形态研究

本文利用扫描电镜和光学显微镜研究了猕猴桃属6种和3变种植物的花粉形态。本属花粉粒具三孔沟或三拟孔沟,外壁纹饰差异较大。可作为该属属下分组的重要依据之一。根据外壁纹饰,可将它们概括为4种类型:(1)皱块状表面具细条纹;(2)不规则的瘤状纹饰;(3)小沟状或小穿孔状;(4)较规则的瘤状纹饰类型。     

猕猴桃属植物形态描述术语辨析

详细讨论并定义了主要的猕猴桃属植物形态描述专业术语,并给出了所有讨论术语的准确对应的英文专业术语。     

猕猴桃属花粉形态研究简报

本文借助光学显微镜,对本所猕猴桃种质圃内猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物53个分类群的花粉形态进行了观察,该属植物的花粉为长圆球形或近圆球形或扁圆球形。花粉多具三孔沟,个别四孔沟。外壁纹饰近光滑、模糊网纹或拟网纹。     

猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义

由于天然种间杂交,猕猴桃属Actinidia Lindl.的分类存在着组间界限不清、近缘种之间很难区分的问题。本文试图通过对该属不同组、系的植物花粉及种间杂交后代花粉的扫描电镜观察,探讨该属物种的系统学关系。在扫描电镜下观察了猕猴桃属植物21种、 6变种和4个不同种间杂交F1代植株的花粉,描述了它们的花粉形态,并根据花粉形态特征建立了相应的检索表。研究结果表明：（1）猕猴桃属的花粉形状主要以长球形至近球形为主,变异较小,而花粉粒大小和外壁纹饰的种间差异较大。（2）多数迁地保护物种的花粉粒以三孔沟为主,不同于以前报道的以三拟孔沟为主,原因可能是花粉样本采集地的环境不一样,以及野外的广泛杂交造成的。（3）种间杂交后代花粉空瘪,无授粉能力,是由于所采用亲本植株染色体的倍性不同,后代不能产生正常花粉所致。（4）人工选育雄株花粉外壁纹饰较野生雄株花粉的精细,这种花粉外壁纹饰变小的特征可能有利于雌雄异株植物的授粉受精。这一现象值得进一步探讨。（5）雄株花粉大小与其雌株果实大小之间有一定相关性,这一现象有助于杂交后代的早期筛选。     

Quantitative taxonomic analyses of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) in China based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

There are various arguments on classification of the genus Actinidia Lindl., a genus with approximately 63 species, 59 of which have been found in China. The paper investigated the characteristics of foliar trichomes of 35 taxa from China under optical microscope, including size, celluar structure, distribution and density. According to their micromorphological characteristics, foliar trichomes can be classified into the following six categories: 1) single-cell hairs; 2) uniseriate hairs, including linear, bulbous, twisted, straight-walled, and bent-walled hairs; 3) multiseriate hairs, including twisted, straight-walled and gradually sharpening, straight-walled and suddenly sharpening, bent-walled and gradually sharpening, and suddenly sharpening hairs; 4) multiseriate thick hairs, including pillar hairs, gradually sharpening thick hairs, and suddenly sharpening thick hairs; 5) stellate hairs, including parenchyma-stellate and sclerenchyma-stellate (normal state and special states such as rosulate, peltate-stellate, and overlopping-stellate) hairs; and 6) dichotomous hairs. On the basis of the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes in Actinidia, with Clematoclethra lasioclada as an outgroup, both the quantitative cladistic analysis and phenetic analysis were performed using Wagner method and UPGMA clustering method respectively to reconstruct the phylogeny of Actinidia in China. The phylogenetic tree generated by cladistic analysis suggests that the sect. Leiocarpae be a monophyletic group, but other three sections, i.e., sect. Maculatae, sect. Strigosae and sect. Stellatae, be non-monophyletic groups. The results obtained from the phenetic analysis reflect relationships among the taxa of Actinidia in China, especially a close relationship between A. chinensis and A. deliciosa, and a relatively remote relationship between A. callosa var. henryi and A. callosa var. discolor. In conclusion, the micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes and the methods of quantitative taxonomic analysis are of key importance tostudies on phylogenetic and phenetic relationships of Actinidia.     

Pollen-pistil interaction in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa; Actinidiaceae)

The pollen-pistil interaction has been examined in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). In this species a large number of seeds are produced in each fruit and a great many pollen grains germinate and grow to reach the ovules. This growth is assisted by an abundant secretion that is present all along the pistilar tract. At anthesis, the stigma is covered by a secretion where the pollen grains germinate and grow. The stylar transmitting tissue is initially rich in starch reserves, but the starch gradually disappears and, concomitantly, an abundant secretion that stains for carbohydrates appears in all of the intercellular spaces. Pollen tube growth relies on this secretion since it is depleted after pollen tube passage, while in unpollinated flowers it remains unaltered throughout the flower life-span. In the ovary a similar situation occurs. The placental surface, where the pollen tubes grow before reaching the ovules, is covered by a number of obturators. At anthesis, these obturators are rich in starch reserves and have an abundant secretion on their outer surface. As time passes, starch disappears while the secretion increases. It is in this secretion that the pollen tubes grow on their way toward the ovules. These observations are discussed in terms of the support given by the pistil to pollen tube growth to achieve the highly successful reproductive performance of this species.     

硬毛猕猴桃（猕猴桃科）名称后选模式的指定

根据对保存于中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）合模式标本的研究,对硬毛猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang)的名称作后选模式指定。     

猕猴桃自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析

本研究采用空间自相关分析方法对同域分布的中华猕猴桃(Actinidiachinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A.deliciosa)自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究,以探讨猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的分布特征。选用的9对SSR引物在两物种中共扩增出104个等位基因。选择频率在20–80%的SSR等位基因,运用等样本对频率方法分别对同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃各1个居群及其中华/美味猕猴桃复合居群进行了空间自相关系数Moran’sI值计算。结果表明:中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的遗传变异在居群内均存在着一定程度的空间结构,尽管近半数或半数以上的等位基因在居群内表现为随机分布的空间模式,但也有相当比例(29.6–48.0%)的等位基因在种内居群中和复合居群中(河南西峡51.0%,陕西商南44.7%)呈现渐变、衰退、双向衰退或侵扰模式。而且其居群内遗传变异的空间分布规律,不论是在种内还是复合居群中都基本一致:相距在100m以内,特别是30m范围内的个体间的等位基因表现出显著性的正相关,但随着地理距离的增大逐渐显示出负相关,说明猕猴桃属植物的有效传粉距离可能在100m左右,种子散播主要集中在30m的近距离内。猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的空间结构是其传粉和种子散播等生物学特性与生境共同作用的结果,其中种子近距离的散播、花粉传播的有限距离及人为干扰是最主要的因素。本研究结果揭示了这两个近缘物种居群遗传变异的空间分布特征及相互关系,有助于进一步探讨猕猴桃属植物的遗传变异、居群扩散及其地理系统发育进化等方面的规律,并为制定相应的保育策略和措施提供基础数据和科学依据。     

Micro‐morphological characteristics of seed and ovary trichomes of Iranian Glaucium Mill. species (Papaveraceae) and their taxonomic importance

Seeds and trichomes of 15 taxa of the genus Glaucium distributed in Iran were examined by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The seeds are slightly shiny to rather shiny, however, strongly shiny seeds were also observed in some species (G. corniculatum and G. grandiflorum). The basic shape of the seeds is semicircular to reniform, but reniform and elongated reniform seeds were found in G. oxylobum and G. elegans, respectively. The sculpturing of the testa surface are verrucate–rugulate (most frequent type), verrucate–granulate, verrucate–perforate, verrucate–lineolate, rugulate–granulate, rugulate and ocellate. Elongated polygonal epidermal cells dominate in most taxa investigated, but there are polygonal and irregular polygonal cells in a few taxa. The investigated species have two types of trichomes on the ovary: tuberculate and non‐tuberculate. The non‐tuberculate trichomes are of two subtypes: pilose and squamiform. Based on the number of cells, the squamiform trichomes were further divided into two groups (uniseriate and multiseriate) differing in shape, size and cellular structure. The results show that the micro‐morphological characteristics of seed and ovary trichomes provide useful and significant information for separation of species and taxa within species and a diagnostic key to the taxa is provided.     

Effects of foliar apple trichomes on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): preferences,fecundity and prey consumption

相似文献   

A palaeontological and phylogenetical analysis of squaliform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes) based on dental characters

Squaliformes comprise the major proportion of modern deep-water sharks, yet their fossil history and phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood. New analyses have been undertaken, however, and new living and fossil species have been discovered during the past 10 years. A cladistic analysis involving 29 dental characters has been made and most living and fossil genera are included. On the basis of their dental morphology, the monophyly of the Squaliformes can be supported if the fossil genus Protospinax is excluded. The traditional phylogenetic positions of most living genera, Protosqualus, Cretascymnus and Eoetmopterus, are confirmed despite the fact that the Oxynotidae, Etmopterinae, Palaeomicroides, Proetmopterus and Microetmopterus have some atypical phylogenetic relationships within the Squaliformes. The addition of the palaeontological data in a phylogenetic tree including fossil and living Squaliformes demonstrates some gaps in the fossil record. Nevertheless, and as a consequence of that stratigraphy-phylogeny inference, two particular events can be pinpointed in the history of the Squaliformes: the first one occurs after the major Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event and the second one after the Cretaceous/Tertiary crisis. The first radiation involves the majority of the living Squaliformes (Somniosinae, Centrophorinae, most of the Etmopterinae, Oxynotinae) in deep-sea waters, the second, the more epipelagic sharks (most of the Dalatiidae), suggesting a secondary adaptation to more shallow environments.     

Cladistic and phenetic analyses of relationships among Fusarium spp. in Dongtan wetland by morphology and isozymes

Variations of 12 morphological characters and 78 isozymic bands among 78 isolates of five Fusarium spp. from Dongtan wetland were described and analysed with cladistic parsimony and phenetic UPGMA methods. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 12 morphological characters grouped 78 strains into five defined species with a high overlap between isolates. Hierarchical cluster analysis of isozyme patterns showed a higher degree of relationship among five Fusarium spp., in which Fusarium nivale, Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium oxysporum clustered as one group, and F. semitectum was closer to F. nivale than to F. oxysporum; Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme formed one group and showed clearly distinct from the first group. Groups of individual isolates indicated by a plot of principal component analysis were consistent with these findings. The comparison of two different data sets revealed that isozyme patterns showed higher variations between species and among individual isolates than morphological characters. Parsimony analysis of morphological characters yielded unresolved cladograms. Parsimony analysis of isozymes as presence/absence characters revealed the same five species in general as the results indicated by phenetic analysis, differing in the relative position of species in subclusters.     

Magnesium deficiency of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

Magnesium deficiency was associated with large yield reductions in a five-year-old commercial kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) orchard. The effect on yield resulted primarily from a reduction in fruit numbers, there being no difference in mean fruit weight between fruit harvested from affected and unaffected vines. Magnesium deficiency had no deleterious effect on postharvest storage characteristics of fruit stored at 0.5–1°C for 18 weeks; fruit from deficient vines were firmer but had slightly lower soluble solids than fruit from control vines. Although deficiency symptoms were first observed on the basal leaves of the non-fruiting shoots mid season, indications of the impending deficiency could be established very early in the season using foliar analysis. Magnesium concentrations in youngest fully expanded leaves (YFEL) on the affected vines were less than 2.0 g kg⁻¹ DM four weeks after budbreak and remained below this value for the rest of the season; concentrations in YFEL on unaffected vines did not decrease below this value and gradually increased after fruitset to 4.5 g kg⁻¹ DM at harvest. To avert potential production losses, it is suggested that soluble magnesium fertilizers (containing at least 200 kg ha⁻¹ Mg) should be broadcast early in the season if foliar magnesium concentrations less than 2.0 gkg⁻¹ DM are measured four–six weeks after budbreak.