637例甲真菌病临床类型及致病真菌分析

目的了解637例甲真菌病患者的临床分类、致病真菌菌种构成及其分布。方法按甲真菌病诊断标准收集近3a来637例真菌培养阳性甲真菌病患者并临床分类,按真菌学分类标准诊断致病菌种类,分析各菌种在临床病种、年龄段、性别等的分布。结果临床分型以远端侧位甲下型为主(72.06%)。菌种构成为皮肤癣菌占69.39%、酵母菌占18.68%、非皮肤癣菌霉菌占11.93%。皮肤癣菌中红色毛癣菌353株(79.86%),酵母菌中白念珠菌67株(56.30%),非皮肤癣菌中以青霉和曲霉为主。致病菌种的分布在不同年龄段及性别间存在差异,但均以皮肤癣菌为主。结论甲真菌病的临床类型以远端侧位甲下型为主,红色毛癣菌为优势致病菌。     

东南沿海部队皮肤浅部真菌病的调查研究

目的了解东南沿海部队官兵近年真菌菌种构成情况及调查浅部真菌病非高发季节的患病率。方法于11月对浙江地区和福建地区某部队官兵共324人进行浅部真菌病患病情况调查,通过临床检查确定皮肤病种类和感染人(次),对于临床诊断为浅部真菌病的官兵进行真菌镜检证实后明确诊断,并留菌种进行真菌培养。结果真菌感染性疾病患病率为55.2%(324人中179人发病),其中手足癣158人次(48.8%),体股癣35人次(10.8%),花斑癣24人次(7.4%),马拉色菌毛囊炎18人次(5.6%),甲癣5人次(1.5%)。真菌镜检阳性率为76.36%,首位致病菌为红色毛癣菌71株,占84.5%。结论部队尤其是亚热带地区部队,浅部真菌病的患病率较高,不同驻地官兵患皮肤浅部真菌病有差异,而服役年限及兵源与患皮肤浅部真菌病之间无显著差异。     

上海地区9566例浅部真菌病患者病原菌分析

目的了解上海地区浅部真菌病的发病情况及病原菌菌种构成。方法对2010年1月~2014年12月收集的9566例浅部真菌病临床标本进行真菌培养及真菌鉴定。结果在确诊的9 566例浅部真菌病患者中,甲真菌病5 277例(55.16%),体股癣2 313例(24.18%),手足癣1 719例(17.97%),头癣257例(2.69%),患者女性多于男性。在分离的10078株菌种中红色毛癣菌5 082株(50.43%),念珠菌属2 786株(27.64%),红酵母703株(6.98%)。结论上海地区浅部真菌病仍以红色毛癣菌为主导,与1994~1998年数据相比较,念珠菌与酵母样真菌比例有明显上升。     

威海地区547例甲真菌病真菌培养结果分析

目的了解山东省威海地区甲真菌病的临床分类、菌种构成等流行情况。方法对547例镜检阳性的甲真菌病患者进行真菌培养、鉴定和临床分析。结果547例患者中真菌培养阳性423例,阳性率77.3%,远端侧位甲下型甲真菌病(DLSO)295例(53.9%),白色浅表型甲真菌病(SWO)36例(6.5%),近端侧位甲下型甲真菌病(PSO)78例(14.2%),全甲营养不良型甲真菌病(TDO)138例(25.2%)。共分离出429株真菌,其中皮肤癣菌354株(82.5%),酵母菌61株(14.2%),非皮肤癣菌霉菌14株(3.3%)。结论山东省威海地区甲真菌病病原体的分布以皮肤癣菌为主,其次为酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌霉菌,红色毛癣菌是最常见的皮肤癣菌,临床类型以DLSO型居多,其他依次是TDO、PSO、SWO。就诊人群中以20～50岁年龄段为最多见。     

甲真菌病患者分离真菌多样性分析

为了探寻甲真菌病患者病甲部位的真菌多样性,以期对临床治疗提供参考,结合菌种培养的形态学研究和rDNA ITS序列分析的方法,对临床拟诊为甲真菌病患者的病甲分离培养菌株进行物种鉴定,并以丰富性指数(Ma)、多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J)等指标分析指甲和趾甲分离真菌的多样性。2010年2月至9月在北京大学第三医院皮肤科的1 568例拟诊甲真菌病患者中,641例培养阳性,包括趾甲561例和指甲80例。检测到的皮肤癣菌占59.13%(其中红色毛癣菌为96.04%),酵母菌17.00%,其他真菌23.87%。分离自趾甲的Candida galli、Lewia infectoria和Paraconiothyrium hawaiiense,以及分离自指甲的Cyberlindnera jadinii确定为中国新记录种。趾甲分离菌的物种多样性指数H′、丰富度指数Ma和均匀度指数J均高于指甲分离菌。研究结果表明,该医院就诊甲真菌病患者可分离培养的真菌以皮肤癣菌的红色毛癣菌为主要物种,且趾甲分离菌的菌种多样性较指甲的更为明显。     

复旦大学皮肤病研究所 复旦大学附属华山医院教育处 真菌病诊断和检测技术新进展学习班招生通知

正华山医院皮肤科将于2017年举办"真菌病诊断及检测技术新进展"学习班。本学习班将展示大量常见和少见真菌病例的临床照片、各种真菌的菌落、镜下形态照片及鉴定以及组织病理中的表现,同时介绍诊断、治疗和实验室检测的新进展,充分发挥华山医院皮肤科疑难病人多、新菌种多的优势,为临床医生及微生物检验人员的知识更新提供良好的学习机会。     

rDNA-ITS序列鉴定深部真菌菌种的研究进展

目前深部真菌病的发生率呈逐渐上升趋势,有关深部真菌菌种的鉴定成为研究热点。由于传统的菌种鉴定方法存在费时及易受实验条件影响等不足,核糖体rDNA-ITS序列分析法已越来越广泛的应用于真菌属内不同种间的系统发育研究中。本文综述了核糖体rDNA-ITS鉴定深部真菌菌种的研究进展,展望了其应用前景。     

激光治疗甲真菌病的作用机制研究进展

甲真菌病是皮肤科常见的甲病变,指真菌引起的甲板和(或)甲下组织的感染。由于抗真菌药种类较少及其毒副作用,肝肾功能受损的甲真菌病患者,缺乏安全、有效的药物。近年来,以激光作为主要或辅助手段治疗甲真菌病备受国内外学者的关注,现就激光治疗甲真菌病作用机制的研究进展进行综述。     

82株甲真菌病致病菌分布及药敏结果分析

<正>甲真菌病是甲及其周围组织的真菌感染,是皮肤科最常见的甲病,占甲病的50%。致病真菌包括皮肤癣菌、念珠菌等酵母菌及非皮肤癣菌性霉菌等。其中,红色毛癣菌是最常见的致病菌,约占90%~([1])。本文对我院2014年11月~2015年1月皮肤科门诊甲真菌病患者的菌种分布和体外药敏试验做一回顾性分析,为临床诊断治疗提供用药依据。1资料与方法     

浅部真菌病1948份临床标本的真菌学分析

目的 通过对浅部真菌病患者临床送检标本的病原真菌菌种进行系统分析,了解感染及病原真菌的分布情况。方法 采用直接镜检、培养及真菌鉴定等方法对临床送验标本进行检验和鉴定,大部分标本鉴定到种。结果 1948份临床送验标本中,直接涂片镜检阳性率53．41％,培养阳性率40．28％,而镜检＋培养的阳性率为66．98％。对上述3种方法的真菌检出率进行比较,均存在显著差异（χ^2检验P均〈0．005）。在培养的1944份标本中,共分离出18个属,36种真菌,其中,红色毛癣菌24．52％、须癣毛癣菌16．48％、白念珠菌12．64％。结论 ①镜检结合培养的阳性率显著高于单一的镜检或培养的阳性率。②在患者即时的真菌镜检阴性时,应选择培养方法进一步检测,不轻易排除浅部真菌病感染可能。③皮肤癣菌居患者浅部真菌病致病菌首位,而白念珠菌及酵母类菌也是重要病原菌。     

Eighty Years of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycopathologia</Emphasis>: A Retrospective Analysis of Progress Made in Understanding Human and Animal Fungal Pathogens

Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 to ‘diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists.’ This was an important mission considering that pathogenic fungi for humans and animals represent a tiny minority of the estimated 1.5–5 million fungal inhabitants on Earth. These pathogens have diverged from the usual saprotrophic lifestyles of most fungi to colonize and infect humans and animals. Medical and veterinary mycology is the subdiscipline of microbiology that dwells into the mysteries of parasitic, fungal lifestyles. Among the oldest continuing scientific publications on the subject, Mycopathologia had its share of ‘classic papers’ since the first issue was published in 1938. An analysis of the eight decades of notable contributions reveals many facets of host–pathogen interactions among 183 volumes comprising about 6885 articles. We have analyzed the impact and relevance of this body of work using a combination of citation tools (Google Scholar and Scopus) since no single citation metric gives an inclusive perspective. Among the highly cited Mycopathologia publications, those on experimental mycology accounted for the major part of the articles (36%), followed by diagnostic mycology (16%), ecology and epidemiology (15%), clinical mycology (14%), taxonomy and classification (10%), and veterinary mycology (9%). The first classic publication, collecting nearly 200 citations, appeared in 1957, while two articles published in 2010 received nearly 150 citations each, which is notable for a journal covering a highly specialized field of study. An empirical analysis of the publication trends suggests continuing interests in novel diagnostics, fungal pathogenesis, review of clinical diseases especially with relevance to the laboratory scientists, taxonomy and classification of fungal pathogens, fungal infections and carriage in pets and wildlife, and changing ecology and epidemiology of fungal diseases around the globe. We anticipate that emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens will continue to cause significant health burden in the coming decades. It remains vital that scientists and physicians continue to collaborate by learning each other’s language for the study of fungal diseases, and Mycopathologia will strive to be their partner in this increasingly important endeavor to its 100th anniversary in 2038 and beyond.     

805例甲真菌病真菌培养结果分析

目的了解近年来我院甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成分布情况,并研究其流行病学特点。方法收集2008年6月-2012年11月间我院皮肤科实验室甲真菌病患者病甲真菌学培养阳性的病例并进行分析。结果共收集到805例病甲真菌培养阳性的甲真菌病病例。酵母菌407株,占50．55％,皮肤癣菌385株,占47．95％,霉菌13株,占1．61％。不同年龄段的甲真菌病患者的菌属分布存在差异。结论我院近年来甲真菌病病原菌最常见为酵母菌,其次为皮肤癣菌和霉菌。年龄是影响菌属分布的重要因素。     

Development and validation of a molecular method for the diagnosis of medically important fungal infections

The increasing incidence of severe fungal infections highlights the need for rapid and precise identification methods in clinical mycology. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a culture-indipendent molecular approach that could allow the detection of fungal pathogens in clinical samples, with particular attention to the identification of drug-resistant Candida and Aspergillus species. A real-time multiplex PCR assay was developed using TaqMan probes specific for highly discriminating ITS sequences. In its multiplex format the assay showed a high specificity, clearly discriminating among different species, as well as a high sensitivity (20 CFU/1 mL sample), making it a potentially useful starting point for the development of a more complete molecular diagnostic assay.     

世界及中国菌物新命名发表概况(2020年)

菌物是全球生物多样性最丰富的生物类群之一, 每年有大量新物种被描述和发现, 统计和分析菌物新名称发表数据, 可实时展示菌物分类学的研究热点, 并为学科的未来发展提供参考数据。根据世界菌物名称信息库Fungal Names、Index Fungorum和MycoBank所收录的数据, 2020年全球共发表了4,996个菌物新名称, 包括652个新高阶分类单元、2,905个新种及种下单元、1,342个新组合和97个其他名称, 是历史上发表菌物新名称数量最多的一年。这些新名称隶属于12门44纲173目469科1,386属, 盘菌、小型子囊菌、地衣和伞菌是本年度最受关注的类群。来自全球的1,978位学者将上述菌物新名称发表在133个期刊的885篇论文和9部专著中, 其中669位作者是首次参与新名称发表, 是历年来新作者最多的一年。本年度发表的菌物新物种的模式标本来自世界103个国家和地区, 东亚和东南亚是新物种发现的最热点地区, 而中国是发现新物种最多的国家, 共发现663种, 占全球的23%, 是排名第二位的泰国的2.28倍。西南地区是我国新物种发现的热点地区, 云南、贵州、西藏三省区本年度发现的新物种数量占全国的44.80%。除了新物种来源, 中国学者在本年度的菌物分类学研究中取得了令人瞩目的成果, 333位中国学者参与发表了1,271个菌物新名称, 占全球新名称总数的1/4。这些菌物新名称隶属于8门24纲87目209科440属, 发表在45个期刊的258篇研究论文和1部专著中。通过上述研究发现, 全球菌物新物种发现的速度仍在加快, 命名作者和新名称发表数量在逐步增加, 研究类群规模在逐渐扩大。但菌物物种描述率仍处于较低水平, 持续、高效地发现菌物新物种将是菌物学者的重点研究方向之一。     

植物病原真菌的菌核研究进展

真菌菌核是相关真菌在特殊环境下由营养体菌丝交织和聚集形成的具有抵御恶劣环境能力的休眠结构,在真菌生活史及病原真菌的病害循环中具有重要的生物学和生态学意义。许多引起严重植物病害的病原真菌能够形成菌核,这类真菌通过菌核度过逆境。菌核在适宜条件下萌发形成子囊盘和孢子或菌丝,造成植物的侵染。本文从形成菌核的真菌种类、生物学特性、黑色素及分子生物学等方面进行综述,旨在为深入研究真菌菌核及其在真菌学、植物病理学及药用真菌学等领域应用提供研究思路和参考依据。     

Mycology studies in space

Summary The postflight phase of the Apollo MEED mycology attempts to identify survival according to exposure to specific quantitative space flight factors, while the second phase of studies identifies qualitative change other than cell survival [57]. Initial changes incurred in space on a fungal cell can be monitored and further examined on return of the fungal species test system to Earth. The postflight studies present a better understanding of the space environmental influences on living cells and a more clear understanding of the fungal species under examination.Presented as part of the Everett S. Beneke Symposium in Mycology, May 27, 1988.     

Recent Taxonomic Developments with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida</Emphasis> and Other Opportunistic Yeasts

Increases in susceptible patient populations and advances in identification methods have resulted in the continued recognition of novel yeasts as agents of human infection. Most of these agents are members of the well-recognized genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula. Some of these agents are “cryptic species,” members of species complexes, and may not be detectable using classical carbohydrate assimilation-based methods of yeast identification. Such species require DNA- or MALDI-based methods for correct identification, although sporadic isolates may not routinely require delineation to the individual species level. The coming end of the fungal taxonomy rules requiring separate names for sexual and asexual forms of the same fungus will hopefully allow greater clarity, as names for medically important yeast can now be based on the needs of the medical mycology community and the common goal of better communication between laboratory and clinician.     

Species richness and substrate specificity of lignicolous fungi in the canopy of a temperate,mixed deciduous forest

In the more than twenty years in which long-term canopy research has been conducted, mycology has been largely disregarded. Our studies using a construction crane to gain access to the canopy of a forest in Leipzig, Germany are the first long term investigations assessing the diversity and ecology of wood-decaying fungi in a canopy. Thirty-seven individuals of nine different tree species with a large amount of dead wood were selected. Sampling focussed on the four most prominent tree species Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata. In the years 2002 and 2003 dead wood was collected in different canopy strata. Dead branches were removed and stored for two weeks in open boxes with high humidity to allow growth of fructifications in the laboratory. 118 different taxa were identified (108 species, 77 genera). Corticioid fungi (e.g., of Corticiaceae, Stereaceae, Hymenochaetaceae) dominated the fungal composition with 37 species, pyrenomycetes were present with 18 species. Agaric fungi (Agaricales and Cortinariales) were scarce. Species with minute basidiomes dominated the fungal composition of this systematic group. Agarics with larger sporomes were found only once and were restricted to strongly decayed branches in shaded canopy areas. Concerning species richness and fungal composition the four tree species mentioned above differed remarkably. As expected, many fungi that grew on bark or slightly decayed wood showed a distinct host and substratum specifity. It is noteworthy that fungi which are purportedly to be non-specific were found on single tree species only.     

Rare Fungal Infections in Children: An Updated Review of the Literature

An increasing trend of reports of rare fungal diseases has been observed to be mainly associated with the substantial increase of high-risk immunocompromised children, as well as with the selective pressure of antifungal drugs. On the other hand, recent reports have shown that several species of these rare fungi may also cause infections in immunocompetent children without obvious underlying conditions. The clinical spectrum of these infections, and most importantly their outcome, varies greatly, implying for a rather heterogenic group of pediatric infections. Various types of superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections, as well as systemic and disseminated life-threatening infections, have been reported. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of rare fungal diseases in children remains a great challenge. Several treatment options have been used, ranging from localized to combination treatment with extensive surgical excision and long-term antifungal therapy. We review contemporary data of rare fungal infections in pediatric patients focusing on epidemiology, mycology, management and outcome, published during the last three years.     

Specialization and medical mycology in the US, Britain and Japan

This paper attempts to bring new insights to a long-standing historical debate over medical specialization by analyzing the formation of medical mycology, a somewhat marginal biomedical discipline that emerged in the mid-twentieth century around studies of fungal disease in humans. The study of fungi predates that of bacteria and viruses, but from the 1880s it became eclipsed by bacteriology. However, in the postwar period, there were moves to establish medical mycology as an independent speciality. I trace the processes that led to the launch of professional societies in the United States, Britain and Japan, three major players in medical mycology, and more broadly in biomedicine. The analysis of the three different national contexts illustrates how geographical, medico-technological, epidemiological, political and social conditions gave the specialty a distinctive character in each country; this was further complicated by the different and changing medical fields in which fungal diseases were studied and treated. The three case studies show medical specialization as a process that is not simply cumulative but responds to specific historical events and developments.