柴达木盆地晚中新世三趾马化石

Bohlin描述的柴达木动物群中的三趾马材料非常少 ,仅能证明三趾马在这个地点的存在。近年来新的野外考察在这一地区发现了更多的三趾马化石材料 ,至少包括 3个种 ,即Hipparioncf.H .chiai、H .weihoense和H .teilhardi。H .cf.H .chiai和H .weihoense在柴达木盆地的发现进一步证实了晚中新世早期 (保德早期 )动物群在这个地区的存在。柴达木盆地的H .teilhardi基本上与H .cf.H .chiai和H .weihoense产自同一层位 ,其时代也应为保德早期。H .cf.H .chiai和H .weihoense在柴达木盆地的发现为该地区在晚中新世早期为草原型环境的判断提供了更多的证据。H .teilhardi更细长的远端肢骨也是对开阔环境的一种适应性状     

苔草属植物柄锈菌国产种的补充记载

苔草属植物柄锈菌3个新种和2个中国新记录种,它们是：寄生在点叶苔草CarexhancockianaMaxim.上的点叶苔草柄锈菌（新种）Pucciniacaricis－hancockianaeJ．Y．Zhang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.,寄生在十字苔草CarexcrucoataWahlenb.上的海南柄锈菌（新种）PucciniahainanensisJ.Y．Zhuang＆S．X．Wei．sp.nov.,寄生在苔草属Carexsp.上的兔耳苔草柄锈菌Pucciniajaceae－leporinaeTranzschel,寄生在披针苔草CarexlanceolataBoott上的卡累利阿柄锈菌PucciniakarelicaTranzschel以及寄生在蕨叶苔草CarexfilicinaNees上的白头柄锈菌（新种）PuccinialeucocephalaJ.Y.Zhuang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.。标本均保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本室（HMAS）。     

乔纳金叶片培养胚状体发生体系的建立

利用乔纳金无菌苗叶片培养,成功地诱导出胚状体并获得再生植株。具体步骤如下:Ⅰ.在MS BA2.0mg.L-1 IAA6.0mg.L-1 2,4-D0.3mg.L-1培养基上预诱导6d;Ⅱ.在MS BA2.0mg.L-1培养基上胚性细胞发生胚状体;Ⅲ.在MS BA0.5mg.L-1 IAA0.1mg.L-1上壮苗培养20d;Ⅳ.在MS IBA0.8mg.L-1 IAA0.7mg.L-1培养基上小植株生根。     

苔草属植物柄锈菌国产种的补充记载(英文)

苔草属植物柄锈菌3个新种和2个中国新记录种,它们是：寄生在点叶苔草CarexhancockianaMaxim.上的点叶苔草柄锈菌（新种）Pucciniacaricis－hancockianaeJ．Y．Zhang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.,寄生在十字苔草CarexcrucoataWahlenb.上的海南柄锈菌（新种）PucciniahainanensisJ.Y．Zhuang＆S．X．Wei．sp.nov.,寄生在苔草属Carexsp.上的兔耳苔草柄锈菌Pucciniajaceae－leporinaeTranzschel,寄生在披针苔草CarexlanceolataBoott上的卡累利阿柄锈菌PucciniakarelicaTranzschel以及寄生在蕨叶苔草CarexfilicinaNees上的白头柄锈菌（新种）PuccinialeucocephalaJ.Y.Zhuang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.。标本均保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本室（HMAS）。     

橘小实蝇发育历期和种群动态研究

在自然条件下,通过人工饲养橘小实蝇,研究其在福建省厦门市同安区发生代数和各代发育历期.结果表明,橘小实蝇在同安区1 a发生7代,各代历期分别为95. 5、49. 0、44. 0、36. 0、36. 5、45. 0和89. 5 d.田间监测证实橘小实蝇在福建省南部地区可以越冬,4-10月份是发生高峰期.     

第21届国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛试题理论B-2·动物生理学和解剖学

动物生理学和解剖学 1 如下图所示,可以利用离心管将人的血液分成3部分.(1.8分) 在a～c这3种成分中,选择其相应的主要血液功能.在答题纸上相应的空格内打勾(√). 功能: Ⅰ.产生抗体. Ⅱ.运载二氧化碳. Ⅲ.运载铁离子. Ⅳ.运载氧气. Ⅴ.血液凝固.     

中国尖翅蝇属二新种及一新记录种记述(双翅目:尖翅蝇科)

记述采自中国北方尖翅蝇属Lonchoptera Meigen 2新种,即纤毛尖翅蝇L.ciliosa,sp.nov.和多鬃尖翅蝇L.multiseta,sp.nov.,讨论了它们与近缘种的区别.并首次记录了亮额尖翅蝇L.nitidifrons Strbol在中国的分布.模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆.     

腔孢纲真菌的三个新种*

在调查香龙血树Dracaenafragrans(L.)Ker-Ganl.的病害中,发现了腔孢纲真菌的3个新种,即PhomopsisdracaenicolaZ.D.Jiang,P.G.XietP.K.Chi,BartaliniadracaenaeP.G.Xi,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi及SphaeropsisdracaenaeP.G.XietP.K.Chi,模式标本保存在华南农业大学真菌标本室。     

石竹科齿瓣无心菜属2新组合名称

基于近年来分子系统学研究结果,石竹科无心菜属(Arenaria L.)齿瓣亚属[subgen.Odontostemma(G.Don)Williams]在属水平的地位得以恢复,该亚属中相关物种名也因此被组合至齿瓣无心菜属(Odontostemma Benth.ex G.Don)之中。然而,中国所产道孚无心菜(A.dawuensis A.J.LiQ.Ban)与神农架无心菜(A.shennongjiaensis Z.E.ZhaoZ.H.Shen)在相关处理中被遗漏,故在此给予其新的组合名称:O.dawuense(A.J.LiQ.Ban)G.Yao和O.shennongjiaense(Z.E.ZhaoZ.H.Shen)G.Yao。     

广西楼梯草属五新种

描述了在中国广西发现的楼梯草属五新种:小果楼梯草Elatostema microcarpum W.T.Wang & Y.G.Wei在体态方面与荔波楼梯草E.liboense W.T.Wang极为相似,但茎较低矮,不具软鳞片,叶上面无毛,钟乳体较小而可区别。圆序楼梯草Elatostema gyrocephalumW.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei在体态上与浅齿楼梯草E.crena-tum W.T.Wang相似,但叶两面均有糙伏毛,侧脉较少,4-6对,钟乳体较小,长约0.1 mm而不同。对序楼梯草 Elatostema binatum W.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei在亲缘关系方面与深绿楼梯草E.atroviride W.T.Wang相近,但茎和叶无毛,雄花序托较小,近方形,长度及宽度约6.5 mm,小苞片较小,长约1.5 mm,无毛,可以区别。河池楼梯草Elatostema hechiense W.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei似华南楼梯草E.balansae Gagnep.但叶的渐尖头全缘,钟乳体较小,长0.1-0.15 mm,雌花序苞片顶端无角状突起,可以区别。环江楼梯草Elatostema huanjiangense W.T.Wang & Y.G.Wei可能与樟叶楼梯草Elatostema petelotii Gangnep.有亲缘关系,但后者的叶全缘,钟乳体较大,长0.3-0.7 mm,侧脉在狭侧3条,在宽侧4条,但后者的叶全缘,钟乳体较大,长0.3-0.7 mm,侧脉在狭侧3 条,在宽侧4条,雌花序常有长花序梗,而与本种相区别。     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Pleosporales in Japan (5): Pleomassaria, Asteromassaria, and Splanchnonema

Eight species in Pleomassariaceae are described and illustrated. They are Pleomassaria maxima, Pl. swidae, Pl. siparia “type A,” Prosthemium canba, Asteromassaria macroconidica, A. pulchra, Splanchnonema mori, and S. argus. Of these, Pl. swidae on twigs of Swida controversa, Pr. canba on Betula ermanii, and A. macroconidica on twigs of Prunus ×yedoensis and an unknown woody plant are new. Three species, Pl. siparia “type A,” A. pulchra, and S. argus, are reported from Japan for the first time. A new combination, S. mori (≡ Massaria mori), is proposed.     

Cytochrome f from the Antarctic psychrophile, Chlamydomonas raudensis UWO 241: structure, sequence, and complementation in the mesophile, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Although cytochrome f from the Antarctic psychrophile, Chlamydomonas raudensis UWO 241, exhibits a lower apparent molecular mass (34 kD) than that of the mesophile C. reinhardtii (41 kD) based on SDS-PAGE, both proteins are comparable in calculated molecular mass and show 79% identity in amino acid sequence. The difference in apparent molecular mass was maintained after expression of petA from both Chlamydomonas species in either E. coli or a C. reinhardtii ΔpetA mutant and after substitution of a unique third cysteine-292 to phenylalanine in the psychrophilic cytochrome f. Moreover, the heme of the psychrophilic form of cytochrome f was less stable upon heating than that of the mesophile. In contrast to C. raudensis, a C. reinhardtii ΔpetA mutant transformed with petA from C. raudensis exhibited the ability to undergo state transitions and a capacity for intersystem electron transport comparable to that of C. reinhardtii wild type. However, the C. reinhardtii petA transformants accumulated lower levels of cytochrome b ₆ /f complexes and exhibited lower light saturated rates of O₂ evolution than C. reinhardtii wild type. We show that the presence of an altered form of cytochrome f in C. raudensis does not account for its inability to undergo state transitions or its impaired capacity for intersystem electron transport as previously suggested. A combined survey of the apparent molecular mass, thermal stability and amino acid sequences of cytochrome f from a broad range of mesophilic species shows unequivocally that the observed differences in cytochrome f structure are not related to psychrophilly. Thus, caution must be exercised in relating differences in amino acid sequence and thermal stability to adaptation to cold environments. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea,A. corymbosa,A. marginata,A. microphylla,A. parvifolia,A. rosea,andA. umbrinella

Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.     

Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of N,O-quaternary ammonium chitosan

N,N,N-Trimethyl O-(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium propyl) chitosans (TMHTMAPC) with different degrees of O-substitution were synthesized by reacting O-methyl-free N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTMAC). The products were characterized by ¹H NMR, FTIR and TGA, and investigated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli under weakly acidic (pH 5.5) and weakly basic (pH 7.2) conditions. TMHTMAPC exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity compared with TMC, and the activity of TMHTMAPC increased with an increase in the degree of substitution. Divalent cations (Ba²⁺ and Ca²⁺) strongly reduced the antibacterial activity of chitosan, O-carboxymethyl chitosan and N,N,N-trimethyl-O-carboxymethyl chitosan, but the repression on the antibacterial activity of TMC and TMHTMAPC was weaker. This indicates that the free amino group on chitosan backbone is the main functional group interacting with divalent cations. The existence of 100 mM Na⁺ slightly reduced the antibacterial activity of both chitosan and its derivatives.     

Introduction,distribution, spread,and impacts of exotic freshwater gastropods in Texas

We examined the patterns of distribution, vectors of introduction, and potential ecological impacts of freshwater exotic species in Texas over the last 45 years. Currently, five species of exotic gastropods are established: channeled-type applesnail (Pomacea insularum), red-rim melania (Melanoides tuberculatus), quilted melania (Tarebia granifera), giant rams-horn snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and Chinese mysterysnail (Cipangopaludina chinensis). In contrast to the northern part of the US, where shipping appears to be the most important vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species, aquarium and ornamental trade dominated among unintentional vectors of introduction of all freshwater exotics in Texas, resulting in different patterns of distribution, spread, and ecological impacts. The rate of spread of exotic gastropods in Texas varied from 39 waterbodies colonized over 18 years for P. insularum to only three waterbodies during last 45 years for C. chinensis. Four of five exotic gastropods were found in highly vulnerable aquifer-fed springs and rivers, which contain numerous endemic and endangered species. The fifth species, Pomacea insularum, is an agricultural pest. Potential negative ecological effects of exotic gastropods include impacts on wetlands and wetland restoration, competitive exclusion of native snails, and the introduction of exotic parasites, trematodes, which could infect fish and waterfowl, including federally protected species. Aquifer springs with stable temperature regimes are refuges for both cold and warm intolerant species. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon