褐带卷蛾茧蜂羽化、交配及产卵行为观察

褐带卷蛾茧蜂Bracon adoxophyesi Minamikawa是椰子木蛾幼虫一种重要的天敌寄生蜂。在温度28℃±1℃、湿度50%±5%、光周期12L∶12D的试验条件下,对褐带卷蛾茧蜂的羽化节律、交配、产卵行为进行观察。结果表明,褐带卷蛾茧蜂主要集中在白天(6∶00-18∶00)羽化,占全天羽化总数的82.98%,羽化高峰出现在10∶00-12∶00,占全天羽化总数的23.98%;羽化过程历时较短,仅8-30 min。褐带卷蛾茧蜂交配过程大致分为准备、交配、结束这3个阶段。褐带卷蛾茧蜂雌雄蜂一生均可进行多次交配,雌蜂在交配后即可产卵。产卵过程大致分为寄主定位、寄主检查和接受、取食或产卵、结束与梳理。未交配的雌蜂也可产卵,其子代均为雄蜂。研究结果为褐带卷蛾茧蜂规模化繁育和林间应用提供理论依据。     

新入侵害虫椰子织蛾的3种本地寄生蜂

【目的】椰子织蛾是近期入侵中国的棕榈植物重要害虫,研究其天敌寄生蜂,能为椰子织蛾的进一步防控提供科学依据。【方法】在海南岛收集鉴定了椰子织蛾天敌寄生蜂,观察记录寄生蜂发育历期、雌雄性比、成虫寿命等基础生物学特性。【结果】经形态及分子鉴定,收集到的椰子织蛾寄生蜂有幼虫期寄生蜂麦蛾柔茧蜂、蛹期寄生蜂金刚钻大腿小蜂和周氏啮小蜂。在温度(26±2)℃、湿度(75±10)%RH、以椰子织蛾为寄主条件下,麦蛾柔茧蜂、金刚钻大腿小蜂和周氏啮小蜂发育历期分别为11.8、19.6和20.6 d;每头寄主的出蜂量分别为10.1、1.0和81.5头;雌蜂占比分别为26.6%、40.6%和89.8%;每种寄生蜂雌蜂寿命均长于雄蜂。【结论】保护和利用椰子织蛾的3种本地寄生蜂,将有助于椰子织蛾的防控。     

警惕椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella Walker （鳞翅目：织蛾科）传入中国

【背景】椰子织蛾是棕榈植物上的主要害虫。该害虫在印度和斯里兰卡危害严重,现已入侵泰国。【方法】在收集、整理椰子织蛾原产地或已知入侵地的生物学、生态学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了椰子织蛾的主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物特性,并对该有害生物入侵我国的风险及后果进行综合分析。【结果】椰子织蛾幼虫通常为5龄,大多在棕榈植物叶背面为害。卵期约为5 d,幼虫期约为42 d,蛹期约为12 d,成虫产卵约为137粒。从适生性风险角度看,目前椰子织蛾在南亚和东南亚棕榈植物分布区危害严重,我国南方棕榈植物产区具有相似的生物气候,是椰子织蛾潜在的地理分布区;从传入扩散风险角度看,椰子织蛾成虫能够飞翔,且我国与该害虫发生国家特别是东盟国家的贸易日益频繁,加大了该害虫传入我国的可能性;从经济与生态风险角度看,椰子织蛾入侵我国后将危害椰子等棕榈植物,给相关产业带来损失,影响从业人员收入,同时影响本地生态环境,可能导致生态灾害。【结论与意义】椰子织蛾有入侵我国的可能,有效的检疫管理措施是防范其入侵的主要手段。生物防治是治理该害虫的重要措施之一。     

不同繁育器材对褐带卷蛾茧蜂繁育效果比较

为提高以大蜡螟为替代寄主繁育棕榈害虫红脉穗螟幼虫寄生蜂——褐带卷蛾茧蜂的增殖效果,比较了100目管、60目管、透明网盒、顶透瓶和透气离心管5种繁育器材对褐带卷蛾茧蜂的室内繁育效果。研究结果表明,供试的器材均可进行褐带卷蛾茧蜂的繁育,但繁育效果存在差异,其中60目管寄生效果较佳,表现在寄主被成功寄生率相对较高,平均达到80%,单头雌蜂产蜂数最高,平均为24.13头,被成功寄生的寄主单头出蜂率亦最高,为30.11头,其次为100目管、透明网盒、顶透瓶,而透气离心管饲养效果较差。     

椰子织蛾传入中国及其海南省的风险性分析

【背景】椰子织蛾原产于印度和斯里兰卡,现主要分布于南亚和东南亚,是椰子、中东海枣、蒲葵等多种棕榈科植物的重要害虫。我国目前尚无椰子织蛾发生为害的报道;但从适生性的角度看,该虫的地理分布区与我国南方棕榈植物分布区具有相似的生物气候,理论上我国热带、亚热带的广大区域是椰子织蛾的潜在地理分布区。鉴于其危害严重性,一旦入侵,其危险程度将超过已在我国发生的重要入侵害虫椰心叶甲。【方法】根据国际植物检疫措施标准（ISPM）规定的有害生物风险性分析（PRA）程序,利用相关风险性分析模型,从国内外分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面,对椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险性进行定性、定量分析。【结果】椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险值（R）分别为2．20和2．30,在我国属于高度危险性有害生物。【结论与意义】本研究可为制定椰子织蛾的检疫管理对策提供依据。     

棉褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana可分为两个亚种(鳞翅目: 卷蛾总科: 卷蛾科)

对我国不同地区和不同植物上所采集的棉褐带卷蛾３个属群进行形态分类研究,发现茶叶、棉花上的２个属群幼虫上颚第５齿、蛹下唇基毛、雄虫前翅基斑、中带、雄性爪型突和雌性囊导管长度等与苹果、桃树上的属群均存在较大差异。结合性信息素、杂交等研究,认为我国的棉褐带卷蛾已发生了种下分化,应分为两个亚种,即为害苹果、桃树的种为苹褐带卷蛾ＡｄｏｘｏｐｈｙｅｓｏｒａｎａｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＺｈｏｕｅｔＦｕ,而在棉花、茶树上为害的种是棉褐带卷蛾ＡｄｏｘｏｐｈｙｅｓｏｒａｎａｏｒａｎａＦｉｓｃｈｅｒｖｏｎＲｏｓｌｅｒｓｔａｍｍ。     

椰子织蛾幼虫寄生蜂-麦蛾柔茧蜂的生物学特性初步研究

椰子织蛾是新入侵我国的棕榈植物重要害虫,麦蛾柔茧蜂是寄生椰子织蛾的本土天敌。为了明确营养和温度对麦蛾柔茧蜂种群影响,本文研究了在不同营养和不同温度条件下麦蛾柔茧蜂的寄生率、羽化率及寿命等生物参数。蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能显著提高其寄生率、羽化率,延长其寿命,其中饲喂蜂蜜其寄生率、羽化率、雌雄蜂寿命最高,分别为82. 03%、92. 40%、25. 27 d、22. 40 d。寿命与温度负相关,28℃下其寄生率、羽化率最高,分别为82. 02%、92. 40%,各虫态的发育速率与温度的关系符合线性回归模型。该寄生蜂世代发育起点温度为13. 71℃,有效积温为143. 28日·度。本研究结果可为麦蛾柔茧蜂的繁殖及控害提供相关的理论基础。     

椰心叶甲、椰子织蛾肠道菌群多样性分析

[目的] 椰心叶甲、椰子织蛾同属棕榈科食叶性入侵害虫,两者同时取食棕榈科植物却无明显竞争作用,本文通过分子生物学手段对两者的肠道菌群组成、肠道代谢通路进行比对,以此探讨两者食性之间相关性。[方法] 以16S rRNA菌群分析等预测手段对两者肠道微生物群落、代谢通路等进行差异分析。[结果] 椰心叶甲体内变形菌门群落丰度显著高于椰子织蛾,椰子织蛾体内蓝菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门等菌群丰度显著高于椰心叶甲;椰心叶甲体内膦酸酯和亚膦酸盐代谢、N-聚糖合成等肠道代谢通路显著强于椰子织蛾,而椰子织蛾肠道中酮体的合成和降解、维生素B6代谢、核黄素代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成等代谢通路显著强于椰心叶甲。[结论] 椰子织蛾体内相对较高的酸杆菌门丰度可能导致了其偏好取食纤维素高的椰子老叶,而椰心叶甲则相反。同时,椰子织蛾肠道内显著较高的维生素B含量在其族群发展过程中起到了主要作用。两者细菌丰度以及代谢通路强度的差异可能影响了两者的食性。     

苹褐带卷蛾成虫对主要寄主植物挥发物的触角电位反应和行为反应

【目的】苹褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana是危害苹果、桃、梨、枣等果树的一种重要昆虫。近年来在陕西苹果和红枣产区发生面积逐年扩大,危害日趋严重。本研究旨在明确寄主植物挥发物在苹褐带卷蛾成虫嗅觉通讯中的作用,为开发植物源引诱剂提供基础数据。【方法】利用触角电位(electroantennogram, EAG)仪测定苹褐带卷蛾2日龄未交配雌、雄成虫对51种寄主植物挥发性化合物的EAG反应;利用本实验室开发的小型蛾类昆虫嗅觉行为测试装置测定苹褐带卷蛾成虫对15种具有显著EAG反应的挥发性化合物的行为反应。【结果】EAG测试结果表明,苹褐带卷蛾成虫对不同挥发性化合物的EAG反应相对值有显著差异,雌、雄成虫对顺-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯-1-醇、1-己醇、1-庚醇、己醛、反-2-己烯醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、乙酸丁酯、乙酸异戊酯和乙酸-顺-3-己烯酯的EAG反应较强。此外,雄成虫对3-甲基-1-丁醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、苯甲醛、丁酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯、三甲基巴豆酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙酸丁酯、异戊酸-顺-3-己烯酯、苯甲腈和柠檬腈的反应较强。在待测的51种挥发性化合物中,苹褐带卷蛾成虫对29种化...     

以椰子织蛾为寄主的麦蛾柔茧蜂的冷藏研究

[目的] 探究麦蛾柔茧蜂最适的冷藏温度及虫态,为麦蛾柔茧蜂在生物防治的应用提供基础。[方法] 将麦蛾柔茧蜂的4种虫态（卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫）置于-4、0、4、10℃温度下冷藏,观察其存活率,以确定其冷藏的最适虫态和最适温度。随后测定最适冷藏条件下,麦蛾柔茧蜂的生命参数。[结果] 致死中时间（T₅₀）表明,麦蛾柔茧蜂以蛹期在10℃条件下冷藏为最佳,冷藏12 d时存活率仍达到75.25%。麦蛾柔茧蜂在10℃条件下冷藏后,首日产卵量在冷藏后期显著下降,麦蛾柔茧蜂性比显著降低,但冷藏3 d后其均值又逐渐恢复。茧蜂发育历期在冷藏后无显著变化。[结论] 以椰子织蛾为寄主的麦蛾柔茧蜂于蛹期在10℃条件下冷藏12 d仍具有良好的利用价值,这可为麦蛾柔茧蜂在生物防治中的应用提供依据。     

椰子木蛾的产卵节律及其对寄主植物的产卵选择性

【背景】椰子木蛾是近年来新入侵我国棕榈科植物的害虫,研究其产卵习性可为监测和防治该虫提供参考。【方法】在室内条件下,观察、记录了椰子木蛾雌成虫的产卵节律及其对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性。【结果】椰子木蛾最高日产卵量可达34.4粒·头-1,且主要集中在羽化后4 d内产卵,占总产卵量的54.1%;产卵活动主要发生在夜间23:00到次日8:00;在椰子、蒲葵、大王棕、槟榔和散尾葵等寄主植物上的产卵量无显著差异,为89.3~147.7粒·头-1,但产卵位置存在差别。【结论与意义】椰子木蛾雌成虫具有较强的繁殖能力和产卵节律性,且在不同寄主植物上的产卵量一致。     

水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus isolates pathogenic to coconut insect pests

Aspergillus flavus isolated from naturally infected leaf-eating caterpillar (Opisina arenosella W.), lace bug (Stephanitis typica D.) and plant hopper (Proutista moesta Westwood), insect pests of the coconut palm, were tested for aflatoxin (AT) production by employing various media formulations. These A. flavus isolates were earlier found to be entomopathogenic in laboratory bioassays. A laboratory contaminant and four standard aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates were also included in this study as reference strains. All A. flavus isolates were tested on seven AT detection media: coconut extract agar, coconut extract-sodium desoxycholate agar, coconut extract-ascorbic acid agar, coconut extract-Czapek Dox agar, coconut extract-milk powder agar, 10% commercial coconut milk powder agar (CCMPA) and 20% CCMPA. Only two isolates of A. flavus, originally isolated from O. arenosella and P. moesta, produced ATs. AT production was detected within 48 h of incubation and was detected continually up to 1 month. These AT-producing A. flavus isolates also produced bright yellow pigmentation in the medium. Of all the seven media used for AT detection, CCMPA (10%) was found to be the best one, followed by 20% CCMPA, for direct and rapid AT detection. AT production was not necessary for pathogenicity in the insects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鸢尾兰属(兰科)植物省级分布新记录

报道了兰科(Orchidaceae)鸢尾兰属(Oberonia Lindl.)共5种植物在中国3个省区的分布新记录,其中广西分布新记录有短耳鸢尾兰(O.falconeri J.D.Hooker)和小叶鸢尾兰[O.japonica(Maxim.)Makino],海南分布新记录有狭叶鸢尾兰(O.caulescens Lindl.)和勐腊鸢尾兰(O.menglaensis S.C.ChenZ.H.Tsi),西藏分布新记录有拟阔瓣鸢尾兰(O.langbianensis Gagnep.)。凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)和中国科学院广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Phylogenetic characterization of the purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa sp. BBS by analysis of the 16S rRNA, cbbL, and nifH genes and its description as Thiocapsa bogorovii sp. nov., a new species

Strain BBS, the purple sulfur bacterium assigned initially to the species Thiocapsa roseopersicina, is the best studied representative of this species. However, no molecular phylogenetic analysis has been performed to confirm its systematic position. Based on the results of analysis of the sequences of 16S rRNA, cbbL, and nifH genes, DNA-DNA hybridization with the T. roseopersicina type strain, and comparative analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of various species belonging to the genus Thiocapsa, we suggest that strain BBS should be assigned to a new species of the genus Thiocapsa, Thiocapsa bogorovii sp. nov. Original Russian Text ? T.P. Tourova, O.I. Keppen, O.L. Kovaleva, N.V. Slobodova, I.A. Berg, R.N. Ivanovsky, 2009, published in Mikrobiologiya, 2009, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 381–392.     

GFP基因在新疆小拟南芥和拟南芥中的表达分析

以质粒pMCB30为模板,扩增GFP基因,连接到载体pCMBIA2300-35S-OCS上,构建过量表达载体p35S:GFP,将其转入农杆菌GV3101.通过农杆菌介导法将p35S:GFP载体分别转入新疆特色植物小拟南芥和拟南芥中.T0代经含有卡那霉素的1/2MS培养基筛选,获得了T1代转基因小拟南芥2株,T1代转基因拟南芥9株.通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,在转基因小拟南芥和拟南芥的根尖细胞中均可检测到GFP绿色荧光蛋白;对转基因植株进行PCR扩增,均可检测到GFP基因,表明GFP基因已成功转入小拟南芥和拟南芥中.该研究建立了小拟南芥的遗传转化体系,为进一步利用GFP基因和进一步研究小拟南芥的功能基因奠定基础.     

Host performance of Trichogramma species on Opisina arenosella,and evaluation of their biological control efficacy

Five candidate species for biocontrol of Opisina arenosella Walker, a destructive pest of palm trees, were evaluated. To compare host performance, 5 Trichogramma species were allowed to parasitize O. arenosella eggs of different ages and egg densities. The parasitization capacity of two species, T. embryophagum and T. japonicum, were evaluated with respect to adult age. Treatments consisted of field with releases of T. embryophagum or T. japonicum set up in Danzhou, Hainan, and the pest densities was recorded periodically. The results showed that T. embryophagum, T. chilonis, and T. dendrolimi had a strong parasitic ability on 0-day-old O. arenosella eggs. In species comparisons, the parasitism rates of T. embryophagum on 1-day-old and 4-day-old eggs, and T. japonicum on 2-day-old, 3-day-old, and 5-day-old eggs of O. arenosella were significantly higher than those of other Trichogramma species. At densities of 40 and 35 eggs/tube (84.8 cm³), the numbers of eggs parasitized by T. embryophagum and T. japonicum were the highest, at 29.9 and 24.6, respectively. During the first 24-h, the numbers of eggs parasitized by T. embryophagum and T. japonicum were 110.6 and 82.2, accounting for 84.7% and 59.5%, respectively, of the total parasitized eggs. After 2 months releases, the larvae and pupa density of O. arenosella under T. embryophagum and T. japonicun treatment were 0.95 and 0.94 individuals/leaflet, respectively, were significantly lower than untreated control (1.6 individuals/leaflet). These findings encouraged that T. embryophagum and T. japonicun are able to be used for biological control for O. arenosella.     

A review of chromosome cytology in Hyacinthaceae subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Albuca, Dipcadi, Ornithogalum and Pseudogaltonia) in sub-Saharan Africa

The chromosome cytology of Hyacinthaceae subfamily Ornithogaloideae is reviewed within the framework of a recent molecular-based classification, with particular emphasis on its center of diversity in sub-Saharan Africa. We also provide new chromosome counts for sections that are unknown or poorly known cytologically. Albuca subgen. Namibiogalum (9 spp.) probably has an ancestral base number of x = 10 but subgen. Albuca (± 70 spp), subgen. Monarchos (9 spp.) and subgen. Osmyne (36 spp.) have x = 9. The pattern in subgen. Urophyllon (3 spp.) is remarkable: although x = 6 is likely, the species in the section exhibit a range of 2n = 12, 10, 8, 6 and 4 (exclusive of polyploidy). All karyotypes have three large chromosome pairs and a variable number of small chromosomes. Pseudogaltonia (2 spp.) has x = 9 and Dipcadi (26 spp.) possibly x = 9 in series Uropetalum and x = 6 in series Dipcadi, which exhibits a pattern of descending dysploidy leading to n = 3 in D. marlothii. In Ornithogalum (± 130 spp.) chromosome numbers are known for only 24 of the ± 84 sub-Saharan species, mostly from subgen. Aspasia and subgen. Ornithogalum sect. Linaspasia, both of which have x = 6, and from subgen. Galtonia, which has x = 8. In contrast, x = 7 is basic for the Eurasian sects. Honorius and Melophis, and x = 18 seems likely for sect. Cathissa. Sect. Ornithogalum, the cytology of which we does not examine in detail, may have x = 9. Polyploidy is apparently rare in the sub-Saharan African ornithogaloids, in marked contrast to the high frequency of polyploidy among Eurasian species. In Albuca just 3 or possibly 4 sub-Saharan species (9% or 13% of those counted) are exclusively polyploid and 5 more have diploid and polyploid races; and in sub-Saharan Ornithogalum, only the tropical O. gracillimum is exclusively polyploid, and the western southern African O. hispidum has diploid and polyploid races.