不同利用方式下稻田效益的综合评价

一、引言评价是多目标系统优化和决策的基础。和任何其他农业生态系统一样,稻田生态系统具有多目标、多功能的特点,单项指标难以反映系统的优劣。目前,川东南地区稻田开发利用方式多种多样,但效益评价主要是采用简单的比较分析或粗放的定性描述,尚未形成系统的     

水稻的杂种不育研究进展

水稻亚种间杂种优势利用曾使水稻单产有了很大的提高,但水稻种间与亚种间的杂种不育性仍然普遍存在,从而影响了杂种优势的进一步利用。本研究对水稻产生杂种不育的细胞学水平原因进行了分类分析,对产生杂种不育的遗传学机理进行了探讨,对各种杂种不育基因座位的定位以及已克隆获得的基因进行了全面总结,并对如何克服杂交不育与利用杂种优势提出了自己的观点。     

杂交小麦制种研究现状及展望

利用杂种优势对提高小麦单产具有重要作用,杂交小麦制种是小麦种业未来发展的重要方向之一。目前,小麦在强优势杂交组合选配方面取得较大进步。由于缺乏优异高异交结实率的制种亲本资源和高产高效杂交制种体系,导致大面积制种效率低。因此,探究杂交制种技术体系进展、亲本种质资源改良和生产流程标准化等方面的研究现状,将有利于对杂交制种发展瓶颈和未来发展方向等问题的整体把握。综述杂交小麦制种技术的影响因素,并通过商业化大田杂交作物与新型杂交小麦比较,对杂交小麦快速商业化等方面提出建议,对其发展趋势进行展望。     

Stability of asymmetrical hybrid hemoglobins. Determination by anaerobic high performance liquid chromatography

Asymmetrical hybrid hemoglobins formed in mixtures of Hb A and Hb S, Hb F and Hb S, Hb S and Hb York(beta 146 His----Pro), and Hb A and Hb York were separated by high performance liquid chromatography on cation and anion exchange columns under anaerobic conditions. The ratio of the hybrid hemoglobin to the total mixture was consistently lower than that theoretically expected and decreased with longer elution times. The hybrid tetramer appears to be unstable even under anaerobic conditions and dissociates into alpha beta dimers. The time course of dissociation of the hybrid hemoglobins was determined by varying the separation programs and thus separating the hybrid hemoglobin at different elution times. The rate of the dissociation of the hybrid hemoglobins studied follows first order kinetics. The lines representing the time course of dissociation of hybrid hemoglobins were extrapolated to time 0 to determine the fraction of the hybrid hemoglobin in the mixture prior to separation. The values obtained for equimolar mixtures of Hb A and Hb S and Hb York and Hb S or Hb A were in agreement with the expected theoretical value (50%). In contrast, the value obtained for hybrid hemoglobin FS was slightly less (about 40%). AY and SY hybrid hemoglobins dissociated into dimers at a considerably faster rate than did AS and FS hybrid hemoglobins, possibly because of the mutation at the beta 146-position in hybrid hemoglobins containing alpha beta Y dimers. This mutation hinders the formation of salt bridges that normally stabilize the "T" quaternary conformation. Since such hybrid hemoglobins have a partial "R" conformation even when deoxygenated, their rate of dissociation to dimers is expected to increase.     

Genetic analysis of the hybrid male rescue locus of Drosophila

Several hybrid rescue mutations-alleles that restore the viability of normally lethal hybrids-have been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster and its relatives. Here we analyze one of these genes, Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), asking two questions about its role in hybrid inviability. (1) Does the wild-type allele from D. melanogaster (Hmr(mel)) cause hybrid embryonic inviability? (2) Does Hmr(mel) cause hybrid larval inviability? Our results show that the wild-type product of Hmr is neither necessary nor sufficient for hybrid embryonic inviability. Hmr(mel) does, however, appear to lower the viability of hybrid larvae. The data further suggest (though do not prove) that Hmr(mel) acts as a gain-of-function poison in hybrids. These findings support previous claims that hybrid embryonic and larval lethalities are genetically distinct and suggest that Hmr(mel) is at least one of the proximate causes of hybrid larval inviability.     

A test of the endogenous and exogenous selection hypotheses for the maintenance of a narrow avian hybrid zone

The contributions of genetic and environmental factors to differential reproductive success across hybrid zones have rarely been tested. Here, we report a manipulative experiment that simultaneously tested endogenous (genetic-based) and exogenous (environmental-based) selection within a hybrid zone. We transplanted mated pairs of two chickadee species (Poecile atricapilla and P. carolinensis) and their hybrids into isolated woodlots within their hybrid zone and monitored their reproductive success. Although clutch sizes were similar, based on an estimate of the genetic compatibility of a pair, hybrid pairs produced fewer nestlings and fledglings than did pairs of either parental species. According to a linear model generated from the data, a pure pair of either parental species would be expected to produce 1.91-2.48 times more fledglings per nesting attempt, respectively, than the average or least compatible pair in the experiment. Our result of decreased reproduction for hybrid pairs relative to parental species pairs within same environment (the hybrid zone in this experiment) support the endogenous selection hypothesis for maintenance of this hybrid zone. Because the experiment was conducted entirely within the hybrid zone (i.e., the same environment for parental and hybrid pairings), our data do not support the exogenous selection hypothesis as it predicts either all pairings doing poorly or the hybrid pairs more successful than the parental pairs.     

Molecular mechanisms of hybrid sterility in rice

Hybrid sterility presents a major bottleneck in hybrid crop breeding and causes postzygotic reproductive isolation in speciation.Here, we summarize the current understanding of the genetics of rice hybrid sterility and highlight new advances in deciphering the molecular basis of the major genetic loci for hybrid sterility in rice. We also discuss practical strategies for overcoming reproductive barriers to utilize hybrid vigor in inter-specific and inter-subspecific hybrid rice breeding.     

Patterns of larval dispersal and their effect on the maintenance of a blue mussel hybrid zone in southwestern England

Abstract The blue mussels Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis hybridize in southwestern England. Within this hybrid zone environmentally based directional selection favors individuals with alleles specific to M. galloprovincialis . What forces are countering this directional selection and allowing for the maintenance of a stable hybrid population are unknown. We used both the genetics of recently settled larvae and a fine-scale model of the physical oceanography of the region to determine the patterns of larval dispersal throughout the hybrid zone and the bordering parental populations. Evidence from both the model and the genetics suggests that the hybrid zone lies between two barriers to dispersal. Start Point separates the M. edulis population from the hybrid zone and allows minimal dispersal from the hybrid zone into the M. edulis population, but none in the other direction. Likewise, the M. galloprovincialis populations along the northern coast of Cornwall regularly receive immigrating larvae from the hybrid zone, but larvae from the M. galloprovincialis population do not enter the hybrid zone. However, larvae settling at hybrid zone sites have high frequencies of alleles specific to M. edulis , suggesting that reproductive barriers, selection in the larval stage, or gene flow from an undetermined source is effectively balancing the directional selection observed in the adults.     

Bounded hybrid superiority in an avian hybrid zone: effects of mate, diet, and habitat choice

There has been considerable debate in the study of hybrid zones as to whether hybrids may be superior to parental types within the area of contact (bounded hybrid superiority). In birds, naturally occurring hybridization is relatively common, and hybridization within this group always involves mate choice. If hybrids are superior, females choosing heterospecific mates should be expected to show higher fitness under the conditions prevalent in the hybrid zone. Hybrid superiority under these circumstances would reduce reinforcement and thereby help to maintain the hybrid zone. To examine this issue, we studied reproductive performances of hybrids and parental species of gulls (Larus occidentalis and Larus glaucescens) at two colonies within a linear hybrid zone along the west coast of the United States. This hybrid zone contains predominantly gulls of intermediate phenotype. Previous studies indicated that hybrids were superior to one or both parental types, but provided no data on possible mechanisms that underlie this hybrid superiority. Using a hybrid index designed specifically for these species, we identified to phenotype more than 300 individuals associated with nests, including both individual males and females within 73 pairs in the central portion of the hybrid zone and 74 pairs in the northern portion of the hybrid zone. There was little evidence of assortative mating, and what little there was resulted solely because of pairings within intergrades. In the central hybrid zone, females paired with hybrid males produced larger clutches and hatched and fledged more chicks compared with females paired to western gull males. This was a result of heavy predation on eggs in sand habitat, where male western gulls established territories. In contrast, many hybrid males established territories in vegetated cover that was less vulnerable to predation. In the northern part of the hybrid zone, clutch size did not differ among pair categories, however, there were differences in hatching and fledging success, with females paired to hybrid males showing better success compared to females paired to glaucous-winged gull males. Hybrids showed better hatching and fledging success in the north because hybrids are more like western gulls than glaucous-winged gulls in foraging behavior, taking a higher percentage of fish in their diet, which enhances chick growth and survival. This is believed to be the first documentation of bounded hybrid superiority that delineates the mechanisms that underlie hybrid superiority.     

Synthesis of an artificial gene coding for thymosin alpha1 and its expression in Escherichia coli as a hybrid with human tumor necrosis factor]

Chemical-enzymatic synthesis and cloning in Escherichia coli of an artificial gene encoding the immunoactive peptide thymosin alpha 1 have been carried out. Recombinant plasmids were constructed which contain fusion genes coding for hybrids of human tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and thymosin alpha 1 as N- or C-terminal part of the hybrid protein. In the C-terminal hybrid protein, TNF and thymosin alpha 1 are linked through a methionine residue, thus allowing for thymosin alpha 1 to be cleaved off the rest of the hybrid protein with cyanogen bromide. In case of the N-terminal hybrid protein, the linker between the thymosin alpha 1 and TNF sequences is the acid-labile dipeptide Asp-Pro. Expression of the hybrid genes in E. coli and properties of the recombinant proteins were studied. The N-terminal hybrid protein was secreted into periplasmic space, in contrast with the C-terminal hybrid protein, which formed insoluble aggregates inside bacterial cells. Procedures for the isolation of both hybrid proteins were developed. The N-terminal hybrid protein displayed full biological activity in the cytotoxic assay on the mouse fibroblast L-929 whereas the C-terminal hybrid protein proved to be much less active. Treatment of the hybrid protein TNF-thymosin alpha 1 with cyanogen bromide lead to a mixture of two polypeptides, from which thymosin alpha 1 was purified to homogeneity by simple chromatographic procedures.     

Fitness and morphological outcomes of many generations of hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus

Hybridization between genetically divergent populations is an important evolutionary process, with an outcome that is difficult to predict. We used controlled crosses and freely mating hybrid swarms, followed for up to 30 generations, to examine the morphological and fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Patterns of fitness in two generations of controlled crosses were partly predictive of long‐term trajectories in hybrid swarms. For one pair of populations, controlled crosses revealed neutral or beneficial effects of hybridization after the F1 generation, and hybrid swarm fitness almost always equalled or exceeded that of the midparent. For a second pair, controlled crosses showed F2 hybrid breakdown, but increased fitness in backcrosses, and hybrid swarm fitness deviated both above and below that of the parentals. Nevertheless, individual swarm replicates exhibited different fitness trajectories over time that were not related in a simple manner to their hybrid genetic composition, and fixation of fitter hybrid phenotypes was not observed. Hybridization did not increase overall morphological variation, and underlying genetic changes may have been masked by phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, one type of hybrid swarm exhibited a repeatable pattern of transgressively large eggsacs, indicating a positive effect of hybridization on individual fecundity. Additionally, both parental and hybrid swarms exhibited common phenotypic trends over time, indicating common selective pressures in the laboratory environment. Our results suggest that, in a system where much work has focused on F2 hybrid breakdown, the long‐term fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization are surprisingly benign.     

转 Bt 基因水稻对三化螟自然种群的影响

为了了解水稻重要害虫三化螟 Scirpophaga incertulas（Walker）对转 Bt 基因水稻产生抗性的潜在风险,本文利用自然种群生命表,研究了第 3 代三化螟在转Bt基因杂交稻汕优 63 及非转 Bt 基因杂交稻汕优 63 上的种群参数。结果表明：在 Bt 稻上1～2 龄幼虫的存活率为 4.03%,极显著低于非转基因 SY63（55.76%）;Bt 稻上幼虫为害率为1.75%,极显著低 于非转基因 SY63（5.98%）;Bt 稻上存活的幼虫发育历期明显长于非转 Bt SY63。     

A hybrid zone revisited: molecular and morphological analysis of the maintenance, movement, and evolution of a Great Plains avian (Cardinalidae: Pheucticus) hybrid zone

Black-headed grosbeaks ( Pheucticus melanocephalus ) and rose-breasted grosbeaks ( Pheucticus ludovicianus ) are passerine bird species known to hybridize in the Great Plains of North America. Both extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic factors (pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation) have been credited for the generation and maintenance of the grosbeak hybrid zone, but little is known about the genetic characteristics of this hybrid zone. To investigate the stability and extent of the grosbeak hybrid zone, we constructed clines from both molecular sequence data (mtDNA, three autosomal intron loci, and one Z-linked locus) and morphological data (morphometric analyses and hybrid index scores) to determined zone centre and width. Hybrid zone centre and width were also determined for samples collected across the zone 40 years ago from morphological data. The present and past clines were compared and provided support for stability in hybrid zone location and width, and the evolutionary implications of this are discussed. Three models of hybrid zone maintenance were investigated to consider the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on this zone. Our results suggest low hybrid frequencies, a stable zone location and narrow width, and reduced hybrid fitness over the past 40 years best categorize the grosbeak hybrid zone as a tension zone.     

Evaluation of QTL alleles from exotic sources for hybrid seed yield in the original and different genetic backgrounds of spring-type <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.

Previously identified alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL) for hybrid seed yield were re-evaluated in the same genetic background (in hybrid combination with the same tester) as the original QTL mapping study and also evaluated in a different genetic background (in hybrid combination with two different testers). The QTL were identified from wide crosses of exotic germplasm sources with spring-type Brassica napus L., in which alleles from the exotic germplasm sources increased hybrid seed yield. Results from the re-evaluation of six QTL, in the same genetic background and hybrid combination, indicate that several of the exotic donor QTL alleles did increase hybrid seed yield and could be successfully used for improving the original single-cross hybrid. However, results from the evaluation of seven QTL (including the same six previous QTL) in a new genetic background, in combination with two new testers, indicate that the exotic QTL alleles were often no different or produced significantly lower hybrid seed yield than the spring QTL alleles. In all studies, the QTL were also very sensitive to environmental interactions. Thus, our results indicate that although these exotic sources contain favorable QTL alleles when introgressed into one spring hybrid background, the effects are not predictive of other genetic backgrounds or hybrid combinations. Although QTL affecting hybrid seed yield have been identified, comparisons of multiple QTL alleles are needed to determine the most favorable allele at each locus. Characterization of QTL complementation across testers will be required to predict their effects in multiple hybrid combinations.     

Use of gene fusion to study secretion of maltose-binding protein into Escherichia coli periplasm.

We have employed the technique of gene fusion to fuse the LacZ gene encoding the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase with the malE gene encoding the periplasmic maltose binding protein (MBP). Strains were obtained which synthesize malE-lacZ hybrid proteins of various sizes. These proteins have, at their amino terminus, a portion of the MBP and at their carboxyl terminus, enzymatically active beta-galactosidase. When the hybrid protein includes only a small, amino-terminal portion of the MBP, the hybrid protein residues in the cytoplasm. When the hybrid protein contains enough of the MBP to include an intact MBP signal sequence, a significant portion of the hybrid protein is found in the cytoplasmic membrane, suggesting that secretion of the hybrid protein has been initiated. However, in no case is the hybrid protein secreted into the periplasm, even when the hybrid protein includes almost the entire MBP. In the latter case, the synthesis and attempted export of the hybrid protein interferes with the export of at least certain normal envelope proteins, which accumulate in the cell in their precursor forms, and the cell dies. These results suggest that a number of envelope proteins may be exported at a common site, and that there are only a limited number of such sites. Also, these results indicate that it is not sufficient to simply attach an amino-terminal signal sequence to a polypeptide to assure its export.     

A fine-scale spatial analysis of the mosaic hybrid zone between Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus

Abstract.— The pattern of character variation within a hybrid zone, the hybrid zone structure, has been used to infer the processes that maintain hybrid zones. Unfortunately it is difficult to infer process from structure alone because many different processes can produce the same pattern of character variation. Mosaic hybrid zones may be maintained by exogenous selection in a heterogeneous environment and/or endogenous selection against hybrid individuals; habitat preference, premating isolating barriers and/or fertility selection can also contribute. The spatial scale at which a hybrid zone is sampled affects its apparent structure; a hybrid zone may appear clinal at one scale and mosaic at another. Here, we sample the mosaic hybrid zone between two field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus , at a scale that spans the boundaries between individual soil-habitat patches. From our analysis, we find that at fine scales, the mosaic hybrid zone resolves into a set of steep clines across patch boundaries. Both morphological and molecular traits exhibit sharp and generally concordant clines. However, clines for mitochondrial DNA and one anonymous nuclear marker are clearly displaced as a result of current hybridization or past introgression (the "ghost of hybridization past"). Thus, scale is important for the structure of this and probably other hybrid zones. The extremely sharp, concordant clines across patch boundaries indicate that the cricket hybrid zone is undoubtedly structured by selection. However, the detailed mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of the hybrid zone–whether endogenous selection against hybrids, exogenous selection by the environment, and/or behavioral preferences for mates or habitats– remain to be elucidated. Determining these mechanisms will depend on closer inspection of the organisms themselves and their interactions, as is the case for all hybrid zones.     

Induced dispersal in wildlife management: experimental evaluation of the risk of hybrid breakdown and the benefit of hybrid vigor in the F1 generation

Management practices often aim to increase the level of gene flow by either: introducing animals from captive breeding programs, translocating animals from abundant areas, or increasing the chance of animals dispersing between populations by creating habitat corridors. These practices provide opportunity for the hybrid offspring of introduced and resident animals to experience either increased fitness (hybrid vigor) or decreased fitness (hybrid breakdown). There is very little quantitative data available to adequately assess whether hybridization is likely to be beneficial or detrimental to populations managed in these ways. Using Drosophila melanogaster populations, we conducted two experiments that simulate the common management practices of translocation and wildlife habitat corridors. We monitored the frequency and magnitude of hybrid vigor and hybrid breakdown in F1 hybrids to assess the relative risks and benefits to populations and also monitored net productivity (number of adults produced from controlled crosses) to assess whether the populations were stable or in decline. In the translocation experiment, we observed instances of both significant hybrid vigor and hybrid breakdown, both occurring at a frequency of 9%. In the habitat corridor experiments, populations with moderate to high dispersal (1–4% per generation) did not develop significant hybrid vigor or hybrid breakdown. However, of the populations experiencing low dispersal (0.25% per generation) for 34 generations, 6% displayed significant hybrid vigor and 6% displayed significant hybrid breakdown. These results suggest that in first generation hybrids there may be limited opportunity to utilize hybrid vigor as a tool to increase the short-term viability of populations because there is an equal likelihood of encountering hybrid breakdown that may drive the population into further decline. However, our results apply only to populations of moderate size (N = 50; N _e = 14.3) in the absence of deliberate consanguineous mating. Lastly, we observed that net productivity was positively correlated with dispersal rate, suggesting that initial F1 declines in fitness may be temporary and that it is preferable to maintain high levels of selectable variation via induced dispersal to assist the long-term survival of vulnerable populations.     

Diverse effects of the MalE-LacZ hybrid protein on Escherichia coli cell physiology.

The hybrid protein between the periplasmic maltose-binding protein and the cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase (the MalE-LacZ hybrid protein) was previously shown to block the export of envelope proteins when synthesized in large amounts. Now we show that the hybrid protein exerts another major effect on the cell, that is, induction of the heat shock proteins. This latter effect was dependent on the htpR gene product but independent of the function of the signal sequence on the hybrid protein. On the other hand, the previously reported induction of the SecA protein by the hybrid protein was independent of htpR and may be caused by the reduced protein export ability of the cell. The functional htpR gene is essential for viability of the cell in which the basal level of the hybrid protein is synthesized, whereas in the absence of the hybrid protein htpR is dispensable at low temperature. These results indicate that the hybrid protein somehow generates a signal or stress that is similar to what the cell experiences at elevated temperatures.     

The application of yeast hybrid systems in protein interaction analysis

Yeast hybrid systems have been widely used due to their convenience and low cost. Based on these systems, many methods have been developed to analyze protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions. In this paper, we are reviewing these different yeast hybrid systems. According to the number of hybrid proteins, yeast hybrid systems can be divided into three categories, yeast one-hybrid, yeast two-hybrid and yeast three-hybrid systems. Alternatively, yeast hybrid systems can be categorized according to the subcellular localization of the protein interaction process in the cell into nuclear protein–protein interactions, cytosol protein–protein interactions and membrane protein–protein interactions. Throughout the review, we focus on the progress and limitations of each yeast hybrid system over the recent years.     

Genetic, morphological, and ecological characterization of a hybrid zone that spans a migratory divide

This study characterizes a hybrid zone that spans a migratory divide between subspecies of the Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus), a long distance migratory songbird, in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. To assess the potential for a barrier to gene flow between the subspecies, I: (1) analyzed the shape and width of genetic and morphological clines relative to estimates of dispersal distance, (2) assessed the ratio of parental to hybrid genotypes across the hybrid zone, (3) estimated population density across the hybrid zone, and (4) compared the spatial relationship between the hybrid zone and an existing environmental gradient. The results indicate that the hybrid zone is characterized by mostly concordant character clines that are narrow relative to dispersal, the absence of a hybrid swarm, and low population density at the center of the zone. This hybrid zone and additional regions of contact between these subspecies are found on the border between coastal and interior climatic regions throughout the Pacific Northwest. An identified shift in the location, but not the width, of the mtDNA cline relative to the nuclear clines is consistent with asymmetrical hybridization. Neutral diffusion of populations following secondary contact and hybrid superiority within an ecotone are insufficient explanations for the observed patterns. The hypothesis that best fits the data is that the Swainson's thrush hybrid zone is a tension zone maintained by dispersal and ecologically mediated barriers to gene flow.