食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互作用和协同进化关系

食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间是捕食和被捕食的关系,夜行性昆虫是食虫蝙蝠主要的食物来源。在漫长的协同进化中,蝙蝠施加的捕食压力导致夜行性昆虫一系列特征的进化,其中一部分昆虫进化出能听到蝙蝠的超声波信号并采取逃跑行为或者能通过其它方式躲避蝙蝠,同时昆虫的适应性特征同样影响着蝙蝠的回声定位和捕食策略。本文从蝙蝠捕食昆虫的种类、昆虫对蝙蝠捕食的反应和食虫性蝙蝠对昆虫防卫的适应对策等三个方面对食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互关系进行了概述。     

Wnt 信号通路与骨髓间充质干细胞成骨之间的关系

Wnt信号通路是由Wnts诱发的一系列相互作用的分子组成。Wnt信号对骨髓间充质干细胞的影响在所有研究中均证实有明显作用,其可调节干细胞增殖、分化及凋亡。研究表明,抑制Wnt信号通路转导可使成骨细胞分化进程受阻,从而抑制骨形成;若诱导Wnt家族成员表达则可使成骨细胞特异性基因表达增加,促进骨形成。本文就Wnt信号通路的作用过程及其与骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导的关系做一综述。     

豌豆中脱落酸含量、叶片导性与土壤含水量之间的关系

脱落酸与植物水分胁迫的关系已进行了大量的研究,现已明确脱落酸可以抑制气孔的开放(Jones和 Mansfield 1970,Weyers和 Hillman 1979,Henson等 1989),但它的作用机制仍然很不清楚。已有报告指出,当土壤水分亏缺时,ABA可以作为根与地上部间的通讯信号,由很运到地上部并抑制气孔的开放(Blackman和 Davies1985,Gollan等 1986,Zhang和 Davies     

虉草营养器官解剖结构与抗旱耐涝性及利用之间的关系

为了从显微结构上进一步探讨虉草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)的抗旱耐涝性及与利用的关系,于2011年采用常规石蜡切片技术,对其根、茎叶3种营养器官进行解剖观察。结果表明,虉草根的结构自外而内依次为表皮、皮层、维管束鞘、初生韧皮部和初生木质部;茎由表皮、基本组织和维管束构成;叶片内部结构可分为表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分。根皮层大的细胞间隙和气腔,初生木质部的后生大导管和茎基本组织解体形成的髓腔都是虉草良好的通气组织,是其耐水淹的主要显微特征。茎、叶片角质化的表皮和叶表皮所含的丰富泡状细胞组是虉草具有抗旱性的主要解剖结构特征。叶肉细胞排列紧密且只有少量气孔分布于叶片下表皮,这样的结构可减少蒸腾;叶肉细胞富含叶绿体,增强光合作用,获得更多的同化产物,确保了植株在干旱条件下也有足够的光合产物来维持正常的生理活动。茎、叶维管束部分大量的木纤维起到支撑作用。虉草根的皮层和维管柱部分、茎的基本组织和维管束部分、叶的叶脉部分都含有大面积的厚壁细胞,厚壁细胞中含有丰富的粗纤维和木质素。丰富的粗纤维、木质素等成分则是虉草能成为新能源燃料植物的必备条件。     

通泉草属3种植物柱头触敏性与花部特征之间的关系

选取3种具有不同传粉环境及花部结构差异明显的通泉草属(Mazus)植物,即毛果通泉草(M.spicatus Vaniot)、长蔓通泉草(M.longipes Bonati)和弹刀子菜(M.stachydifolius(Turcz.)Maxim.),观测其柱头触敏性行为,测量有关花部性状,对它们之间的相关性进行比较分析。结果显示,在相同强度的刺激下,毛果通泉草的柱头最为迟钝(闭合时间最长),弹刀子菜最为敏感,而长蔓通泉草介于两者之间。此外,柱头触敏性最强的弹刀子菜比柱头触敏性相对较弱的长蔓通泉草和毛果通泉草具有更深的花色、更大的单花展示、更长的药柱距以及更大的花粉胚珠比。研究结果表明通泉草属植物柱头触敏性的进化与花部特征密切相关,它们共同影响传粉过程中对传粉者的吸引、花粉落置、传递效率以及植物交配系统的构成式样。     

不同播期辣椒和番茄上烟粉虱成虫与捕食性天敌之间的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护自然天敌进行烟粉虱的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法,对春、秋两季辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫及其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,结果表明:辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫的捕食性天敌依次是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和小花蝽,两季辣椒田烟粉虱成虫的种群数量差异极显著(t=7.9063,t>t0.01).两季辣椒田中,八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫、粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫差异极显著(t>t0.01),锥腹肖蛸差异显著(t>t0.05).棚内天敌种类和数量较少.秋-冬季番茄田烟粉虱成虫数量显著高于辣椒田(t=2 4564,t>t0.01),而春-夏季两种作物上烟粉虱成虫种群数量没有明显差异,t=1.4628,t＜t0.05).     

抑制素B、骨形态发生蛋白15在早发性卵巢功能不全血清中表达意义及与治疗后妊娠失败的关系分析

摘要 目的：分析抑制素B、骨形态发生蛋白15在早发性卵巢功能不全血清中表达意义及与治疗后妊娠失败的关系。方法：选择我院自2021.6-2023.6收治的102例早发性卵巢功能不全患者纳入观察组,分为绝经组和非绝经组。另选同期的102例体检健康且月经正常的妇女纳入对照组,分析相关指标。结果：观察组血清抑制素B、骨形态发生蛋白15表达水平均更低（P<0.05）;绝经组血清抑制素B、骨形态发生蛋白15表达水平均低于非绝经组（P<0.05）;早发性卵巢功能不全患者血清抑制素B、骨形态发生蛋白15表达水平均与促黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素呈负相关,与雌二醇呈正相关（P<0.05）;低抑制素B组治疗后妊娠失败率高于高抑制素B组,低骨形态发生蛋白15组治疗后妊娠失败率高于高骨形态发生蛋白15组（P<0.05）;血清抑制素B联合骨形态发生蛋白15的敏感度为92.52%、特异度为63.47%、AUC为0.915。结论：早发性卵巢功能不全患者血清抑制素B和骨形态发生蛋白15表达均下调,与卵巢功能减退程度密切相关,联合预测治疗后妊娠失败的效能较好。     

单侧与双侧PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折临床疗效比较及骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：比较单侧与双侧经皮椎体成形术（PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCF）的临床疗效,并分析骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2019年5月~2020年12月期间本院收治的205例OVCF患者的临床资料,根据入路方式的不同分为单侧组和双侧组,例数分别为104例和101例。对比两组围术期指标、视觉模拟评分（VAS）、Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）、Cobb''s角和椎体前缘高度,记录两组骨水泥渗漏及其他并发症发生情况,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析骨水泥渗漏的影响因素。结果：与双侧组相比,单侧组手术时间缩短,骨水泥注入量、术中透视次数减少（P<0.05）。两组术前、术后3个月、末次随访时VAS、ODI评分均呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。与术前相比,两组术后3个月及末次随访时的椎体前缘高度均升高,Cobb''s角均缩小（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。PVP患者骨水泥渗漏与骨水泥黏度、皮质断裂、骨折严重程度、骨折位置、年龄、CT值、骨水泥注入量有关（P<0.05）。骨水泥渗漏的危险因素主要有骨水泥注入量>6 mL、骨折严重程度为重度、CT值>63HU、骨水泥黏度为低、皮质断裂（P<0.05）。结论：单侧与双侧PVP治疗OVCF效果相当。其中单侧可减少骨水泥注入量,缩短手术时间,减轻术后疼痛,促进术后功能恢复。而PVP手术最常见的并发症为骨水泥渗漏,受到骨折严重程度、皮质断裂、骨水泥黏度等因素的影响。     

经单侧经皮椎体成形术小剂量与常规剂量骨水泥灌注治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效对比研究

摘要 目的：探讨经单侧经皮椎体成形术（PVP）小剂量与常规剂量骨水泥灌注治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCF）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2017年3月~2019年2月期间我院收治的OVCF患者92例,均采用经单侧PVP治疗,根据骨水泥灌注剂量将患者分为A组46例和B组46例,A组给予常规剂量（2.6～3.5 mL）骨水泥灌注,B组给予小剂量（1.5～2.5 mL）骨水泥灌注。对比两组围术期指标、视觉模拟评分表（VAS）和Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）评分、Cobb 角和伤椎椎体前缘高度比、骨水泥渗漏情况及其他并发症发生情况。结果：两组术中出血量、手术时间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。对比两组术后1个月、术后6个月VAS、ODI评分无差异（P>0.05）,两组术前、术后1个月、术后6个月VAS、ODI评分呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。两组术后1个月、术后6个月Cobb角均较术前减小（P<0.05）。B组术后1个月、术后6个月伤椎椎体前缘高度比较A组更低（P<0.05）。B组渗漏总发生率较A组更低（P<0.05）。对比两组其他并发症无差异（P>0.05）。结论：经单侧PVP小剂量与常规剂量骨水泥灌注治疗OVCF,均可有效改善患者临床症状,减轻疼痛,促进运动功能恢复,但常规剂量骨水泥灌注治疗患者伤椎椎体前缘高度比改善更佳,而小剂量骨水泥灌注渗漏总发生率较低。     

Intrasexual competition and canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates.

A number of factors, including sexual selection, body weight, body-weight dimorphism, predation, diet, and phylogenetic inertia have been proposed as influences on the evolution of canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates. Although these factors are not mutually exclusive, opinions vary as to which is the most important. The role of sexual selection has been questioned because mating system, which should reflect its strength, poorly predicts variation in canine dimorphism, particularly among polygynous species. Kay et al. (1988) demonstrate that a more refined estimate of intermale competition explains a large proportion of the variation in canine dimorphism in platyrrhine primates. We expand their analysis, developing a more generalized measure of intermale competition based on the frequency and intensity of male-male agonism. We examine the relative influences of predation (inferred by substrate use), female body weight, body-weight dimorphism, diet, and sexual selection on the evolution of anthropoid canine dimorphism. Intermale competition is very strongly associated with canine dimorphism. Predation also has a marked effect on canine dimorphism, in that savanna-dwelling species consistently show greater canine dimorphism than other species, all other factors being held equal. Body-weight dimorphism is also strongly associated with canine dimorphism, though apparently through a common selective basis, rather than through allometric effects. Body weight seems to play only a minor, indirect role in the evolution of canine dimorphism. Diet plays no role. Likewise, we find little evidence that phylogenetic inertia is a constraint on the evolution of canine dimorphism.     

Female rats exhibit a conditioned place preference for nonpaced mating

Paced, but not nonpaced, mating behavior is reported to induce a conditioned place preference (CPP) in female rats. Contrary to these previous findings, Experiment 1 showed that female rats that received 15 intromissions from a single male rat during each of five conditioning sessions exhibited a CPP for the compartment associated with mating when the intromissions were delivered via a paced or nonpaced paradigm. Experiment 2 demonstrated that nonpaced mating induced a CPP when a single male delivered the 15 intromissions but not when the male was replaced following ejaculation and a new male allowed to complete the requisite number of intromissions. These findings invite reevaluation of the reinforcing aspects of mating behavior in female rats.     

Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in New World monkeys

Social and ecological factors are important in shaping sexual dimorphism in Anthropoidea, but there is also a tendency for body-size dimorphism and canine dimorphism to increase with increased body size (Rensch's rule) (Rensch: Evolution Above the Species Level. London: Methuen, 1959.) Most ecologist interpret Rensch's rule to be a consequence of social and ecological selective factors that covary with body size, but recent claims have been advanced that dimorphism is principally a consequence of selection for increased body size alone. Here we assess the effects of body size, body-size dimorphism, and social structure on canine dimorphism among platyrrhine monkeys. Platyrrhine species examined are classified into four behavioral groups reflecting the intensity of intermale competition for access to females or to limiting resources. As canine dimorphism increases, so does the level of intermale competition. Those species with monogamous and polyandrous social structures have the lowest canine dimorphism, while those with dominance rank hierarchies of males have the most canine dimorphism. Species with fission-fusion social structures and transitory intermale breeding-season competition fall between these extremes. Among platyrrhines there is a significant positive correlation between body size and canine dimorphism However, within levels of competition, no significant correlation was found between the two. Also, with increased body size, body-size dimorphism tends to increase, and this correlation holds in some cases within competition levels. In an analysis of covariance, once the level of intermale competition is controlled for, neither molar size nor molar-size dimorphism accounts for a significant part of the variance in canine dimorphism. A similar analysis using body weight as a measure of size and dimorphism yields a less clear-cut picture: body weight contributes significantly to the model when the effects of the other factors are controlled. Finally, in a model using head and body length as a measure of size and dimorphism, all factors and the interactions between them are significant. We conclude that intermale competition among platyrrhine species is the most important factor explaining variations in canine dimorphism. The significant effects of size and size dimorphism in some models may be evidence that natural (as opposed to sexual) selection also plays a role in the evolution of increased canine dimorphism.     

Variation in the shape of the palate in adapis (Eocene,Adapiformes) compared with living primates

This study is a quantitative analysis of the variation of palate shape inAdapis, an Eocene fossil primate. The observed coefficients of variation of palate dimensions inAdapis are statistically greater than in most living primate species. The histogram of the index (palate width/palate length) emphasizes the great heterogeneity in the fossil species. Two allometric scalings of palate dimensions (length and width) on condylobasal length were performed. Plots of perpendicular distances from the two regression lines show that living species are always more concentrated around the middle of the diagrams than isAdapis. The space occupied byAdapis is as great as, or even greater, than those occupied by living genera. Hence, several species are certainly presenent in the fossil sample, and the varieties distinguished by Stehlin in 1912, are in fact valid species names.     

Activity and shelter selection by Myotis myotis and Rhinolophus hipposideros hibernating in the Kateřinská cave (Czech Republic)

In 1992–1993, the bat species Myotis myotis and Rhinolophus hipposideros hibernating in the Kateřinská cave were investigated by means of regular censuses without any handling and marking of the animals. Three basic parameters of their shelters were recorded (position in cave, type and relative height). In total, during 26 checks we registered 1141 findings of nine bat species. Movement activity, expressed as percentage of new findings during a particular visit, was registered during the whole winter season. Its level fluctuated in different ways and the hibernation period of R. hipposideros could be divided into three different parts, while the level of M. myotis movement activity was relatively high during all season. The shelter selection of R. hipposideros was not dependent on the part of cave where the bats were hibernating, and it did not change during the season. Hibernating specimens of R. hipposideros most frequently used exposed places, in which they were always hanging free. Myotis myotis was registered in all types of shelter with one exception. Rhinolophus hipposideros used mainly the middle part of the cave at a distance between 121 and 180 m from the entrance. The most preferred part of the cave by M. myotis was a small segment of Corridor (between 21 and 30 m), i.e., the entrance part of the cave. Rhinolophus hipposideros is a highly specialized species which prefers parts of the cave with very stable microclimatic conditions and, on the contrary, M. myotis appears to be indifferent to all parameters studied, and it uses the shelters indiscriminately.     

菲菊头蝠回声定位声波频率的性二态有利于性别识别

许多动物的叫声频率呈现性二态现象。蝙蝠夜间活动,主要利用声音信号导航空间、追踪猎物、传递交流信息。本研究选择成体菲菊头蝠作为研究对象,检验回声定位声波频率性二态是否有利于性别识别。研究发现,菲菊头蝠回声定位声波频率参数具有显著性别差异。播放白噪音、雄性回声定位声波及雌性回声定位声波期间,实验个体的反应叫声数量依次递减。播放白噪音、雌性回声定位声波及雄性回声定位声波后,实验个体的反应叫声数量依次递增。白噪音诱导反应叫声强度高于回声定位声波诱导反应叫声强度。研究结果表明,菲菊头蝠回声定位声波的频率参数编码发声者性别信息,有利于种群内部的性别识别。本研究暗示,回声定位声波可能在蝙蝠配偶选择中扮演一定作用。     

Canine size and shape in male anthropoid primates

While studies of canine dimorphism in primates are common, only a few have examined canine tooth size independently within each sex. Recently, Greenfield and Washburn (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84:17–34, 1991) proposed that there are two types of male canines which reflect different allometric scaling patterns of canine crown height against canine occlusal dimensions. They also suggest that proportional canine shape, measured as canine crown height (or projection) relative to the occlusal dimensions, provides an estimate of the canine's function as a weapon, though they provide no test of this hypothesis. This analysis critically examines the claim that there are two types of male canines among anthropoids. It then tests the hypothesis that relative male canine size (measured against body weight) and proportional canine shape are related to estimates of intermale competition, diet, and substrate (used as a surrogate measure of predation pressure). While there is strong taxonomic variation in canine size and shape among male anthropoids, no evidence is found for two discrete canine types. Rather, within families and subfamilies, canine dimensions scale isometrically against body weight and against each other, with a continuum of canine shapes among different taxa. While variation in male canine size is associated with intermale competition and substrate, even when taxonomic variation is controlled, variation in proportional canine shape is not. Neither canine size nor shape are generally associated with variation in diet. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.