青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育

采用染色体制片及爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明技术对青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育过程进行了细胞学研究.结果表明:花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为正四面体型或十字交叉型;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞可见赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ部分细胞出现染色体桥及落后染色体;四分体时期可观察到二分体、三分体及含微核的异常四分体.雄配子体发育过程包括2次有丝分裂,成熟花粉为3细胞型,具3个萌发孔.减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常的花粉母细胞约占10.28%;雄配子体发育过程中异常频率约为3.2%,败育主要发生在单核期.     

OT杂种系百合品种‘Cocossa’小孢子败育细胞学研究

以OT百合‘Cocossa’为材料,采用醋酸洋红染色烤片法和石蜡切片法,对该品种花粉母细胞减数分裂过程以及绒毡层在花粉母细胞发育过程中的变化进行系统的细胞学观察。研究发现:(1)当百合花蕾长度在2.5~4.5 cm时,花粉母细胞处在减数分裂时期。(2)在花粉母细胞减数分裂的过程中,出现了较多染色体异常现象:中期Ⅰ出现染色体环;后期Ⅰ出现了滞后染色体和染色体桥;在末期Ⅰ和末期Ⅱ细胞出现不均等分裂和微核;处于同一花蕾和同一花药的花粉母细胞减数分裂具有不同步性,能同时观察到2个不同时期的分裂相;形成畸形、无核、多核的异常小孢子。(3)在末期Ⅱ和单核花粉粒时期,绒毡层延迟降解,引起多核花粉粒、畸形花粉粒以及花粉粒自溶现象。结果表明:OT百合‘Cocossa’小孢子败育是花粉母细胞异常减数分裂与绒毡层异常降解共同导致的。     

二倍体芒小孢子发生及雄配子体发育研究

该实验通过采集天然二倍体芒不同发育时期的幼穗,进行卡宝品红染色压片和石蜡切片制作,观察芒的花药发育过程,为芒的生殖生物学及其系统发育研究奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)天然二倍体芒雄蕊3枚,雄蕊花药四室,花药壁由4层细胞组成,从外向内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层,花药壁发育属于基本型;花药成熟时,中层和绒毡层降解消失,或者仅存痕迹,只剩表皮和纤维层细胞,但此时可观察到部分绒毡层降解延迟现象。(2)花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型;花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅱ出现染色体分裂不同步现象。(3)雄配子体发育过程中,同一花粉囊的花粉粒发育不同步;雌、雄配子体发育也不同步,且雄蕊先成熟。     

短葶飞蓬减数分裂、雄配子体发育过程及其对应的花部形态特征

运用压片-透明法对短葶飞蓬(Erigeron breviscapus)小孢子母细胞减数分裂、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察,并探讨了它们与花部形态特征的关系。结果表明,短葶飞蓬小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体主要为四面体型,成熟花粉为3-细胞型;花序和花蕾形态变化与减数分裂、雄配子体的发育时期具有一定相关性,其中花蕾的长度可有效确定该花蕾中减数分裂与雄配子体发育时期。     

温度对斯托克通氏烟草雄配子体形成和发育的影响

为探究低温对斯托克通氏烟草(Nicotiana stocktonii)花粉母细胞(PMC)减数分裂及其雄配子体发育过程的影响,采用卡宝品红染色法,研究不同温度条件下该材料雄配子体形成和发育的过程。结果表明:种植于昼温(31±0.5)℃、夜温(11±0.5)℃人工气候箱中的Nicotiana stocktonii花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常现象较少,出现微核的比率较低,用新鲜成熟的花粉做萌发实验花粉萌发率较高,为(71±3)%; 而种植于昼温(25±0.5)℃、夜温(3±0.5)℃条件下的Nicotiana stocktonii开花后花药大多干瘪,用新鲜成熟花粉做萌发实验花粉萌发率低,为(13.67±3)%,花粉母细胞减数分裂过程出现染色体桥、染色体不同步、染色体断片、落后染色体等现象,存在微核的细胞比率较高。因此,Nicotiana stocktonii花粉母细胞减数分裂与小孢子发育过程易受温度影响,从而影响花粉的可育性。     

三倍体芍药品种花粉母细胞减数分裂行为观察与比较

芍药是中国传统名花,我国品种均为二倍体,培育多倍体新品种是一项长期的育种目标。本研究选取3个芍药三倍体新品种,采用植物染色常规压片法观察其花粉母细胞的减数分裂情况。结果显示:(1)同一品种不同花蕾直径大小的花粉母细胞所处的分裂状态不同,同一品种同一花蕾直径大小花粉母细胞有不同步分裂现象,但大多数表现为相同的分裂相;(2)不同品种的相近花蕾直径大小所处的分裂时期也不同,有比较显著的差异,因此直径不能作为判断减数分裂时期的唯一的标准;(3)三倍体品种花粉母细胞减数分裂存在单价体、三价体、染色体桥、染色体不均等分离等染色体异常行为,这些异常行为使一些遗传物质缺失或最终形成二分体或三分体,导致三倍体花粉的育性非常低。该研究为掌握芍药三倍体减数分裂规律及多倍体育种奠定了细胞学基础。     

短葶飞蓬减数分裂、雄配子体发育过程及其花部形态特征

运用压片-透明法对短葶飞蓬(Erigeron breviscapus)小孢子母细胞减数分裂、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察,并探讨了它们与花部形态特征的关系。结果表明,短葶飞蓬小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体主要为四面体型,成熟花粉为3-细胞型;花序和花蕾形态变化与减数分裂、雄配子体的发育时期具有一定相关性,其中花蕾的长度可有效确定该花蕾中减数分裂与雄配子体发育时期。     

桔梗花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄性败育的细胞生理学研究

以桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB为试验材料,采用石蜡切片和改良苯酚品红染色压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程进行比较,探讨桔梗雄性不育系小孢子形成过程和败育发生的细胞生理学机理。结果表明:(1)桔梗保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,同一花药减数分裂较同步;在中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体;四分体以四面体为主,成熟花粉粒为二核花粉。(2)不育系PA花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅰ开始出现异常,表现为细胞质形态改变,末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂,形成异常四分体,胼胝质壁不能溶解,四分体难以释放出游离小孢子而被降解,导致败育。(3)在发育过程中,桔梗不育系花蕾游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量低于保持系,而SOD活性、丙二醛含量均高于保持系。(4)桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程存在明显差异,桔梗雄性败育过程大体可分为4个阶段,即后期Ⅰ细胞质异常、末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂、四分体难以释放游离小孢子、四分体被降解仅残留碎片。研究认为,桔梗不育花蕾(开花前)生长发育过程中,体内活性氧代谢紊乱、丙二醛积累及游离脯氨酸等"物质代谢损亏"可能是引起桔梗雄性败育的原因。     

野蔷薇-变种红刺玫的细胞学研究

以野蔷薇的一变种红刺玫（Rosa multiflora Thunb．var．cathayensis Rehd．）为材料,对其染色体数和花粉母细胞的减数分裂进程进行了研究。结果表明：红刺玫染色体数目为2n=3x=21,为三倍体;减数分裂始于4月上旬,此时花苞开始膨大、但未开裂,花瓣由绿变成黄色;在同一花药中,花粉母细胞的减数分裂并不同步,可以观察到前期到末期Ⅱ之间各个时期的分裂相;在其减数分裂过程中存在诸如单价体、染色体桥、落后染色体等一系列异常现象。实验还从细胞遗传学上分析了红刺玫育性与花粉母细胞减数分裂异常的关系,部分可育花粉的存在为红刺玫育种实践提供了有用的材料。     

野蔷薇一变种红刺玫的细胞学研究

以野蔷薇的-变种红刺攻(Rosa multiflora Thunb.vat.cathayensis Rehd.)为材料,对其染色体数和花粉母细胞的减数分裂进程进行了研究.结果表明:红刺玫染色体数目为2n=3x=21,为三倍体;减数分裂始于4月上旬,此时花苞开始膨大、但未开裂,花瓣由绿变成黄色;在同一花药中,花粉母细胞的减数分裂并不同步,可以观察到前期到末期Ⅱ之间各个时期的分裂相;在其减数分裂过程中存在诸如单价体、染色体桥、落后染色体等一系列异常现象.实验还从细胞遗传学上分析了红刺玫育性与花粉母细胞减数分裂异常的关系,部分可育花粉的存在为红刺玫育种实践提供了有用的材料.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.