26Al/10Be埋藏测年法及其在我国早期人类遗址年代研究中的应用

本文介绍基于原地宇生核素26Al和10Be埋藏测年的基本原理:地表石英矿物与次级宇宙射线发生核反应,生成26Al和10Be,两者之比为6.8∶1。若长期暴露于地表的石英被快速深埋,不再接受宇宙射线照射,已积累的宇生放射性核素将随时间流逝而衰减。因26Al比10Be衰变快约一倍,两者之比也将按指数规律随时间衰减,由此可测定埋藏事件的年代。本文并讨论了这一测年新技术的假设前提和限制其应用的多种因素。试用该法于周口店第1地点第7—10层的结果为770±80ka,支持洞穴方解石质谱铀系测年的结果。26Al/10Be埋藏测年法理化基础坚实,独立于其他测年技术,应用范围正值我国年代研究的盲段,所需样品为广泛分布的石英矿物,应可为我国早期人类演化可信年代系列的建立作出重要贡献。     

泥河湾盆地几处旧石器时代文化遗址光释光测年

中国泥河湾盆地几处旧石器时代考古遗址经过光释光年代测试,分别得出IRSL和BLSL年龄。油房遗址文化层上下部层位分别为1.3—1.4万年和1.5—1.7万年,虎头梁遗址上部层位为0.9±0.13万年,许家窑遗址文化层约为6.9±0.8万年。     

泥河湾盆地马圈沟遗址化石哺乳动物及年代讨论

本文简述了马圈沟旧石器遗址产出的哺乳动物化石:出自马圈沟遗址Ⅲ的20个种,马圈沟遗址Ⅰ的4个种,半山遗址的7个种;分析了以Allophaiomys deucalion,Cromeromys gansunicus,Borsodia chinensis等小哺乳动物组合为代表的马圈沟遗址Ⅲ的生物地层时代为早更新世早期,绝对年龄应大于1.80Ma;讨论了该遗址生物地层时代与磁性地层年代的关系.     

The evolution of Nyctereutes (Carnivora: Canidae) in the Nihewan Basin,Hebei, northern China

The occurrence of Nyctereutes during the Plio-Pleistocene has long been reported in northern China, with the highest abundance in the Nihewan Basin. However, due to site dispersal, the coexistence of different taxa, and lack of a precise stratigraphic constraint, the evolutionary process of this genus remains enigmatic. In this study, we re-examined the available Nyctereutes materials recovered from the Nihewan Basin housed in IVPP and Tianjin Natural History Museum, in addition to a newly recovered specimen from our latest excavation. Furthermore, we compared these materials with Nyctereutes fossils recovered from the Pleistocene Zhoukoudian sites near Beijing and the extant species N. procyonoides. Our analysis of the upper molar morphometry reveals the variations in size and dietary characteristics within different species of Nyctereutes during the late Plio-Pleistocene. The examination of molars indicates an increase in the size of Nyctereutes sinensis compared to early Pliocene N. tingi as well as changes in the molar teeth morphology. Subsequently, changes in diet or environmental factors possibly caused the decrease of body size in the late Pleistocene. We also estimate an age constraint for the fossils of N. sinensis from the Xiashagou section by relocating Licent's localities and referring of updated magnetostratigraphic data.     

Stratigraphy and TL Dating of Paleolithic Sites in the Luonan Basin,China

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＬｕｏｎａｎＢａｓｉｎｉｓａｓｍａｌｌｉｎｔｅｒｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｂａｓｉｎ .Ｉｔｉｓａｂｏｕｔ 1 50ｋｍｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｉｔｙｏｆＸｉ ａｎ ,Ｃｈｉｎａ .Ｔｈｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｂａｓｉｎｉｓａｂｏｕｔ 50ｋｍｆｒｏｍｗｅｓｔｔｏｅａｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｗｉｄｔｈｉｓ 1 0— 2 0ｋｍｆｒｏｍｎｏｒｔｈｔｏｓｏｕｔｈ .Ｔｈｅｆｌｏｏｒｉｓｗｉｄｅａｔｉｔｓｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｅｎｄａｎｄｎａｒｒｏｗａｔｉｔｓｅａｓｔｅｒｎｅｎｄ .Ｓｌｏｐｅｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｓｐｅｃｔｏｆｌａｎｄ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎ .ＧｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｙｔｈｅｂａｓｉｎｉｓｓａｎｄｗｉｃｈｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＨｕａｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓａｎｄｔｈｅＭｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＱｉｎｌｉｎｇＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ .ＩｔｗａｓｆｏｒｍｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＭｅｓｏｚｏｉｃＥｒａａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｆａｕｌｔｉｎｇａｎｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ .Ｔｈｅａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｒａｎｇｅｓｆ...     

Magnetic signature of environmental change reflected by Pleistocene lacustrine sediments from the Nihewan Basin, North China

A mineral magnetic study has been conducted on Pleistocene lacustrine sediments from the Xujiayao Paleolithic site within the Nihewan Basin, North China. The magnetic signal is characterized by a dominance of high-coercivity (hematite) minerals that is modulated by low-coercivity magnetite–maghemite assemblages during interglacials. A high-amplitude record of the composition dependent magnetic S_− 0.3 T-parameter varies in accord with composite marine oxygen isotope records, suggesting climate modulation of magnetic composition. The Xujiayao site is situated at the northern outskirts of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and has neither received significant eolian input nor been exposed to pedogenic processes comparable to those acting on CLP. Mineral magnetic analyses suggest that variations in both magnetite and hematite are primarily controlled by detrital fluxes rather than by authigenic production of magnetic minerals. Here we propose that the fluctuations of magnetic signals at Xujiayao are not derived from varying compositions of eolian flux with glacial/interglacial periods or minute eolian influx during interglacials, but is likely dominated by runoff-related processes, by which some weathered/pedogenized loess and soils with stronger magnetic signals have been eroded and transported to the catchment during interglacials resulting in magnetic enhancement. The inferred continuous deposition from the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary to the paleosol S₁ (ca. 129 ka) gives the age of ca. 500 ka for the sediments carrying the Xujiayao Paleolithic site, suggesting an allogenic origin of the Paleolithic artifacts and mammalian bones dated by U–Th method to ca. 100 ka.     

Ordovician Calcified Algae and Cyanobacteria, Northern Tarim Basin Subsurface, China

Boreholes between Kuqa and Korla, in the northern Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, penetrated Ordovician marine limestones at depths of 5–6.2km. From three boreholes 54 out of a total of 170 limestone samples contain calcified algae, cyanobacteria and associated Microproblematica. Calcified cyanobacteria (GirvanellaBotomaella, ?Subtifloria) account for 37 per cent of occurrences; green algae (Dasyporelleae and Vermiporella) 28 per cent; Microproblematica (NuiaBevocastriaRothpletzellaHalysis) 20 per cent; and ‘solenoporaceans’ 15 per cent GirvanellaNuia are common in the Early Ordovician deposits, and ‘solenoporaceans’ are abundant in the Mid‐Ordovician. Dasyporelleae and Vermiporella are most abundant in Mid–Late Ordovician samples. Calcified cyanobacteria are common throughout the limestone succession, but particularly in the Mid Ordovician part. MoniliporellaContextaPlexaTexturata, and Villosoporella, hitherto placed in the supposed red algal family Moniliporellaceae Gnilovskaya, are here regarded as dasycladalean green algae. Despite some omissions, this Tarim flora broadly resembles others from Kazakhstan, Baltica and North America, indicating the generally cosmopolitan nature of Ordovician calcified algae and cyanobacteria.     

Wedding of the Waters Cave, 48 HO 301, A Stratified Site in the Big Horn Basin of Northern Wyoming

Abstract

During the summer of 1959, the writer investigated several rock shelters at the mouth of the Wind River Canyon, about 3 miles south of Thermopolis, Wyoming. One of the rock shelters proved to be of archaeological value. A test trench revealed nearly 3 feet of stratified cultural deposits. The cultural materials fits well in the sequence for the Northwestern Plains, (Mulloy 1958: 204-223) and should be important in an area little known archaeologically.     

T-W-DIamond,a Stone Ring Site in Northern Colorado

Abstract

The T-W-Diamond Site, 4LR200, is a large teepee ring village on the? edge of the High Plains in northern Colorado. Seventeen out of the 47 remaining stone ring areas were excavated or tested by the Colorado State University Archae-ological Field School in 1971. Artifacts, fire hearths and midden materials were scarce but indicated the domestic nature of the structures. Stone and ceramic artifacts indicate cultural affiliations with the Late Prehistoric period as reported at Birdshead Cave, and the Piney Creek sites in Wyoming; and at the Agate Bluff Rock Shelters, and the Dipper Gap site in northern Colorado. Carbon-14 dates of A. D. 1020±230 years and A.D. 1170±220 years support the time of the occupation. A third date of A.D. 400±340 seems improbably early. It is hypothesized that the village was occupied seasonally for a short time by a small group of people, perhaps of Shoshonean affiliation, exploiting a mixedbase subsistence economy.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation by Periphyton Is Related to Eutrophication in the Hai River Basin,Northern China

The Hai River Basin (HRB) is one of the most polluted river basins in China. The basin suffers from various types of pollutants including heavy metals and nutrients due to a high population density and rapid economic development in this area. We assessed the relationship between heavy metal accumulation by periphyton playing an important role in fluvial food webs and eutrophication in the HRB. The concentrations of the unicellular diatoms (type A), filamentous algae with diatoms (type B), and filamentous algae (type C) varied along the river, with type A dominating upstream, and types B then C increasing in concentration further downstream, and this was consistent with changes in the trophic status of the river. The mean heavy metal concentrations in the type A, B and C organisms were Cr: 18, 18 and 24 mg/kg, respectively, Ni: 9.2, 10 and 12 mg/kg, respectively, Cu: 8.4, 19 and 29 mg/kg, respectively, and Pb: 11, 9.8 and 7.1 mg/kg respectively. The bioconcentration factors showed that the abilities of the organisms to accumulate Cr, Ni and Pb decreased in the order type A, type B, then type C, but their abilities to accumulate Cu increased in that order. The Ni concentration was a good predictor of Cr, Cu and Pb accumulation by all three periphyton types. Our study shows that heavy metal accumulation by periphyton is associated with eutrophication in the rivers in the HRB.     

Astronomical dating of the Xiantai, Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin (North China) and implications for early human evolution in East Asia

Magnetostratigraphic studies have established a first-order chronological framework for the Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin (North China), which enabled tracking early human evolution in East Asia. However, to fully understand how well early humans were adapted to climate change, a truly precise dating of the Paleolithic sites is required. Here, we established a high-resolution astronomical timescale for the Xiantai and Donggutuo fluvio-lacustrine successions at the eastern margin of the Nihewan Basin employing low-field magnetic susceptibility (χ) as a climatic indicator, aiming to further refine the ages of the Xiantai, Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites. Starting from an initial age model constrained by geomagnetic reversals, larger-scale χ cycles were firstly tuned to orbital obliquity using an automatic orbital tuning method. This first-order tuning was followed by simultaneously tuning χ to both obliquity and precession. The finally tuned χ records can be correlated almost cycle-by-cycle with the quartz grain-size record of the Chinese loess sequence and the marine δ¹⁸O record. The astronomically estimated age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site is ca. 1.48 Ma, corresponding to paleosol layer S₂₀ of the Chinese loess sequences or marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 49, an interglacial period. The astronomical estimate for the Donggutuo Paleolithic site ranges from ~ 1.06 Ma to 1.12 Ma, corresponding to paleosol/loess layers S₁₁-S₁₂ or MIS 31-33, spanning both interglacial and glacial periods. The astronomically estimated age of the Maliang Paleolithic site is ~ 0.79 Ma, corresponding to loess layer L₈ or MIS 20, a glacial period. This astronomical finding further implies that early humans may have permanently occupied China as far north as 40^oN since at least 1.1 Ma, and before this time the occupation may be intermittent.     

Grooved Stones from Zawi Chemi Shanidar, a Protoneolithic Site in Northern Iraq

Grooved stones appear as a new cultural element in Epipaleolithic-Protoneolithic sites (dating from ca. 9000–6000 B.C.) in a broad geographic zone from Southwest Asia to North Africa. Similar objects have been recorded from archeological and ethnographic contexts in both the Old World and the New World. Ethnographic and other evidence has shown that the several types of grooved stones are associated with a variety of functions, mainly related to the manufacture and use of arrows and arrow shafts. It is suggested that these tools may be associated with the discovery and diffusion of the bow and arrow .     

哀牢山北段大中山候鸟聚集地秋季夜间迁徙鸟类多样性

环志是研究迁徙鸟类的重要途径。云南省哀牢山北段大中山是鸟类迁徙的重要通道,但缺乏具体的研究数据。1997年、2010年和2011年秋季夜间迁徙鸟类环志研究的结果表明,哀牢山北段大中山捕获到的夜间鸟类有108种2330只,分属10目24科。其中,以雀形目鸟类为主,占总捕获数量的78.3%,捕获优势种为树鹨(占捕获数量的16.95%)、红喉姬鹟(13.39%)、红尾伯劳(9.83%)、红喉歌鸲(8.71%)和栗鹀(4.80%);水禽占捕获鸟类总种数的16.7%,与云南其他地点的研究结果相似。由于水禽是传播禽流感的主要载体,候鸟聚集地存在传播禽流感的风险,春季也有候鸟翻越哀牢山,因此有必要开展春季鸟类环志工作。     

A New Genus of Aplodontid Rodent (Mammalia,Rodentia) from the Late Oligocene of Northern Junggar Basin,China

A new genus and species of aplodontid rodent, Proansomys dureensis, from the late Oligocene of the northern Junggar Basin of China is described. The new genus is referred to as Ansomyinae because the ectoloph on the upper cheek teeth, although not fully crested, has attained the same characteristic bucket-handle-shaped configuration as other members of the subfamily. It represents the earliest record of the subfamily yet discovered in Asia and is more plesiomorphic than species of the genus Ansomys in having a partly crested ectoloph, a lower degree of lophodonty, and less complex tooth basins (lacking accessory lophules). Proansomys has transitional features between Prosciurus and Ansomys, suggesting that the Ansomyinae derived from a group of aplodontids related to Prosciurus, as did other advanced aplodontid rodents. This provides new light on the paleobiogeography of the Ansomyinae.     

Tree-Ring Dating of the Reshui-1 Tomb in Dulan County,Qinghai Province,North-West China

Tuyuhun and Tubo were two important states that thrived in north-western China during AD 311-900 in parallel with the Han Chinese dynasties of Sui and Tang periods. The Reshui Tomb Cluster located in Dulan County of the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau is an important cultural relic of the Tuyuhun-Tubo age. The official excavations of the Reshui tombs were regarded as top events in archaeology in the 1980s and 1990s in China. The Reshui-1 Tomb is the largest one among the tombs in the area. Since its excavation, there have been debates on whether the owner of the tomb belonged to the Tuyuhun or Tubo ethnicity. Therefore, accurately dating the Reshui-1 Tomb has a critical place in studying the Tubo and Tuyuhun histories. We collected 7 discs and 11 increment cores of Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) from the exposed and fallen beams of the roof of the Reshui-1Tomb. The lengths of the 16 tree-ring records are between 69 and 152 years. Based on a previously developed master dating chronology using Qilian juniper samples from the eastern Qaidam Basin, the calendar dates of the 16 specimens were determined by the COFECHA program and visual dating procedure. The average inter-series correlation among the dated sample series is 0.696, indicating good quality of cross-dating. The year of the outermost rings is AD 715 for the 7 discs and 4 out of the 9 increment cores. Moreover, the ring-width variations of the samples are consistent with the existing chronologies from the region. The presence of late-wood of AD 715 in the samples indicated that the Reshui-1 Tomb was completed in late AD 715 or early 716, which means that the Reshui-1 Tomb was finished in the Tubo age. This date provides direct evidence for archaeologists to determine the owner’s ethnicity and identify of the Reshui-1 Tomb.     

The West Island Site, 14PH10, A Keith Focus Plains Woodland Site in Kirwin Reservoir Phillips County,Kansas

Abstract

Salvage excavations at a badly eroded site, now an island in the Kirwin Reservoir of west-central Kansas, produced pottery and other artifacts indicative of the Keith Focus. Although the site remains undated, it should fall at ca. A. D. 600.     

Late Miocene Microstonyx remains (Suidae, Mammalia) from Northern China

Several large suid cranial remains attributed to Microstonyx major are part of a new Hipparion Fauna collection from the Hezheng area, Northern China. The new material confirms the presence of Microstonyx in the late Miocene of the area. The Chinese form belongs to a small-sized eastern population with reduced premolar row and clear sexual bimodality. Statistical comparison shows that Microstonyx major was a polymorphic species and reinforces recognition of Hippopotamodon as a separate genus, defined by relatively stout premolars resulting from a different underlying pattern of allometric growth. The presence of Microstonyx in North China and the distinct suid assemblage that lived there suggest biogeographic connections between Northern China and Western Eurasia in contrast to isolation from Southern China and the Indian subcontinent. The suid fauna of the late Miocene of Northern China seems to have been restricted to the later, more humid phase represented by the Red Clay faunas.     

甘肃白龙江流域提灯藓科植物研究

对采自甘肃白龙江流域的180余份提灯藓科植物标本进行了分类研究,共鉴定出该科植物4属22种,其中瘤柄匍灯藓、大叶毛灯藓、细枝毛灯藓、具丝毛灯藓为甘肃省新记录种。同时,依据标本编制了白龙江流域提灯藓科植物的分属、分种检索表,列出了各个种的生境和分布,并对其区系成份进行了分析。     

A Human Deciduous Tooth and New 40Ar/39Ar Dating Results from the Middle Pleistocene Archaeological Site of Isernia La Pineta,Southern Italy

Isernia La Pineta (south-central Italy, Molise) is one of the most important archaeological localities of the Middle Pleistocene in Western Europe. It is an extensive open-air site with abundant lithic industry and faunal remains distributed across four stratified archaeosurfaces that have been found in two sectors of the excavation (3c, 3a, 3s10 in sect. I; 3a in sect. II). The prehistoric attendance was close to a wet environment, with a series of small waterfalls and lakes associated to calcareous tufa deposits. An isolated human deciduous incisor (labelled IS42) was discovered in 2014 within the archaeological level 3 coll (overlying layer 3a) that, according to new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar measurements, is dated to about 583–561 ka, i.e. to the end of marine isotope stage (MIS) 15. Thus, the tooth is currently the oldest human fossil specimen in Italy; it is an important addition to the scanty European fossil record of the Middle Pleistocene, being associated with a lithic assemblage of local raw materials (flint and limestone) characterized by the absence of handaxes and reduction strategies primarily aimed at the production of small/medium-sized flakes. The faunal assemblage is dominated by ungulates often bearing cut marks. Combining chronology with the archaeological evidence, Isernia La Pineta exhibits a delay in the appearance of handaxes with respect to other European Palaeolithic sites of the Middle Pleistocene. Interestingly, this observation matches the persistence of archaic morphological features shown by the human calvarium from the Middle Pleistocene site of Ceprano, not far from Isernia (south-central Italy, Latium). In this perspective, our analysis is aimed to evaluate morphological features occurring in IS42.