单细胞拉曼光谱在微生物研究中的应用

拉曼显微光谱是一种能够提供0.5–1.0μm空间分辨率的单个微生物细胞内化学结构信息的研究技术。近几年来,拉曼显微光谱被越来越多地应用于微生物单细胞的研究中,它可以快速无损地检测微生物细胞内的特征化学组分。典型的单个微生物细胞的拉曼光谱包含核酸、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质和色素(例如类胡萝卜素)等信息,这些信息能够表征微生物细胞的基因型、表型和生理状态。所以单细胞拉曼显微光谱是一种可用于区分微生物样品的"全生物指纹"技术,它可用于研究单个微生物细胞生命阶段的转变、鉴定微生物单细胞中的色素及其他化合物的含量变化等。本文综述了目前拉曼显微光谱在微生物单细胞研究上的应用,主要包括与稳定同位素标记(stable isotope probing,SIP)、拉曼成像、光谱分类和细胞分选技术结合来探究微生物单细胞对物质吸收后特征峰的变化、推导物质循环过程、进行微生物分类鉴定和探索基因型与表型的关系。拉曼显微光谱作为微生物单细胞研究的手段之一,在代谢过程的研究、活细胞分选和细胞对物质的利用上具有广泛的应用前景。     

拉曼光谱技术在微生物学中的应用

拉曼光谱具有快速、灵敏、无损、实时监测等显著特点,在微生物学领域得到广泛应用。分别介绍共焦显微拉曼光谱、共振拉曼光谱、表面增强拉曼光谱、拉曼成像、相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱、激光镊子拉曼光谱和Raman-FISH的原理和特点,并重点总结和分析不同拉曼光谱技术在微生物的结构、化学组成,以及代谢过程等相关研究中的应用优势。合理利用这些技术在基础微生物、发酵微生物和微生物诊断等方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

过氧化氢对Ⅱ型胶原损伤的拉曼光谱研究

拉曼光谱技术是研究生物分子结构的重要工具,其具有快速、无损、实时检测等优点。在本文中,我们运用拉曼光谱技术研究过氧化氢对关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原的损伤,检测关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原氧化损伤前后的拉曼光谱,以期探讨关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原氧化损伤分子改变机制。我们发现,过氧化氢可导致II型胶原分子内氢键体系发生改变,脯氨酸及羟基氨酸的羟基化程度降低,从而引起主链及侧链构象改变,导致三螺旋结构遭到破坏。总之,本文借助于拉曼光谱技术发现了过氧化氢对Ⅱ型胶原的损伤机制。     

激光拉曼光谱在蛋白质构象研究中的应用和进展

激光拉曼光谱法被公认为是研究生物大分子的结构、动力学和功能的有效方法。近年来拉曼光谱在蛋白质构象研究中的最新进展,涉及到拉曼光谱在非折叠蛋白质、蛋白质装配的特征描述,拉曼晶体学在实时监控蛋白质单晶中化学变化等方面的应用。另外,介绍了蛋白质拉曼光谱分析在生物技术中的应用现状。并对拉曼光谱技术在蛋白质等生物大分子领域中的研究前景做了进一步的展望。     

一种酵母细胞生长现象的实时单细胞拉曼光谱观察

用拉曼镊子观察单个即发活性干酵母(Saccharomy cescerevisiae)细胞在2.0%葡萄糖溶液中的活化过程,收集其拉曼光谱。结果发现,在某一批次的产品中,酵母细胞的1364cm-1峰强度随着细胞的活化而显著增加,531cm-1、652cm-1、1053cm-1等源自葡萄糖或葡萄糖基的信号峰也会随细胞的生长而增强,随后增强的还有1432cm-1、1448cm-1、1561cm-1等源自脂类物质的峰,而源自蛋白质及脂类的1000cm-1、1445cm-1、1655cm-1等峰的信号强度基本不变,酵母细胞代谢活跃的标志峰1603cm-1也基本不变。该批次产品中,10次实验有7次观察到上述现象,而在别的批次产品中并没有观察到该现象。用单细胞拉曼光谱实时记录了这一特殊的生长现象。     

单细胞稳定同位素标记技术在固氮微生物中的应用研究

生物固氮是指固氮微生物将大气中氮气还原为生物可利用氨的过程,是环境中新氮的主要来源,调控初级生产力并影响氮储库的收支平衡。由于环境中大部分固氮微生物不可纯培养,不依赖培养且具有高空间分辨率水平的单细胞技术,成为研究固氮微生物的有力手段。~(15)N_2稳定同位素标记技术,以微生物对~(15)N的同化量或速率为依据,是表征微生物固氮活性的最直接手段。本文对~(15)N_2稳定同位素标记结合两种单细胞技术,即纳米二次离子质谱(Nano SIMS)和单细胞拉曼光谱,用于固氮微生物研究的最新进展进行了综述,内容包括揭示环境中高活性固氮微生物、空间分布、与其他生物的共生关系、细胞生理状态等,并进一步对近期发展的基于单细胞拉曼光谱的固氮微生物研究进行了展望。     

银胶浓度对电穿孔获取细胞内表面增强拉曼光谱的影响

探究了银胶浓度对于电穿孔导入银纳米粒子获取细胞内表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)的影响.对6组含有不同浓度银胶的鼻咽癌细胞C666进行电穿孔,测量电穿孔后活细胞内表面增强拉曼光谱.以测得的SERS信号、光谱强度积分值和谱线重复性为指标,研究银胶浓度对电穿孔获取细胞内SERS的影响,对电穿孔后活性C666细胞内SERS平均光谱进行初步谱峰归属.在脉冲电场强度875 V/cm,脉冲持续时间1 ms,电脉冲2次的条件下,每500μl电击缓冲液中含有50μl银胶时测得的细胞内SERS光谱信噪比高,且光谱具有较好的重复性.结果说明,正确选择银胶浓度可以提高电穿孔-SERS效果,获取高质量的活细胞内SERS信号.此研究有助于扩展表面增强拉曼光谱的应用,包括实时检测分析活细胞内生化成分及分布,实时监测细胞生化变化过程等.     

拉曼光谱检测微生物的研究方法和进展北大核心

快速准确地识别和鉴定微生物对于环境科、食品质量以及医学诊断等领域研究至关重要。拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy)已经被证明是一种能够实现微生物快速诊断的新技术,在提供微生物指纹图谱信息的同时,能够快速、非标记、无创、敏感地在固体和液体环境中实现微生物单细胞水平的检测。本文简单介绍了拉曼光谱的基本概念和原理,重点综述了拉曼光谱微生物检测应用中的样品处理方法及光谱数据处理方法。除此之外,本文概括了拉曼光谱在细菌、病毒和真菌中的应用,其中单独概括了拉曼在细菌快速鉴定和抗生素药敏检测中的应用。最后,本文阐述了拉曼光谱在微生物检测中的挑战和展望。     

胃癌患者手术前后血清的激光拉曼光谱研究

为了探讨胃癌患者血清光谱在手术前后的变化及临床应用价值,用光谱法分别检测了30例胃癌细胞培养液、20例健康人血清和41例胃癌患者手术前、后血清的激光拉曼光谱。结果表明细胞培养液的拉曼光谱与空白对照有明显不同,且峰值与培养时间增成正相关;胃癌患者血清的拉曼光谱与健康人有显著差异;手术后胃癌患者血清的拉曼光谱峰值比术前明显降低。研究表明拉曼光谱可以作为胃癌细胞体外研究的检测手段,并有潜力成为胃癌筛查、预后监测及疗效判断的新方法。     

苯并(a)芘诱导的肺细胞癌变过程中时间异质性的拉曼光谱分析

目的 肺癌在生物学特性、基因组变异、增殖速度及化疗响应方面的时间异质性,构成了对有效治疗的显著阻碍。肺癌时间异质性的复杂性,结合其空间异质性,为研究带来了极大挑战。本文将为肺癌研究开辟新的方向,有助于更深入地理解肺癌的时间异质性,从而提升对肺癌的治疗成功率。方法 应用拉曼光谱显微技术作为监测肺癌细胞生物分子组成实时变化的有力工具,揭示了疾病的时间异质性。通过拉曼光谱与多元统计分析的结合,对苯并(a)芘处理后人类肺上皮细胞的生物分子变化进行了细致观察。结果 随时间推移,核酸、脂质、蛋白质及类胡萝卜素含量呈现下降趋势,而葡萄糖浓度上升。这些变化模式暗示,苯并(a)芘可导致遗传物质结构损伤、促进脂质过氧化、干扰蛋白质代谢、降低类胡萝卜素生成,并改变葡萄糖代谢路径。运用拉曼光谱技术,以实时、无侵入性、非破坏性的方式监控肺癌细胞内的生物分子动态,进而阐明其关键分子特性。结论 本项研究深化了对肺癌演进的认识,并为发展个性化治疗策略提供支持,助力提升患者的临床治疗效果。     

A new flow cell and chemometric protocol for implementing in-line Raman spectroscopy in chromatography

On-line monitoring tools for downstream chromatographic processing (DSP) of biotherapeutics can enable fast actions to correct for disturbances in the upstream, gain process understanding, and eventually lead to process optimization. While UV/Vis spectroscopy is mostly assessing the protein's amino acid composition and the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is limited due to strong water interactions, Raman spectroscopy is able to assess the secondary and tertiary protein structure without significant water interactions. The aim of this work is to implement the Raman technology in DSP, by designing an in-line flow cell with a reduced dead volume of 80 μL and a reflector to increase the signal intensity as well as developing a chemometric modeling path. In this context, measurement settings were adjusted and spectra were taken from different chromatographic breakthrough curves of IgG1 in harvest. The resulting models show a small average RMSEP of 0.12 mg/mL, on a broad calibration range from 0 to 2.82 mg/mL IgG1. This work highlights the benefits of model assisted Raman spectroscopy in chromatography with complex backgrounds, lays the fundamentals for in-line monitoring of IgG1, and enables advanced control strategies. Moreover, the approach might be extended to further critical quality attributes like aggregates or could be transferred to other process steps.     

激光拉曼光谱技术在生物分子DNA研究中的应用和进展

激光技术的兴起使拉曼光谱成为激光分析中最活跃的研究领域之一,已被广泛地用于物质成分的分析和分子结构的鉴定。本文综述了拉曼技术在DNA研究中近年来的最新进展,包括：DNA的常规拉曼光谱分析;DNA的激光共振拉曼光谱分析;DNA在金属表面或电极上吸附行为的表面增强拉曼光谱研究;DNA的傅立叶变换拉曼光谱研究等。并对拉曼光谱技术在DNA等生物大分子领域中的研究前景做了进一步的展望。     

Automatic real-time calibration,assessment, and maintenance of generic Raman models for online monitoring of cell culture processes

Raman spectroscopy is a multipurpose analytical technology that has found great utility in real-time monitoring and control of critical performance parameters of cell culture processes. As a process analytical technology (PAT) tool, the performance of Raman spectroscopy relies on chemometric models that correlate Raman signals to the parameters of interest. The current calibration techniques yield highly specific models that are reliable only on the operating conditions they are calibrated in. Furthermore, once models are calibrated, it is typical for the model performance to degrade over time due to various recipe changes, raw material variability, and process drifts. Maintaining the performance of industrial Raman models is further complicated due to the lack of a systematic approach to assessing the performance of Raman models. In this article, we propose a real-time just-in-time learning (RT-JITL) framework for automatic calibration, assessment, and maintenance of industrial Raman models. Unlike traditional models, RT-JITL calibrates generic models that can be reliably deployed in cell culture experiments involving different modalities, cell lines, media compositions, and operating conditions. RT-JITL is a first fully integrated and fully autonomous platform offering a self-learning approach for calibrating and maintaining industrial Raman models. The efficacy of RT-JITL is demonstrated on experimental studies involving real-time predictions of various cell culture performance parameters, such as metabolite concentrations, viability, and viable cell density. RT-JITL framework introduces a paradigm shift in the way industrial Raman models are calibrated, assessed, and maintained, which to the best of authors' knowledge, have not been done before.     

The use of optical spectroscopy in combinatorial chemistry.

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy allow direct spectral analysis of the solid-phase, thus avoiding the tedious cleavage of compounds from the solid support. With diagnostic bands in starting materials or products, infrared and Raman spectroscopy are efficient in monitoring each reaction step directly on the solid phase. Consequently, infrared and Raman spectroscopy have evolved as the premier analytical methodology for direct analysis on the solid support. While infrared transmission spectroscopy is a general analytical method for resin samples, internal reflection spectroscopy is especially suited for solid polymer substrates known as "pins" or "crowns." Single bead analysis is done best by infrared microspectroscopy, whereas photoacoustic spectroscopy allows totally nondestructive analysis of resin samples. With an automated accessory, diffuse reflection spectroscopy provides a method for high throughput on-bead monitoring of solid-phase reactions. Providing identification based on molecular structure, HPLC-FTIR is, therefore, complementary to LC-MS. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy as a complement to infrared spectroscopy can be applied to resin samples and-using a Raman microscope-to single beads. Fluorometry as an extremely sensitive spectroscopic detection method allows rapid quantification of organic reactions directly on the resin.     

Application of Raman spectroscopy in monoclonal antibody producing continuous systems for downstream process intensification

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are biopharmaceuticals produced by mammalian cell lines in bioreactors at a variety of scales. Cell engineering, media optimization, process monitoring, and control strategies for in vitro production have become crucial subjects to meet increasing demand for these high value pharmaceuticals. Raman Spectroscopy has gained great attention in the pharmaceutical industry for process monitoring and control to maintain quality assurance. For the first time, this article demonstrated the possibility of subclass independent quantitative mAb prediction by Raman spectroscopy in real time. The developed model estimated the concentrations of different mAb isotypes with average prediction errors of 0.2 (g/L) over the course of cell culture. In situ Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods showed to be a useful predictive tool for monitoring of real time mAb concentrations in a permeate stream without sample removal. Raman spectroscopy can, therefore, be considered as a reliable process analytical technology tool for process monitor, control, and intensification of downstream continuous manufacturing. The presented results provide useful information for pharmaceutical industries to choose the most appropriate spectroscopic technology for their continuous processes.     

Analysis of chemometric models applied to Raman spectroscopy for monitoring key metabolites of cell culture

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) encourages the monitoring of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes by innovative solutions. Raman spectroscopy and the chemometric modeling tool partial least squares (PLS) have been applied to this aim for monitoring cell culture process variables. This study compares the chemometric modeling methods of Support Vector Machine radial (SVMr), Random Forests (RF), and Cubist to the commonly used linear PLS model for predicting cell culture components—glucose, lactate, and ammonia. This research is performed to assess whether the use of PLS as standard practice is justified for chemometric modeling of Raman spectroscopy and cell culture data. Model development data from five small-scale bioreactors (2 × 1 L and 3 × 5 L) using two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were used to predict against a manufacturing scale bioreactor (2,000 L). Analysis demonstrated that Cubist predictive models were better for average performance over PLS, SVMr, and RF for glucose, lactate, and ammonia. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of Cubist modeling was acceptable for the process concentration ranges of glucose (1.437 mM), lactate (2.0 mM), and ammonia (0.819 mM). Interpretation of variable importance (VI) results theorizes the potential advantages of Cubist modeling in avoiding interference of Raman spectral peaks. Predictors/Raman wavenumbers (cm⁻¹) of interest for individual variables are X1139–X1141 for glucose, X846–X849 for lactate, and X2941–X2943 for ammonia. These results demonstrate that other beneficial chemometric models are available for use in monitoring cell culture with Raman spectroscopy.     

Non-destructive analysis of the nuclei of transgenic living cells using laser tweezers and near-infrared raman spectroscopic technique

Transgenic cell lines of loblolly pine （Pinus taeda L.） were analyzed by a compact laser-tweezers-Raman-spectroscopy （LTRS） system in this investigation. A low power diode laser at 785 nm was used for both laser optical trapping of single transgenic cells and excitation for near-infrared Raman spectroscopy of the nuclei of synchronized cells, which were treated as single organic particles, at the S-phase of the cell cycle. Transgenic living cells with gfp and uidA genes were used as biological samples to test this LTRS technique. As expected, different Raman spectra were observed from the tested biological samples. This technique provides a high sensitivity and enables real-time spectroscopic measurements of transgenic cell lines. It could be a valuable tool for the study of the fundamental cell and molecular biological process by trapping single nucleus and by providing a wealth of molecular information about the nuclei of cells.     

拉曼光谱技术在肿瘤检测中的应用

癌症是威胁人类健康和生命的严重疾病之一,早期诊断与及时治疗是提高癌症患者生存率的最有效途径。激光拉曼光谱技术作为一种非侵入性的检测技术,可以无损伤地提供丰富的分子结构特征和物质成分信息,从分子水平上反映癌变组织与正常组织之间的结构差异,从而可用于癌症的早期诊断。综述了激光拉曼光谱技术在皮肤癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌及前列腺癌诊断中的研究进展,并对拉曼光谱技术在癌症诊断中的发展方向和应用前景作了进一步的展望,为癌症的早期检测和诊断技术的应用研究提供参考依据。