Efficacy of the per os immunization and reimmunization of man with staphylococcal anatoxin]

By double immunization of 72 persons and single reimmunization of 38 persons per os with tablets containing 100 BU of purified concentrated staphylococcus toxoid (PCST) it was revealed that this immunization was harmless and the immunological response was adequate. The tablets were intended for application through the oral mucosa (oral) or the intestinal tract (enteral); the immunological response depended on the dose of the preparation and the scheme of administration. A high sensitization of healthy persons examined to staphylococcus was found. There was a tendency to reduction of hypersensitivity after the immunization with staphylococcus toxoid (examination in 6 months) and activation of reactions after the antigen administration (examination in 14 days).     

Study of anaphylectic hypersensitivity manifestations to blood protein in guinea pigs with using the neutrophil damage test in vitro]

The paper is devoted to the study of hypersensitivity of anaphylactic type to horse serum in guinea pigs by means of neutrophil injury index in vitro. Simultaneously, for control, the same method was applied to the study of delayed hypersensitivity manifestations; for this purpose allergy to hemolytic staphylococcus was reproduced in these animals. The state of hypersensitivity of "anaphylactic type" against the foreign serum in guinea pigs was not accompanied by any enhanced blood neutrophil reactions, whereas high values of the test under study were characteristic of the process of guinea pigs sensitization with staphylococcus culture.     

Tissue and bacterial sensitization in patients with bone pathology]

The author studied sensitization to normal tissues (bone, muscle, spleen) and tissues altered by pathological process (sequestrum, scars), and also to allergens of widespread causative agents of purulent infection (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, E. coli) in 87 patients with different bone pathology and in 24 donors. Leukocytolysis reaction (modified by Karapaty) was used for ascertaining the sensitization; a total of 592 tests were conducted. With the development of infection in soft tissues and then in the bone there was an increase in frequency of positive reactions and their manifestation in interaction with the antigens of both normal tissues and those altered by pathological process. The incidence of positive reactions and their manifestation with bacterial allergens coinciding with the microbial flora of the focus of infection was also increased.     

Immunoglobulins and staphylococcal antitoxin in the sera of patients subjected to surgery for acute appendicitis]

The content of staphylococcus antitoxin and IgA, IgG and IgM was studied in the sera of 200 patients operated on for various forms of acute appendicitis. 147 patients were subjected to express-immunization with a crude staphylococcus toxoid. It was revealed that the IgA, IgG and IgM level was much lower in the operated on patients than in healthy persons. Express immunization with the toxoid led to a marked increase in the level of staphylococcus antitoxin and also of the IgA, IgG, IgM in the sera of the vaccinated persons. There was no distinct association between the immunoglobulin content in the sera of the patients and the appearance in them of postoperative complications of staphylococcus etiology; it is not excluded, however, that an intensified IgM synthesis could play a certain role in the protection of the macroorganism from staphylococcus infection. A moderate, but statistically significant correlation between the titre of the staphylococcus antitoxin in the sera of the patients and the content of the IgM and IgA in them was revealed.     

Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals]

Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin. The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence. Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts.     

女性非淋菌性宫颈炎葡萄球菌感染的研究

为了解女性生殖道葡萄球菌感染的情况,对６８例非淋菌性宫颈炎患者的宫颈试子进行葡萄球菌及部分病原微生物的分离与鉴定,共３１例患者检出葡萄球菌（检出率４５．５９％）,其中金黄色葡萄球菌１６株（检出率２３．５３％）,甲氧西林耐药菌株（ＭＲＳ）２０株（检出率２９．４１％）。在葡萄球菌感染者中,单一葡萄球菌感染仅５例,葡萄球菌与其它病原微一物混合感染２６例,两者差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００５）。这提示葡萄球菌     

Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the body's natural resistance to exposure to infectious and toxic agents]

The influence of alcoholic intoxication on the resistance of albino mice to bacterial toxins and staphylococcus cultures was investigated. Five-day administration of 40% ethyl alcohol to the animals was accompanied by a significant increase of their resistance to the intoxication caused by C1. perfringens toxins and staphylococcus. Thirty-day alcoholic intoxication promoted a marked reduction of albino mice resistance to the both toxins used and the staphylococcus cultures.     

海金沙提取物体外抑菌性能研究

用M／C和纸片法考查了海金沙提取物对藤黄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌性能。结果表明：海金沙对4种受试菌株都有抑菌活性;37℃时,醇提物对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌效果最好,最大抑菌圈为8．5mm;42℃时,对藤黄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌的抑菌效果最好,最大抑菌圈分别为21、13．2和6．5mm。pH值为7．6时,海金沙醇提物在对藤黄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的最大抑菌圈分别为9．1、8．2、9mm和11．3mm。海金沙水提物和醇提物对藤黄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌质量分数分别为25％、12．5％、12．5％、25％和3．12％、1．56％、6．25％、3．12％．     

Clinical study of the efficacy of staphylococcal anatoxin in relation to the phage group to which the staphylococcal strains--the causative agents of infection--belong]

In comparing the bacteriophage group reference of the strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in case of postoperative complications from children given staphylococcus toxoid for prophylactic purpose and from control group it was found that prophylactic vaccinations of staphylococcus toxoid created the most intense immunity against staphylococci of the I bacteriophage group. There was found no significant association between the efficacy of the therapy and bacteriophage reference of staphylococci--the causative agents of the infection.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素的检测和耐药性分析

目的评价乳胶结合试验检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及其肠毒素(SE),并进行耐药性分析.方法收集130株金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株,通过药敏试验将其分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),用反向间接血凝试验(RPHA)检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素.结果67株MR-SA产肠毒素,19株MSSA产肠毒素,MRSA产肠毒素率为100%,MSSA产肠毒素率为30%.结论实验室应重视金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的检测.     

西瓜藤提取物的抑菌作用研究

采用琼脂稀释法研究西瓜藤提取物的体外抑菌作用,用小鼠腹腔注射金黄色葡萄球菌法研究80%醇提物的体内抑菌作用。结果表明:西瓜藤提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,但对链球菌作用不明显。其中80%醇提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑制金黄色葡萄球菌活性最好,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为4.2、8.4mg.mL-1。体内实验也表明,乙醇提取物具有较好的抑菌作用。西瓜藤提取物具有抑菌活性,在抑菌方面有一定开发前景。     

广州地区儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨儿童血培养病原菌的分布特点及其耐药情况,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院2005年至2006年临床各科室送检血液标本所分离病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果共检出385株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌208株,占54．0％,革兰阴性菌164株,占42．6％,真菌13株,占3．4％。分离率前6位的病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS,35．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（8．8％）、不动杆菌（5．5％）、大肠埃希菌（4．9％）、铜绿假单胞菌（4、7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（4．4％）。病原菌的病区分布特点：儿科重症监护病房以不动杆菌等非发酵菌为主要分离菌（占41．7％）,新生儿重症监护病房以CNS为主（40．5％）,血液病区以肠杆菌科细菌为主（35．7％）,新生儿病房及传染病房均以CNS为主要分离菌。CNS对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率均超过80％,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁和阿米卡星敏感,MRCNS检出率达72.5％。肠杆菌科细菌对哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟及头孢哌酮的耐药率为50％～100％,但对亚胺培南、阿米卡星和诺氟沙星耐药率较低。不动杆菌对广谱青霉素、第3代头孢菌素、氨曲南及庆大霉素的耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较为敏感。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是广州地区儿童败血症最主要的病原菌。不同病区检出病原菌种类有较大差异。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。     

医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及D-试验研究分析

目的了解医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及克林霉素诱导试验（D-试验）临床意义。方法从住院患者标本中分离到的539株葡萄球菌进行药敏试验和D-试验,所得结果进行统计分析。结果葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MPSE）的检出率高,分别为65．1％和83．6％,各种葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％,对阿奠西林头孢菌素在内的各种β-内酰胺酶类抗生素敏感率低于35％,对红霉素耐克林霉素敏感的D-试验阳性率为57．O％。结论葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率,呈多重耐药,在选用大环内酯类,克林霉素类抗生素时要注意D试验,合理用药,提高疗效。     

Repression of Staphylococcus aureus by Food Bacteria: I. Effect of Environmental Factors on Inhibition1

The effects of environmental factors on the inhibition of an enterotoxin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus by food bacteria were investigated. Type of medium and temperature of incubation were important factors in determining the amount of inhibition. The pH range of maximal inhibition was found to be 7.4 to 6.2. Availability of oxygen was not a factor. As the ratios of inhibitor to staphylococcus were increased from 1:1 to 10:1 and 100:1, the amount of inhibition was markedly increased. Inhibition occurred in custard, where it increased with increasing ratios of effector to staphylococcus. The repression of the staphylococcus in all media usually was sufficient to be of practical significance.     

The effect of repeated administration of staphylococcal immune preparations on the development of local staphylococcal infection in mice

The study is concerned with the effect of repeated administration of staphylococcal immunopreparations on the development of a suppurative-inflammatory focus in the foot of the mouse. Subcutaneous administration of large doses of the antigenic complex of the staphylococcus (ACS) obtained by aqueous extraction, antiphagin and native anatoxin failed to induce an increase in sensitivity to staphylococcus. In some cases, the extent of development of the suppurative-inflammatory focus in the mice which had been given these preparations was less than in the control; this is suggestive of their protective effect. When comparing, on this model, the ACS preparations and corpuscular vaccine produced from poorly and highly virulent strains, we observed a more pronounced protective effect in the preparations from the poorly virulents strains. The extent of oedema was greater than in the control when adsorbed anatoxin was administered. The administration of staphylococcal preparations with a therapeutical purpose after staphylococcus infection caused a significant decrease in the size and intensity of manifestation of the suppurative-inflammatory focus in the foot. The model of limb oedema enabled us to reveal the sensitizing and protective effect of the preparations under study.     

Etiology of acute suppurative destructive pneumonias in children]

Clinical, immunological and bacteriological studies were carried out in 63 children with the so-called staphylococcus destruction of the lungs. It was shown that in some of the cases destructive process in the lungs, along with the pathogenic staphylococcus, could be caused by the Gram negative bacteria (Proteus, Bac. pyocyaneus, etc.). It was found that in children of different age groups the titre of antistaphylococcus antibodies up to 0.5 AU/ml was normal and pointed to the absence of any inflammatory disease of staphylococcus etiology; a titre of 2 AU/ml - and overcould be considered as diagnostic. In connection with bacterial poly-etiology of acute destruction of the lungs in children it is suggested that it should be designated as "acute purulent destructive pneumonia". The importance of immuno-bacteriological studies in children with diseases with the mentioned pathology is emphasized; these examinations permit to choose proper complex therapy.     

Study of the inhibitory effect of Quercus Coccifera's aqueous extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa In vitro

The use of therapeutic herbs has become of great importance these days due to the increase in drug resistance. From a long time ago the Venus'' navel plant has been used to treat infections. In this study the antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract from the Quercus coccifera (jaft) herb, under laboratory conditions. This study was carried out experimentally. After collecting the Venus navel herb, it was dried in a warm dry environment away from direct sunlight in the shade. The alcoholic extract was prepared using a standard method. Clinical samples of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa were acquired from Ilam''s health care institutes. The inhibitory effect of the extracts was analysed in the Mueller Hinton using the disk diffusion method for both bacteria. Then MIC and MBC of the extracts was determined using the Macro broth dilution method. At its highest concentration the aqueous extract had an inhibition zone of 27.2 and 23.7 mm on staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa consecutively. The MIC and MBC for staphylococcus aureus were 10 and 12.5 µg/ml and for pseudomonas aeruginosa they were 10 and 17.5 µg/m consecutively. The results of this study show the strong antimicrobial effect of jaft''s aqueous extract on staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa and if more studies are based on this topic it could be a substitute for common antibiotics.     

Prevention by the MER tubercle bacillus fraction of immunosuppression induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents

Summary Contact hypersensitivity (CH) to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) was induced in guinea pigs and mice by DNFB skin application. Development of CH was suppressed in both species either by cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment after sensitization or by single intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene-sulfonate (DNBS) before sensitization (hapten-induced tolerance). Additional treatment schedules were employed in guinea pigs, with the following results: Suppression of CH by injection of DNBS concomitant with sensitization; abrogation of hapten-induced tolerance by administration of CY before sensitization; and potentiation of CH skin reactivity by administration of CY before sensitization.Pretreatment by two injections of the methanol extraction residue (MER) tubercle bacillus fraction restored significantly the ability of CY treated animals to respond to DNFB sensitization. In contrast, administration of MER either by one injection before sensitization, concomitant with DNFB, or after sensitization did not prevent immunosuppression by CY.MER treatment was not effective in reversing hapten-induced tolerance in mice, and had only an occasional effect on this process in guinea pigs. Abrogation of hapten-induced tolerance and potentiation of DNFB sensitization by CY in guinea pigs were also not influenced by MER treatment.Supported by Contract NO1-CM-12127 from the NCI and by research grants from Concern Foundation, Inc., the Lautenberg Endowment, the National Council for Research and Development, Israel, and the GSF Munich, Germany, and the Leukemia Research Foundation, Inc.     

我院医务人员手部葡萄球菌携带调查及增多原因分析

目的调查我院医务人员手部葡萄球菌携带情况,查明其增多原因。方法将医务人员手部携带的部分金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌做了“８４”消毒剂定性杀菌试验、ＭＩＣ检测、β－内酰胺酶、耐甲氧西林检测,抗菌药物耐药谱、质粒酶切谱分型。结果发现我院医务人员手部金黄葡萄球菌、葡萄球菌携带率已分别从１９９２年的８７０％（１０／１１５）、３２１７％（３７／１１５）上升至１９９７年的３４０６％（７８／２２９）、６５９４％（１５１／２２９）,且７７９７％的菌株为ＭＲＳＡ（或ＭＲＣＮＳ）,各科室之间无同源菌株。全部试验菌株在“８４”消毒剂有效氯的含量为１００ｐｐｍ浓度时,１分钟内可将其全部杀灭。结论我院医务人员手部葡萄球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌逐年上升的因素为：①长时间使用“８４”消毒剂,导致了部分菌株对“８４”消毒剂敏感性降低;②医务人员不常洗手;③采用“８４”消毒剂洗手致手部粗糙,难以洗净。     

2,5-二氨基-1,4-苯醌类化合物的抑菌活性

通过稀释和测量抑菌圈大小的方法,测定了10种不同氨基醌对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制性。这些醌的DMSO溶液对三种菌的抑制程度随浓度的提高,效果越明显。当浓度达500 mg/L时,对三种细菌的生长完全抑制。在同样条件下,这些醌的DMSO溶液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果比枯草杆菌好,大肠杆菌对2,5-二氨基-1,4-苯醌类的敏感度略大于金黄色葡萄球菌。