冻融交替对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响

应用Le Bissonnais法分析冻融循环(0、1、3、5和9)对3～5 mm黑龙江省黑土团聚体稳定性的影响,采用蜡封法分析黑土孔隙度的变化.结果表明: 不同粒径团聚体含量随冻融循环次数增加均呈波动状态,团聚体含量变化系数随冻融循环次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定;快速湿润、慢速湿润、预湿润震荡3种处理土壤中>0.25 mm团聚体含量有明显差异;孔隙度随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,变化范围在32.4%～41.4%.随冻融次数的增加,不同破碎方式下团聚体含量变化程度较低,团聚体平均重量直径与孔隙度呈负相关,表明冻融条件下孔隙度是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素.     

生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响

试验设生物炭用量为0 (B₀)、20 (B₂₀)、40 (B₄₀)、60 (B₆₀)、80 (B₈₀) t·hm^-2 5个处理,研究了施用果树树干、枝条生物炭2年后,对塿土容重、含水率、土壤温度和团聚体稳定性及其分布的影响.结果表明： 在0～30 cm土层,施炭处理与B₀相比,土壤容重显著降低7.7%～10.9%;土壤含水率显著增加10.0%～13.4%;施用40～60 t·hm^-2生物炭可以缓冲土壤的温度变化,提高土壤的保温性能;大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体（WR_0.25）显著增加30.3%;平均质量直径（MWD）在干筛、湿筛条件下分别显著增加15.2%和31.6%;团聚体破坏率（PAD）和不稳定团粒指数（E_LT）分别显著降低19.1%和17.5%.说明生物炭的施用明显改善了塿土的水热特性,提高了团聚体的含量和稳定性;其施用量为40～60 t·hm^-2时综合表现较优.     

放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

放牧作为草地的主要利用方式,对草地生态系统的结构和功能具有显著影响。目前长期放牧对草地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响还知之甚少。本研究依托2004年建立的内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原长期放牧试验平台,设置围封禁牧(对照)、轻度、中度和重度放牧强度,研究不同放牧强度下土壤团聚体组成和稳定性的变化,并结合相关土壤理化指标探究影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素。结果表明: 放牧显著改变了不同粒径土壤团聚体的组成。与对照相比,大团聚体(0.25～2 mm)含量在轻度放牧下保持不变,而在中度和重度放牧下显著下降;重度放牧显著降低了小团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)含量,而中度和重度放牧显著增加了微团聚体(<0.053 mm)含量。土壤团聚体稳定性在轻度放牧下维持较高水平,但在中度和重度放牧下显著降低。土壤团聚体稳定性与大团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与微团聚体含量呈显著负相关。土壤pH值、容重、有机碳及其他理化性质共同作用于土壤团聚体组成进而对其稳定性产生影响。综上,对于荒漠草原而言,适度放牧可以维持较高的土壤团聚体稳定性。     

Influence of maize root mucilage on soil aggregate stability

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of root exudates on soil aggregate stability. Root mucilage was collected from two-month old maize plants (Zea mays L.) Mucilage and glucose solutions were added at a rate of 2.45 g C kg⁻¹ dry soil to silty clay and silt loam soils. Amended soils, placed in serum flasks, were incubated for 42 d with a drying-wetting cycle after 21 d. Evolved CO₂ was measured periodically as well as the water-stable aggregates and soluble sugar and polysaccharide content of the soil. In mucilage-amended soils CO₂ evolution started with a lag phase of 2–3 days, which was not observed in glucose-amended soils. There was then a sharp increase in evolved CO₂ up to day 7. During the second incubation period there were only small differences in evolved C between treatments. Incorporation of mucilage in both soils resulted in a spectacular and immediate increase in soil aggregate stability. Thereafter, the percent of water-stable aggregates quickly decreased parallel to microbial degradation. On completion of the incubation, aggregate stability in the silty clay soil was still significantly higher in the presence of mucilage than in the control. This work supports the assumption that freshly released mucilage is able to stick very rapidly to soil particles and may protect the newly formed aggregates against water destruction. On the silty clay, microbial activity contributes to a stabilization of these established organo-mineral bounds.     

南亚热带人工林种植对赤红壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

本文选取南亚热带地区桉树、杉木、马尾松、米老排和红锥5种典型人工林为研究对象,采用Elliott湿筛法和Le Bissonnais(LB)法研究了人工林对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明: 5种人工林土壤经湿筛法处理后,水稳性团聚体(WR_>0.25)均在62.2%以上,团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别介于1.58～3.71和0.57～2.02 mm,表现为杉木林最大,桉树林最小。各林分土壤团聚体结构破坏率(PAD)介于4.6%～31.5%之间;采用转移矩阵法评价5种人工林土壤团聚体,得出土壤团聚体稳定性指数(ASI)为杉木林>红锥林>米老排林>马尾松林>桉树林。在LB法3种处理下,快速湿润处理(FW)对土壤团聚体的破坏程度最大,说明消散作用是研究区团粒崩解的主要机制;预湿润振荡处理(WS)的破坏程度最小;慢速湿润处理(SW)介于两者之间,MWD和GMD值变化一致,均表现为WS>SW>FW,且随土层的加深,呈现逐渐降低的趋势。5种人工林土壤在LB法FW处理下团聚体GMD值与湿筛法ASI、MWD、GMD均达到显著正相关,表明湿筛法与LB法的FW处理具有很好的相关性,可用于表征南亚热带赤红壤地区土壤团聚体的稳定性。综合MWD、GMD、PAD和ASI等团聚体稳定性指标,杉木人工林比其他4种人工林更有助于土壤团聚水平的提高,其土壤结构相对较为稳定。     

Effects of forest conversion on soil labile organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in subtropical China

Soil labile fractions play an important role in improving soil quality due to its ability of maintaining soil fertility and minimizing negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forest transition (conversion of natural broadleaf forests into monoculture tree plantations) on soil labile fractions (light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon). Soil samples were collected from a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata (NF) and two adjacent 36-year-old monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. (Chinese fir) (CF) at Xinkou Experimental Forestry Centre, southeastern China. In the 0–100 cm depth, the light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were significantly lower in the CK and CF than in the NF (P?<?0.05). Generally, LFOC, POC and MBC contents declined consistently with profile depth. Significant differences in LFOC, POC and MBC concentrations between the native forest and two plantations were detected at 0–40 cm depth, especially the top 10 cm, whereas there was less change below 40 cm, indicating that labile fraction losses due to forest transition mainly occurred in the surface soils. The three indices of labile organic carbon were closely correlated, suggesting they are interrelated properties. Labile fractions (LFOC, POC and MBC) were more sensitive indicators of SOC change resulting from the forest transition. We also found that forest types significantly affected the water stable aggregate >0.25 mm content (WSA) at the 0–10 cm depth. It suggested that converting old-growth native forest to intensively-managed plantations would reduce labile organic C, which may be attributed to a combination of factors including quantity of litter materials, microbial activity and management disturbances, which would change greatly with the forest conversion. How long these changes would persist needs the further study.     

套种对南方红壤坡耕地经济果园土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为研究红壤丘岗区经济果园套种模式对新改坡耕地土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,以坡度约12°、坡长18 m、宽度1.5 m的12个猕猴桃种植试验小区为对象,设计连续3年套种紫薯(PSP)、毛叶苕子(HV)、荒草(W)3种模式,以无植被覆盖裸地(CK)为对照,测定不同坡位0～15 cm表层土壤团聚体指标。结果表明:套种处理的土壤水稳定性团聚体(WR_>0.25)数量和大小均有不同程度增大趋势,其增幅顺序为PSP>HV>W>CK。土壤团聚体结构破坏率(PAD)和分形维数(D)的顺序为CK>W>HV>PSP,表明套种紫薯坡地土壤团聚体的稳定性最好,毛叶苕子次之。沿顺坡方向,所有处理WR_>0.25含量、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均呈减小趋势,而PAD和D呈逐渐增大趋势,表明新改坡耕地土壤的结构性沿坡长方向呈现变差的趋势。D与MWD、GMD、>0.25 mm团聚体含量均呈显著负相关。套种能够增加丘岗坡地经济果园土壤团聚体数量和大小,改善土壤团粒结构,提高土壤质量。     

亚热带退化森林不同恢复方式对土壤团聚体胶结物质及稳定性的影响

退化森林的恢复一直是林业和生态学研究的热点。良好的森林土壤结构有助于林木生长发育,作为土壤最基本的结构单元,土壤团聚体组成和稳定性是衡量土壤肥力和质量的重要指标,其团聚结构的形成依靠土壤胶结物质。然而,土壤胶结物质与团聚体稳定性之间的关系尚不确定。为探明亚热带退化森林的不同恢复方式对团聚体稳定性的影响及其潜在机制,以自然恢复的次生林为对照(CK),选取了亚热带三种常见的人工林：一代杉木林(P1)、二代杉木林(P2)和黄山松林(P3),测定土壤团聚体稳定性及其胶结物质的含量,并分析了各胶结物质对团聚体稳定性的影响。研究发现：不同森林恢复方式显著影响了土壤pH值、碳氮比、速效磷含量、团聚体的组成和稳定性。所有森林类型中,三种人工林的团聚体稳定性显著高于CK,P2的大团聚体所占比例最大,团聚体稳定性最高。恢复方式显著影响了土壤游离氧化铁含量、菌根密度和易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EEG)含量。团聚体稳定性与游离氧化铁含量、菌根密度呈正相关,但与EEG含量呈负相关。研究结果表明,亚热带退化森林的人工恢复比自然恢复更有助于增强土壤团聚体稳定性,土壤游离氧化铁、菌根密度和EEG是显著影响团聚体稳定...     

Effects of gamma irradiation on instream leaf litter decomposition

Hydrobiologia - Leaf litter decomposition is a key process in stream ecosystems, the rates of which can vary with changes in litter quality or its colonization by microorganisms. Decomposition in...     

红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响

植被恢复后土壤有机质提高 ,可能提高土壤团聚体稳定性 ,从而增强土壤抗蚀性 ,防止土壤退化。研究目的 :(1 )模拟自然条件下土壤团聚体破碎机制 ,研究不同恢复植被下团聚体稳定性的变化 ;(2 )确定不同恢复植被下土壤有机碳的积累与团聚体稳定性的关系 ,以期理解侵蚀裸地植被恢复过程及土壤有机碳对土壤结构性质的贡献。供试土壤采为侵蚀裸地、恢复 1 4 a的胡枝子和樟树林地、30～ 40 a树龄的稀疏马尾松林地以及菜园地等 5种土地利用方式。研究结果表明快速湿润是团聚体破碎的主要机制 ,其团聚体稳定性 (NMWD)次序为 :快速湿润 <湿润震荡 <慢速湿润。不同恢复植被对团聚体稳定性影响也表现不同 ,在快速湿润中 ,马尾松 >菜园地 >胡枝子 >樟树、裸地。湿润震荡处理后 ,其稳定性顺序是 :菜园地、马尾松 >裸地 >樟树 >胡枝子。而在慢速湿润中不同植被影响不明显。小团聚体的稳定性显著高于大团聚体的稳定性。快速湿润和湿润震荡下土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量呈显著正相关 (r=0 .82 **,r=0 .66*) ,但慢速湿润下其相关性很低 (r=0 .2 2 )。结果还表明与活性 Al2 O3 相比 ,活性 Fe2 O3 对团聚体稳定性作用更显著。土壤团聚体湿润破碎后 ,有机碳含量和 C/N比随着破碎团聚体粒级的增大而提高。研究结果说明植被     

植茶年限对土壤团聚体线虫群落结构的影响

在野外调查的基础上,采用干筛法和改良的Baermann漏斗法,研究植茶年限(19年、26年、34年和56年)对土壤团聚体线虫群落结构的影响。本研究共捕获线虫6602条,隶属于46属,以Acrobeloides为优势属,食细菌线虫为优势营养类群。线虫总数和大多数营养类群数量均随植茶年限的延长先升高后降低,在植茶26年时数量达到最高,且随粒径的减小而减少。线虫类群数则随着植茶年限的延长,虽随着粒径的减小而减少,但对>2 mm粒径团聚体中响应不敏感。线虫结构指数(Structure index, SI)多数小于50,富集指数(Enrichment index, EI)均大于50。随着植茶年限的延长,茶园生态系统土壤食物网逐渐退化;与大粒径团聚体相比,<0.25 mm粒径团聚体中食物网受扰动相对较小。以上结果表明,植茶26年土壤更适合线虫繁殖且大粒径团聚体更有利于线虫生存;随着植茶年限的延长,土壤食物网退化,<0.25 mm粒径团聚体受到的干扰较少,这一结果有助于揭示茶园土壤团聚体中线虫群落变化和土壤食物网对植茶年限的响应特征。     

秦岭天然林凋落物去除对土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布的影响

研究凋落物去除对秦岭天然林土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布特征的影响机制,为森林生态治理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)凋落物去除导致云杉林10-40 cm土层土壤中粒径大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WR_0.25)较对照显著降低(P<0.05);混交林10-40 cm土层的大于0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(DR_0.25)显著降低(P<0.05);红桦林表层0-10 cm土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)显著降低(P<0.05);(2)凋落物去除导致三种天然林0-20 cm土层的细根生物量密度(FRBD)较对照显著降低44.18%-57.24%,细根体积(FRV)显著降低24.64%-60.41%;三种天然林中红桦林0-40 cm各土层的FRV最高;(3)凋落物去除导致云杉林0-40 cm土层的土壤容重较对照显著增加5.24%-13.04%,三种天然林0-40 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量显著降低7.92%-25.21%,全氮含量显著降低10.17%-18.10%;(4)相关分析表明,云杉林土壤的团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)与FRBD、细根根长密度(FRLD)和FRV均呈极显著负相关,混交林土壤的PAD与FRBD呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.814),红桦林土壤团聚体MWD与FRBD、FRLD和细根比根长(FSRL)均呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.777、-0.771和-0.786)。综上,凋落物去除在总体上降低了天然林土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,并且不利于林木细根的生长。     

陇东雨养苹果覆膜对土壤团聚体结构稳定性与细根分布的影响

不同的果园管理方式可影响果树根系生长、分布与土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳固存,进而改变“根-土”复合体响应关系。对西北陇东旱塬不同覆膜年限(2 a、4 a和6 a)苹果园表层土壤(0—20 cm)细根生长进行调查,并采用干筛法和湿筛法相结合的方式对土壤团聚体进行分级(>2 mm, 0.5—2 mm, 0.25—0.5 mm和<0.25 mm)。计算团聚体稳定性参数[> 0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(DR_0.25)、> 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WR_0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)、水稳系数(WSC)]和团聚体有机碳含量。分析细根生长与土壤物理结构对长期覆膜的响应,探明土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳固持关系,揭示黄绵土物理结构稳定机制。结果表明：6 a处理通过增加表层土壤黏粒和物理性黏粒比例,改变孔隙结构,抑制细根生长,其根量、根长和根表面积仅为对照(CK)的20.97%、24.66%和41.25%;降低表层土壤团聚体力稳性,其DR_0.25、机械稳...     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对华北地区农田土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

本研究基于10年耕作措施的定位试验,利用湿筛法研究了不同耕作措施和秸秆还田条件下农田土壤水稳性团聚体的分布规律,并利用平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）评价了不同处理水稳性团聚体的稳定性。研究结果表明,不同耕作措施处理的水稳性团聚体在0~10cm,10~20cm和20~30cm土层表现出不同的分布趋势,随着土层的加深,各处理水稳定团聚体的分布呈粒径逐渐减小、分布范围逐渐扩大趋势,0~10cm土层的水稳性团聚体多集中于2~5mm粒径范围,10~20cm土层水稳性团聚体多集中在0.5~5mm粒径范围,以0.5~1mm最多,而20~30mm,则广泛分布在0.25~5mm粒径范围。通过MWD和GMD值可以看出,免耕、耙耕和旋耕措施更能有效地保护表层（0~10cm）土壤水稳定团聚体的稳定性,常规耕作和深松处理则显著降低了20~30cm水稳性团聚体稳定性。秸秆还田显著增加了土壤有机碳（SOC）含量,且显著影响了土壤表层水稳性团聚体的稳定性。作用力分析结果表明,在0~10cm表层,秸秆作用在土壤表层显著影响了水稳定大团聚体的数量及其稳定性（P<0.001）,多元回归分析说明其与土壤有机碳含量达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,且同时也受到来自耕作和秸秆交互效应的影响（P<0.01）;但在10~20cm土层,影响其数量分布的主要因素是不同的耕作措施及耕作和秸秆的交互效应（P<0.001）;而在20~30cm,耕作措施、秸秆和两者的交互效应共同对水稳性大团聚体数量产生重要的影响,但主要作用力来自耕作措施（P<0.001）和两者的交互效应（P<0.001）。免耕秸秆还田措施能显著提高土壤的水稳性团聚体的比例和稳定性。     

Effects of gamma irradiation on chromatin activity of sugar beet tissue

Chromatin-associated RNA polymerase activity increases during washing of sugar beet tissue to a maximum by 20 hours. This increase was inhibited by dosages of gamma irradiation between 50 and 400 krad. Template availability, as measured by saturating levels of added Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, also increased with washing and was inhibited, although to a lesser extent, by the above irradiation dosages. Neither endogenous polymerase activity nor template availability was affected by high dosages (300 krad) in unwashed tissue. Exposure of tissue to irradiation (300 krad) at different times during a 20-hour washing period severely inhibited the development of RNA polymerase activity during the early stages of washing. The inhibition of template availability, however, was independent of time of irradiation. The data presented are discussed in relation to the mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effects of gamma irradiation on RNA production and subsequent protein synthesis.     

重庆酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化特征及团聚体稳定性的影响

马尾松对酸沉降危害极其敏感,生产实践中往往通过林分改造来应对酸沉降危害。为掌握酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化环境的影响及科学指导经营管理,采用空间代替时间的方法,对重庆铁山坪林场的马尾松纯林及其阔叶化改造后的香樟林、木荷林、马尾松×香樟混交林和马尾松×木荷混交林土壤养分、酸化特征及团聚体稳定性进行研究。结果表明：（1）除木荷混交林的腐殖质层土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著增加外,其他森林类型总体均减少（P<0.05）;香樟林及其混交林的各层土壤全磷和全钾含量均增加,但木荷林及其混交林均减少（P<0.05）。（2）改造为香樟林及其混交林能显著提高土壤pH值、交换性盐基离子含量和盐基饱和度,降低交换性Al³⁺含量,但改造为木荷林及其混交林则总体对土壤酸化特征影响不明显（P>0.05）。（3）木荷林及其混交林淀积层的水稳性大团聚体含量增加,香樟林及其混交林则是微团聚体含量增加（P<0.05）。（4）改造对各森林类型腐殖质层和木荷林淋溶层及淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性均无显著影响,但能增强马尾松混交林和香樟林淋溶层或淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性（P<0.05）。综合来看,改造能改变土壤酸化环境,但各森林类型的影响不同,改造为香樟林或其混交林的改善效果总体好于木荷林或其混交林。因而对酸雨区马尾松纯林改造,还应根据改造树种特性及林分特征,科学确定相应的改造方法,尤其应注重改造林分的全过程抚育经营,以营造良好的林下环境。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a vertisol

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aggregate stability of a semi-arid Indian vertisol was studied in a pot experiment in which Sorghum bicolor (L.) was grown as test plant for 10 weeks. Pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi was studied with pasteurized and unpasteurized soils as references. A part of the soil in each pot was placed in nylon mesh bags to separate effects of roots and hyphae. The sorghum plants were planted outside the mesh bags which permitted AM hyphae to enter while excluding roots. Aggregate stability of the soil was determined by wet-sieving and turbidimetric measurements. Development of the AM fungi was quantified as colonized root length and external hyphal length. Soil exposed to growth of roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed aggregates with larger geometric mean diameter (GMD) in pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi than in pasteurized uninoculated soil. There was no significant difference in GMD of the inoculated, pasteurized soil and the unpasteurized soil. No significant effects of inoculation or plant growth were found in pasteurized soil exposed to hyphal growth only (inside the mesh bags). However, the unpasteurized soil had significantly higher GMD than the pasteurized soil, irrespective of plants and inoculum. Turbidimetric measurements of soil exposed to roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed the highest aggregate stability for the inoculated pasteurized soil. These results demonstrate that AM fungi contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates in a vertisol, and that the effect is significant after only one growing season. The effect was associated with both AM hyphae and the stimulation of root growth by AM fungi. The contribution from plant roots and AM hyphae to aggregate stability of different size fractions is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.