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1.
The relationship between anxiety and maternal behavior has been explored across species using a variety of approaches, yet there is no clear consensus on the nature or direction of this relationship. In the current study, we have assessed stable individual differences in anxiety-like behavior in a large cohort (n=57) of female F2 hybrid mice. Using open-field behavior as a continuous and categorical (high vs. low) measure we examined the relationship between the anxiety-like behavior of virgin F2 females and the subsequent maternal behavior of these females. In addition, we quantified oxytocin (OTR) and vasopressin (V1a) receptor density within the lateral septum to determine the possible correlation with anxiety-like and maternal behavior. We find that, though activity levels within the open-field do predict latency to engage in pup retrieval, anxiety-like measures on this test are otherwise not associated with subsequent maternal behavior. OTR density in the dorsal lateral septum was found to be negatively correlated with activity levels in the open-field and positively correlated with frequency of nursing behavior. V1a receptor density was significantly correlated with postpartum licking/grooming of pups. Though we do not find support for the hypothesis that individual differences in trait anxiety predict variation in maternal behavior, we do find evidence for the role of OTR and V1a receptors in predicting maternal behavior in mice and suggest possible methodological issues (such as distinguishing between trait and state anxiety) that will be a critical consideration for subsequent studies of the anxiety-maternal behavior relationship. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.  相似文献   

2.
Consistent, individual differences in the expression of maternal behaviour have been described in several species including the sheep. The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the onset of maternal behaviour in the sheep have been described, although the relationship between hormonal events and individual differences in behaviour has yet to be determined. In this study, we examined whether the individual differences in plasma estradiol, progesterone, oxytocin and cortisol concentrations were related to observed individual and breed differences in maternal behaviours in two breeds of sheep (Scottish Blackface and Suffolk) known to differ in maternal behavioural expression. Maternal estradiol concentration increased rapidly before parturition and was higher in Blackface ewes than Suffolk ewes. Plasma progesterone declined before parturition and was higher in Suffolk than Blackface ewes. Prepartum estradiol, but not progesterone, was related to individual differences in maternal grooming of the lamb. Plasma oxytocin did not differ between breeds in late gestation. There was a tendency for oxytocin to be higher in Blackface than Suffolk ewes immediately after birth. However, there were no significant relationships between prepartum or postpartum oxytocin and any maternal behaviours. Plasma cortisol was higher in Blackface than Suffolk ewes in the last days of pregnancy but rose in both breeds over the last 24 h before parturition and did not differ at delivery. Cortisol peripartum was negatively related to individual differences in maternal affiliative behaviours. These data suggest that estradiol, and potentially cortisol, may mediate individual differences in maternal behaviour in sheep.  相似文献   

3.
Maternal behavior of the sensitized virgin rat is affected by approach-avoidance systems as well as by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is also activated during stress. The present experiments investigated the effects of adrenalectomy and of varying corticosterone concentrations on the onset and expression of maternal behavior in sensitized virgin rats. In the first experiment, latency to onset of maternal behavior and time spent licking once maternal were positively related to endogenous levels of corticosterone. However, few rats showed licking. In the second experiment, virgin rats were adrenalectomized or given sham surgeries before being sensitized and being given 0, 25, 100, 300, or 500 microg/mL of corticosterone in their drinking water. In the third experiment, virgin rats were adrenalectomized or given sham surgeries and given either control or corticosterone time-release pellets after being sensitized. Maternal behavior was then tested. Adrenalectomy increased licking in the second experiment and time over pups in the third experiment. Corticosterone replacement reduced licking in the second experiment and both licking and time over pups in the third experiment. In conclusion, exogenous corticosterone had an inhibitory effect on the expression of maternal behavior in the sensitized virgin rat, unlike the facilitatory effect previously found in the postpartum rat.  相似文献   

4.
There is extensive evidence in animal studies, particularly in vole species (Microtus), that oxytocin (OT) receptor and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor 1a is critical for the regulation of maternal and paternal behavior, respectively. Human studies have gained insight into the relationship between both hormone receptor gene variants and behavior, but not between the variants and the underlying brain activity. To study this, we investigated the association between neural activation of the anterior prefrontal cortex (APFC) in mothers and fathers in response to their child smiling video stimuli to induce the positive affect related to attachment with their child, and genetic variants of OT receptor (OXTR) and AVP receptor 1A (AVPR1A). Overall, 43 mothers and 41 fathers participated, and each parent's child smiling was video recorded. Participants were then genotyped and underwent near-infrared spectroscopy to measure neural activation of the APFC while observing their own child smiling compared with an unfamiliar child. We found that the right inferior APFC was activated in response to child video stimuli in mothers and differential hemispheric activation of the inferior APFC in OXTR rs2254298-G/G mothers compared with -A carrier mothers, but not in fathers. Furthermore, we found a difference in the left inferior APFC activation between AVPR1A RS3-non-334 and -334 carrier fathers, but not mothers. Our results indicate a sex-dependent association between the genetic variants and the inferior APFC activations of maternal and paternal positive affect, analogous to the results reported in voles.  相似文献   

5.
Mating is critical for the expression of oviposition and maternal care in the earwig, Euborellia annulipes; additionally, mating diminishes receptivity to additional mating and promotes a decline in juvenile hormone synthesis at the end of the gonadotrophic cycle (in contrast to most insect species wherein mating stimulates juvenile hormone production). We report here that severance of the ventral nerve cord of virgin females similarly promoted egg deposition and maternal care of eggs, diminished mating receptivity, and elicited a timely decline in juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Mating of intact females to adult males that were castrated as larvae did not abolish oviposition; however, clutch size was reduced, and no eggs developed. Such castrated males had smaller seminal vesicles than did intact males, presumably attributable to lack of sperm in castrated males. In contrast, mating of intact females to males castrated on day 1 of adult life did not reduce clutch size compared with those of sham-operated animals and did not abolish fertilization; in fact, these castrated males produced viable offspring after six matings. These results are consistent with the notion that ventral nerve cord severance mimicked mating in intact animals. Following mating, the ventral nerve cord likely is a conduit to release the brain from inhibiting oviposition and maternal care. The presence of sperm in the spermatheca is not necessary for release of this inhibition but may modulate clutch size.  相似文献   

6.
In the unperturbed development of the mouse embryo one of the 2-cell blastomeres tends to contribute its progeny predominantly to the embryonic and the other to the abembryonic part of the blastocyst. However, a significant minority of embryos (20-30%) do not show this correlation. In this study, we have used non-invasive lineage tracing to determine whether development of blastocyst pattern shows any correlation with the orientation and order of the second cleavage divisions that result in specific positioning of blastomeres at the 4-cell stage. Although the orientation and order of the second cleavages are not predetermined, in the great majority (80%) of embryos the spatial arrangement of 4-cell blastomeres is consistent with one of the second cleavages occurring meridionally and the other equatorially or obliquely with respect to the polar body. In such cleaving embryos, one of the 2-cell stage blastomeres tends to contribute to embryonic while the other contributes predominantly to abembryonic part of the blastocyst. Thus, in these embryos the outcome of the first cleavage tends to correlate with the orientation of the blastocyst embryonic-abembryonic axis. However, the order of blastomere divisions predicts a specific polarity for this axis only when the earlier 2-cell blastomere to divide does so meridionally. In contrast to the above two groups, in those embryos in which both second cleavage divisions occur in a similar orientation, either meridionally or equatorially, we do not observe any tendency for the 2-cell blastomeres to contribute to specific blastocyst parts. We find that all these groups of embryos develop to term with similar success, with the exception of those in which both second cleavage divisions occur equatorially whose development can be compromised. We conclude that the orientations and order of the second cleavages are not predetermined; they correlate with the development of blastocyst patterning; and that the majority, but not all, of these cleavage patterns allow equally successful development.  相似文献   

7.
In the adult brain, neuroblasts originating in the subventricular zone migrate through the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb. While migrating, neuroblasts undergo progressive differentiation until reaching their final locations and fates. Because molecules involved in migration may also exert differentiating effects on young neurons, the identification of factors that support migration could also shed light on the processes of adult neuroblast differentiation. This is the case for members of the family of semaphorins and of its cognate receptors, the neuropilins. Here, we have evaluated the presence of semaphorin-3A and of its receptor neuropilin-1 along the rostral migratory stream in young and adult mice by using immunocytochemical, histochemical, and in situ hybridization techniques. Our morphological studies show that semaphorin-3A and neuropilin-1 are both mainly expressed on endothelial cells along the rostral migratory stream during postnatal development. Our results suggest that endothelial cells constitute the primary source and target of semaphorin-3A along the rostral migratory stream. Moreover, the present work outlines the potential role of blood vessels on neuroblast migration in the postnatal rostral migratory stream.  相似文献   

8.
Experiences during brain development may influence the pathogenesis of developmental disorders. Thus, social isolation (SI) rearing after weaning is a useful animal model for studying the pathological mechanisms of such psychiatric diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of SI on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) relating to memory and emotion-related behaviors. When newly divided cells were labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) before SI, the number of BrdU-positive cells and the rate of differentiation into neurons were significantly decreased after 4-week SI compared with those in group-housed mice. Repeated treatment of fluoxetine prevented the SI-induced impairment of survival of newly divided cells and ameliorated spatial memory impairment and part of aggression in SI mice. Furthermore, we investigated the changes in gene expression in the DG of SI mice by using DNA microarray and real-time PCR. We finally found that SI reduced the expression of development-related genes Nurr1 and Npas4 . These findings suggest that communication in juvenile is important in the survival and differentiation of newly divided cells, which may be associated with memory and aggression, and raise the possibility that the reduced expression of Nurr1 and/or Npas4 may contribute to the impairment of neurogenesis and memory and aggression induced by SI.  相似文献   

9.
Gurmarin (Gur) is a peptide that selectively inhibits responses of the chorda tympani (CT) nerve to sweet compounds in rodents. In mice, the sweet-suppressing effect of Gur differs among strains. The inhibitory effect of Gur is clearly observed in C57BL/6 mice, but only slightly, if at all, in BALB/c mice. These two mouse strains possess different alleles of the sweet receptor gene, Sac (Tas1r3) (taster genotype for C57BL/6 and non-taster genotype for BALB/c mice), suggesting that polymorphisms in the gene may account for differential sensitivity to Gur. To investigate this possibility, we examined the effect of Gur in another Tas1r3 non-taster strain, 129 X 1/Sv mice. The results indicated that unlike non-taster BALB/c mice but similar to taster C57BL/6 mice, 129 X 1/Sv mice exhibited significant inhibition of CT responses to various sweet compounds by Gur. This suggests that the mouse strain difference in the Gur inhibition of sweet responses of the CT nerve may not be associated with polymorphisms of Tas1r3.  相似文献   

10.
Summary The pelvic ganglia supply cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve pathways to many organs. Other possible transmitters are also present in these nerves, including peptides. Multiple labelling immunofluorescence techniques were used in this study of the male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) to examine: (1) the peptides present in noradrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive) and non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) neurons, and (2) the types of peptide-containing nerve fibres closely associated with these two groups of neurons. The distribution of the peptide galanin (GAL) within the MPG was also investigated. All of the TH-neurons contained neuropeptide Y (NPY), but none of the other tested peptides. However, many NPY neurons did not contain TH and may have been cholinergic. TH-negative neurons also displayed vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK) or GAL. VIP and NPY formed the most common types of putative cholinergic pelvic neurons, but few cells contained both peptides. Many ENK neurons exhibited VIP, NPY or GAL. Varicose nerve terminals surrounding ganglion cells contained ENK, GAL, somatostatin (SOM) and cholecystokinin (CCK). These peptide-immunoreactive fibres were more often associated with the non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) than the noradrenergic neurons; two types (SOM and CCK) were preferentially associated with the non-noradrenergic NPY neurons. GAL was distributed throughout the MPG, in small neurons, scattered small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and both varicose and non-varicose nerve fibres. The nerve fibres were concentrated near the pelvic and penile nerves; most of the varicose fibres formed baskets surrounding individual GAL-negative somata.  相似文献   

11.
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are indispensable for pathogen defence in vertebrates. With wild-caught three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) we conducted the first study to relate individual reproductive parameters to both MHC class I and II diversities. An optimal MHC class IIB diversity was found for male nest quality. However, male breeding colouration was most intense at a maximal MHC class I diversity. One MHC class I allele was associated with male redness. Similarly, one MHC class IIB allele was associated with continuous rather than early female reproduction, possibly extending the reproductive period. Both alleles occurred more frequently with increasing individual allele diversity. We suggest that if an allele is currently not part of the optimum, it had not been propagated by choosy females. The parasite against which this allele provides resistance is therefore unlikely to have been predominant the previous year - a step to negative frequency-dependent selection.  相似文献   

12.
To clarify the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase containing Src homology 2 (SH2) regions on insulin signaling, we investigated the interactions among the insulin receptor, a pair of SH2 domains of SH-PTP2 coupled to glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-GST fusion proteins (amino-portion, IRS-1N; carboxyl portion, IRS-1C). GST-SH2 protein of SH-PTP2 bound to the wild type insulin receptor, but not to that with a carboxyl-terminal mutation (Y/F2). Furthermore, even though Y/F2 receptors were used, the SH2 protein was also co-immunoprecipitated with IRS-1C, but not with IRS-1N. These results indicate that SH2 domains of SH-PTP2 can directly associate with the Y1322TXM motif on the carboxyl terminus of insulin receptors and also may bind to the carboxyl portion of IRS-1, possibly via the V1172IDL motif in vitro.  相似文献   

13.
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