OsPT8过量表达提高转基因烟草的耐低磷能力

高亲和磷转运蛋白负责植物在低磷条件下吸收和转运磷酸盐,对植物的生长发育至关重要。将水稻中关键的高亲和磷转运蛋白基因OsPT8(A high affinity phosphate transporter gene OsPht1;8,以下简称OsPT8)通过农杆菌介导的方法转入烟草云烟87,以转基因烟草和野生型(云烟87)为材料,设置正常供磷(1 mmol/L Pi)和低磷(0.1 mmol/L Pi)两个处理的沙培试验,检测烟株地上部和地下部的生物量、全磷及有效磷的含量,分析烟草高亲和磷转运蛋白家族基因(NtPT1和NtPT2)的表达差异。结果显示,低磷条件下,OsPT8过量表达转基因株系生物量均显著高于野生型;在正常供磷和低磷条件下,OsPT8过量表达烟草株系全磷含量和有效磷含量均显著高于野生型,这表明高亲和磷转运蛋白基因OsPT8可以提高转基因烟草的耐低磷能力。RT-PCR和Q-PCR结果显示,转基因株系显著提高了烟草高亲和磷转运蛋白基因NtPT1和NtPT2的表达量,表明OsPT8对烟草磷吸收和转运的影响是通过OsPT8基因和烟草NtPT1、NtPT2基因等一个复杂的过程起作用的。     

甘蔗幼苗对难溶性磷的吸收及其根系对低磷胁迫的响应

为明确甘蔗适应低磷胁迫的生理生化机制,挖掘甘蔗对磷素的利用潜力,揭示甘蔗对低磷胁迫适应的可能机制,该研究以ROC22和ROC10两个甘蔗品种为材料,采用水培和土培的方法研究了甘蔗幼苗对难溶性磷的吸收及其在低磷胁迫下根构型和根系的生理反应。结果表明:(1)培养在以难溶性磷(Ca-P和Al-P)为磷源的培养液中的甘蔗的叶片数、地上部干重、生物量较缺磷(-P)处理显著增加,与对照(+P)的相当,甘蔗总磷积累量也显著提高,达到对照(+P)处理磷积累量的30%～77%。(2)在低磷条件下,甘蔗幼苗的根系有向土壤深层分布的趋势,根的总体积增大、最长根长变长、浅根系分布增多。(3)甘蔗幼苗在低磷环境下,根际环境明显酸化,且根系分泌物能溶解难溶性的铝磷,植株体内酸性磷酸酶的活性也明显增强。以上表明甘蔗幼苗有较强的吸收利用难溶性磷的能力,而低磷条件下根系数量增加、主根的向地性、浅根系分布增多、根际酸化以及植株体内酸性磷酸酶活性的增强可能是甘蔗幼苗适应缺磷环境的重要机制。     

夜间低温对番茄幼苗磷素吸收及转运的影响

以‘辽园多丽’番茄幼苗为试材,采用营养液栽培模式,以夜温15℃为对照,对夜间低温(6℃)影响番茄幼苗磷素吸收及转运过程的因素进行研究。结果显示:(1)夜间低温胁迫导致番茄幼苗根系活力受到显著抑制。(2)夜间低温条件下,番茄幼苗根系中酸性磷酸酶活性无明显变化,而其地上部酸性磷酸酶活性增强,且以叶片中活性增加较大。(3)夜间低温胁迫使根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1和LePT2的相对表达量较对照增加,地上部磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1的表达受到抑制,且叶片中受到的抑制作用更显著。(4)夜间低温胁迫处理营养液中剩余磷素含量始终多于对照;其番茄幼苗地下部和地上部中磷素绝对含量均下降,且叶片比茎的下降幅度更大。(5)夜间低温胁迫使番茄幼苗伤流强度下降,伤流液中磷素含量随着处理天数的增加而增加,在处理第9天时极显著高于对照。研究表明,夜间低温导致番茄幼苗根系活力降低,诱导植株中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1的表达下调以及伤流强度降低,从而引起磷素由茎向叶片中的转运过程受到明显抑制。     

铁对缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫下杉木耐铝性的影响

为探究酸性土壤中铁与缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫的互作关系及其对杉木耐铝性的影响,以杉木优良基因型YX11实生苗为材料,采用控制条件下沙培试验方法,设置对照(CK)、铝胁迫(Al)、缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫(-P+Al)、缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫下缺铁处理(-P+Al-Fe),研究缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫下,外源供铁对杉木幼苗生长、光合生理、植株铝和铁含量、叶片抗性生理的影响。结果表明:(1)Al胁迫处理能显著抑制杉木幼苗生长,-P+Al处理进一步加剧Al诱导的生长受抑,而-P+Al-Fe处理则能显著缓解-P+Al处理引起的生长受抑程度。(2)杉木叶片光合色素含量,叶绿素荧光参数最大荧光(F_(m))、可变荧光(F_(v))、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和实际最大量子产额(QY)以及叶片净光合速率在不同胁迫处理下均较CK出现不同程度下降,但-P+Al处理的降幅显著大于-P+Al-Fe处理。(3)杉木叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX等抗氧化酶活性在不同胁迫处理下均比CK显著增加,但-P+Al处理各抗氧化酶活性增幅显著低于-P+Al-Fe处理,从而导致-P+Al处理叶片形成更多过氧化氢,积累大量丙二醛。(4)杉木根和叶片铝含量在不同胁迫处理下均比CK显著增加,但根和叶片中铝含量在-P+Al-Fe和-P+Al处理间无显著差异,而-P+Al处理根和叶片中铁含量显著高于-P+Al-Fe处理。研究发现,在缺磷和铝毒耦合胁迫下,与缺铁相比,正常供铁能显著促进铁在杉木植株体内的积累,抑制其抗氧化酶活性的增强,促进过氧化氢大量积累,造成光合色素降解,同时对质膜和光合反应中心造成不可逆损伤,显著降低光合效率,加剧铝毒诱导的杉木生长受抑程度。     

磷亏缺对小麦TaIPS基因表达的影响

为了解小麦高效利用土壤磷的分子机理和实现对小麦缺磷的分子诊断,以普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）小偃54为材料,克隆了5个受缺磷诱导的IPS基因,同源比较结果显示,小麦IPS基因属于典型的受缺磷条件特异诱导的TPSI1/MT4小基因家族.对小麦根系和地上部的半定量RT-PCR研究结果表明,与全营养处理对照相比,3叶期小麦幼苗经过缺氮、缺磷和氮磷同时缺乏处理8d后,缺磷显著增加了根系中3个TaIPS1（TaIPS1.1、TaIPS1.2和TaIPS1.3）基因和地上部TaIPS1.1基因的表达,中度上调了根系中2个TaIPS2基因（TaIPS2.1和TaIPS2.2）的表达,轻度上调了地上部TaIPS1.2和2个TaIPS2基因的表达.通过比较5个基因在根系和地上部对缺磷的响应,认为TaIPS1.1是一个较理想的用于诊断小麦植株磷素丰缺的基因.缺氮不仅降低了3个TaIPS1基因在根系中的表达,并抑制了IPS基因对缺磷的响应.这一研究结果预示了TaIPS基因对低磷胁迫的响应依赖于植株体内的氮素营养状况.     

低磷胁迫下不同种源马尾松的根构型与磷效率

以浙江淳安、福建武平、广西岑溪和广东信宜4个代表性的马尾松种源为试材,设置异质低磷胁迫、同质低磷胁迫等不同磷素处理,研究马尾松种源感知不同类型低磷胁迫的根构型及磷效率变异规律.结果表明:无论在异质低磷还是同质低磷胁迫下,参试种源马尾松的主要生长性状和磷效率指标均存在极显著的种源间变异.异质低磷胁迫下,广东信宜、福建武平种源马尾松表现出较高的磷效率和干物质积累量,根构型发生适应性变化,富磷表层介质中的根系参数显著高于低磷效率的广西岑溪和浙江淳安种源.这是磷高效种源具有较高的磷素吸收效率和磷效率的重要机制.不同种源的表层富磷介质根系参数与其整株干物质积累量相关系数在0.95以上.同质低磷胁迫下,高磷效率种源马尾松的磷吸收率显著高于低磷效率种源,但表层介质中的根系参数和整株根系参数与整株干物质积累量的相关性较低.不同种源马尾松适应同质低磷胁迫和异质低磷胁迫的生物学机制有所差异,应有针对性地选择不同土壤磷素的森林立地并推广磷营养高效的马尾松种源.     

玉米磷转运蛋白基因ZmPht3;1的克隆和功能分析

Pht3(phosphate transporter 3)磷转运子家族属于一类低亲和力磷转运蛋白,在调节植株体内磷素的动态平衡中发挥重要作用。为了初步探讨玉米中Zm Pht3;1基因的结构特征及其磷饥饿的响应机制,利用同源克隆的方法从耐低磷玉米自交系Mo17中分离得到Zm Pht3;1基因,并运用实时荧光定量PCR和亚细胞定位的方法对其进行深入研究。结果表明,Zm Pht3;1的编码区全长1 101 bp,编码366个氨基酸,含有典型的线粒体转运家族(mitochondrial carrier family,MCF)结构特征与6个疏水跨膜结构。荧光定量PCR分析表明,该基因在两个极端材料的根系与叶片中均有表达,而表达模式差异显著,在耐低磷玉米自交系Mo17的根系和叶片中表现为缺磷胁迫前期的一般性反应和后期的特异性反应。转化烟草的亚细胞定位结果显示,Zm Pht3;1主要分布于细胞膜上,可能是一个双亲和转运体,在玉米响应磷饥饿胁迫过程中发挥重要的适应性调节作用。     

烟草磷转运蛋白基因NtPHT2;1的克隆和表达分析

植物对磷酸盐的吸收与利用主要依靠磷转运蛋白,其中PHT2家族编码的低亲和磷转运蛋白主要负责植物在正常供磷条件下磷酸盐的吸收、转运与再利用。为了探究低亲和磷转运蛋白基因NtPHT2;1在烟草转运磷酸盐中的作用和表达模式,本研究以普通烟草K326的cDNA为模板,克隆得到NtPHT2;1,对该基因进行生物信息学分析和蛋白质的亚细胞定位,并通过荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在低磷等非生物胁迫下的基因表达模式进行分析。结果表明：（1）NtPHT2;1基因的全长为1 764 bp,编码587个氨基酸。（2）亚细胞定位结果表明,NtPHT2;1蛋白定位于叶绿体上。（3）同源性比对发现,NtPHT2;1蛋白与辣椒CaPHT2;1蛋白的同源性最高达到91.00%。（4）启动子分析表明,NtPHT2;1启动子含有参与调控植物衰老、逆境胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。（5）组织表达模式分析表明,NtPHT2;1在叶片中的表达量最高,新叶中的表达量比老叶中的高;在低磷诱导条件下,该基因的表达量与正常条件相比差异不显著。（6）不同非生物胁迫下的表达模式表明,在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下,该基因的表达量显著降低。研究认为,NtPHT2;1基因主要是负责烟株正常生长发育条件下磷酸盐的转运与利用。     

氮磷亏缺对小麦TaIPS基因表达的影响

为了解小麦高效利用土壤磷的分子机理和实现对小麦缺磷的分子诊断,以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)小偃54为材料,克隆了5个受缺磷诱导的IPS基因,同源比较结果显示,小麦IPS基因属于典型的受缺磷条件特异诱导的TPSI1/MT4小基因家族.对小麦根系和地上部的半定量RT-PCR研究结果表明,与全营养处理对照相比,3叶期小麦幼苗经过缺氮、缺磷和氮磷同时缺乏处理8d后,缺磷显著增加了根系中3个TaIPS1(TaIPS1.1、TaIPS1.2和TaIPS1.3)基因和地上部TaIPS1.1基因的表达,中度上调了根系中2个TaIPS2基因(TaIPS2.1和TaIPS2.2)的表达,轻度上调了地上部TaIPS1.2和2个TaIPS2基因的表达.通过比较5个基因在根系和地上部对缺磷的响应,认为TaIPS1.1是一个较理想的用于诊断小麦植株磷素丰缺的基因.缺氮不仅降低了3个TaIPS1基因在根系中的表达,并抑制了IPS基因对缺磷的响应.这一研究结果预示了TaIPS基因对低磷胁迫的响应依赖于植株体内的氮素营养状况.     

不同基因型苦荞幼苗对低磷胁迫的响应

采用沙培法,以4个不同耐低磷苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn)品种为材料,设正常磷处理(P1,2 mmol/L对照)、低磷胁迫(P2,1 mmol/L)和极低磷胁迫(P3,0.2 mmol/L) 3个处理,研究低磷胁迫对苦荞苗期农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用的影响。结果显示:(1)低磷胁迫下,苦荞苗期株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系干重、根系平均直径、根系表面积、根系体积等指标均有所下降;主根伸长、根冠比有所升高,但不同品种的升降幅度有所不同。(2)低磷胁迫使苦荞叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力均有所下降,根系的SOD活性、POD活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,且表现为耐低磷苦荞品种的增幅大于不耐低磷苦荞。(3)低磷胁迫使苦荞植株全磷含量和单株磷积累量下降,却使磷利用效率升高。研究结果表明耐低磷品种通过主根伸长下扎以及分泌较多的酸性磷酸酶,合理吸收与利用土壤磷素,通过保持叶片较高的叶绿素含量维持较强的光合能力,通过保持较高的抗氧化酶活性降低膜脂过氧化伤害,最大程度的适应低磷环境。     

大豆种子储藏性磷对幼苗适应低磷胁迫的作用

选用种子大小不同、磷效率不同的两个大豆品种‘巴西10号’(B10)和‘本地2号’(L2),在不同供磷条件下进行营养液浇灌沙培,从大豆萌发至2片三出复叶完全展开期测定植株主要器官总磷、可溶性磷浓度、子叶可溶性蛋白、酸性磷酸酶比活性、植酸酶比活性的变化动态,探讨储藏性磷在大豆幼苗期适应磷胁迫中的作用。结果发现:(1)磷效率不同的两个大豆品种的种子中磷含量差异显著。(2)大豆萌发和幼苗生长过程中子叶的磷逐渐转入根、茎、叶中,并以转入叶中的磷最多,其中磷高效品种B10在发芽过程中子叶磷向各个器官转移的总磷量要高于磷低效品种L2,且持续时间长。(3)大豆萌发和幼苗生长过程中外源供磷水平显著影响子叶磷的转移,在外源供磷充足条件下各器官中总磷均高于低供磷条件,子叶中磷和外源磷存在补偿关系。(4)磷高效品种B10子叶中酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷条件下显著高于高磷条件,但磷低效品种L2在高、低磷间无显著差异。研究表明,大豆种子储藏性磷在幼苗期耐低磷能力建立方面具有重要作用。     

Phosphorus characteristics correlate with soil fertility of albic luvisols

The information on phosphorus (P) characteristics of albic luvisols and their effect on plant P uptake is limited. Twelve soils representing typical albic luvisols were collected from farmland of four regions in northeast China, each with various levels of soil fertility. Phosphorus fractions, P adsorption and P supply capacity of the soils were analysed and were correlated with soil fertility and plant P nutrition. Total P in these soils ranged from 0.62–0.91 g kg^–1, and comprised 37–51% organic P, and 49–63% in inorganic forms among which the percentage of occluded P was the greatest, followed by Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P and loosely bound P was the lowest (<1%). Whereas the % of organic P was not clearly affected by fertility, the % of occluded P increased with fertility. By contrast, both % and contents of other P forms decreased with decreasing soil fertility. Soil P adsorption maxima calculated from Langmuir isotherm ranged from 484 to 912 mg kg^–1. Soils with low fertility had the strongest P adsorption, and those with medium fertility had the weakest in all collection regions. The supply capacity of P was positively related to soil fertility. Plant growth correlated positively with P forms with available P correlating best, followed by Fe-P and P supply capacity. Organic C correlated with available P, Fe-P, total P, Al-P and P supply capacity but not with organic P. The results suggest that though the albic luvisols contained high total P, they had low P availability, and P application is required for optimal crop production on these soils.     

Functions of Calcium-bound Phosphorus in Relation to Characteristics of Phosphorus Releasing Bacteria in Sediment of a Chinese Shallow Lake (Lake Wabu)

Sediment phosphorus (P) release accelerates lake eutrophication, while retention capacity and release potential of different P fractions, calcium-bound P (CaCO₃～P) in particular, still remains unclear. Fractionation and sorption behaviors of phosphorus were studied in sediment of a Chinese shallow lake (Lake Wabu) and two inflowing rivers from December 2011 to December 2012. Abundance of P releasing bacteria was analyzed, and their main species were isolated using a culture-dependent method and identified by their 16S rDNA sequences. CaCO₃～P release abilities of these bacteria were also tested. In sediments of both the lake and rivers studied, the rank order of the different P extracts was CaCO₃～P > iron-bound P > acid-soluble organic P > hot NaOH-extractable organic P. At the same time, CaCO₃～P content and equilibrium P concentration (EPC₀) values in river sediments were significantly higher than those in the lake. Additionally, EPC₀ changes non-monotonically with increasing CaCO₃～P content, forming a V-shaped curve, with the lowest EPC₀ at an intermediate CaCO₃～P content (around 180 mg kg^?1). Below this threshold, CaCO₃～P was a component strengthening P retention; moreover, CaCO₃～P became an active species responsible for P release. Noticeably, between the two parts divided by this threshold, the differences in abundance of inorganic phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (IPB) and organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPB) were insignificant and the dominant IPB species clustered together. By contrast, OPB was distinguished from each other, whose dominant species isolated from the part with higher CaCO₃～P content, namely Novosphingobium sp., exhibited a stronger ability to solubilize CaCO₃～P. Shortly, with lower content, CaCO₃～P tends to stabilize P in sediment; while with higher content or under eutrophic condition, it shifted into P source, with some OPB species becoming the main factors to drive its release.     

Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates

The retention of agricultural P by 10-m wide grass buffers (GBZ) and buffers under natural vegetation (VBZ) was studied for 10 years in southwestern Finland. The results were compared with those from 70-m long plots without buffers (NBZ). The GBZs were mowed but the VBZs were not managed. Surface waters were directed into a collector trench on each plot. Soil samples were taken from the buffers to determine easily soluble P by a Finnish method (0.5 M NH₄-acetate–0.5 M acetic acid, pH 4.6) and by the Olsen method.The highest losses of all P fractions were measured in spring, when the buffer vegetation had not yet started to grow. The mean annual total phosphorus (TP) loss from the GBZ and VBZ plots (0.7 kg ha⁻¹) was 40% lower than the TP loss from the NBZs (1.2 kg ha⁻¹). However, the loss of molybdate-reactive P (RP) was 70% higher from the VBZs than from the other plots. The concentration of Olsen-P was high (55.9 mg l⁻¹) on the soil surface, 0–2 cm, in the VBZs. The high loss of RP from the VBZs was most likely due to P leaching from the soil surface and decaying grass residue on the VBZs in spring.     

桉树幼苗对难溶性磷的吸收及其根系对低磷胁迫的响应

以‘广林9号’桉树幼苗为试验材料,采用水培和土培试验方法研究了桉树幼苗对难溶性磷酸盐的吸收及其在低磷胁迫下的根构型和根系的生理反应,以揭示桉树高效吸收磷素的机制。结果显示:(1)桉树幼苗在含磷酸铝的缺磷培养液中吸收的磷达4.24mg/株,与供应水溶性磷和磷酸钙处理的相当。(2)土壤缺磷或仅在上土层(0~20cm)施磷肥处理均有利于桉树幼苗浅层根的分布,使根表面积及根数在上土层与下层(20~40cm)比值明显增高。(3)桉树幼苗根尖的H+-ATPase活性在缺磷处理15d后显著提高,其根尖周围的溴甲酚紫指示剂变黄,根基环境明显酸化;根尖分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷胁迫也显著提升,且随着处理时间(10、15、20d)的延长而进一步提高;铝和低磷胁迫能明显诱导桉树根系分泌草酸,其分泌量显著高于对照和缺磷处理。研究结果表明,桉树幼苗具有较强的难溶性磷吸收能力,而在缺磷及磷铝胁迫下根系的浅层化、根尖酸化及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶及草酸量增加可能是桉树幼苗适应酸性土壤铝毒和缺磷环境的重要机制。     

利用磷酸盐还原反应进行生物除磷的研究

磷酸盐生物还原反应可用于生物除磷。将猪粪与一种厌氧污泥按质量比4：1混合作为接种物进行分批培养实验,考察培养始末总磷浓度的变化,从而研究厌氧生物除磷的条件。结果表明,在分批培养中,葡萄糖和蛋白胨分别是厌氧生物除磷的良好碳源和氮源;适宜的初始pH6．50,适宜的培养温度36℃。     

Phosphorus sorption characteristics of the Bronx River bed sediments

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient for plant growth, and it is often the primary limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems controlling algal blooms. The Bronx River of New York City, New York, USA includes freshwater and coastal water systems. The water quality of both fresh and saline water is lower than the standard levels designated by New York State, and classified as Class B and Class I waters, respectively. Algal blooms and oxygen depletion within the river have degraded the water quality, endangered fishing, and limited recreational use. The internal loading of P, an important bioavailability indicator in the Bronx River, is determined by the sorption processes, i.e., cycling of P between solid and liquid phases. The objectives of this study were to understand how P sorption characteristics affect the internal loading of P and the conditions that might give rise to a flux of P from sediment to the water column, and to estimate the effects of physicochemical properties of the sediments on P sorption parameters. Bed sediments were collected from 15 sites along the Bronx River, from the origin in Westchester Davis Brook, Kensico Dam through the Bronx to the Sound View Park estuary. Phosphorus sorption maximum (S_max) were significantly correlated with oxalate–extractable iron (Ox–Fe) and aluminum (Ox–Al), acid-extractable calcium (HCl–Ca) and magnesium (HCl–Mg), and total organic matter (OM), suggesting that not only metal ions affected P sorption characteristics, but OM also influenced the P sorption processes. This study also showed that originally sorbed P (S₀) was significantly correlated with Ox–Fe, Ox–Al, HCl–Mg, and OM. The extremely high values of the percentage of sorbed P retained in sediments (>98% for all sites except the two estuary sites: site 13 of 88% and site 14 of 92%) suggest that a large flux of P to the water column from the sediments could potentially occur under changing hydro-climatic conditions, such as the changes in pH, ionic strength and redox conditions, which may, in turn, exacerbate eutrophic conditions and subsequent algal blooms.     

Phosphorus uptake and translocation in salt-stressed melon plants

Melon seedlings (Cucumis melo L. cv.Galia) were grown hydroponically to study the effect of salinity (80 mmol/LNaCl) on phosphate (Pi) uptake and translocation at two levels of Pi (25 μmol/L and 1 mmol/L). Net uptake rates of Pi were determined by depletionof the medium and by plant content. Salinity decreased Pi uptake at low Pi (high affinity uptake mechanism), 25 μmol/L, although no specific competitive inhibition of Pi uptake by Cl⁻ was observed. When plants were grown with high Pi (1 mmol/L), the uptake of Pi through the low affinity system was increased by 80 mmol/L NaCl. Salinity also reduced the phosphorus flux, as Pi, through the xylem. It is hypothesised that high levels of NaCl decrease the mobility of Pi stored in vacuoles, and as a result, inhibit export from this storage compartment to other parts of the plant.     

The Effect of Reservoirs on Phosphorus Concentration

The annual average degree of phosphorus retention (both TP and OP) in reservoirs was found to depend mainly on the theoretical retention time (RT). The phosphorus retention (RP) is shown for some reservoirs in Czech Republic to be well approximated (standard deviation = 10.9) with RP_(TP) = 74.7* (1-exp(-0.0255* RT)) (N = 38, 7 ≤ RT ≤ 604 days). The inclusion of 13 additional reservoirs for which data were assembled from literature resulted in an almost identical relationship: RP_(TP) = 76.1* (1-exp(-0.0282* RT)) (N = 51, range of RT nearly unchanged). The retention of soluble reactive phosphorus RP_(OP) studied on data from literature seems to be higher than that of TP. Statistical comparison with data for RP_(TP) of lakes has shown a significantly lower retention in lakes than in reservoirs for comparable RP, resulting in RP_(TP) = 66.0* (1-exp(-0.00419* RT)) (N = 59, 5.8 ≤ RT ≤ 260000 days). The differences between RP_(OP) and RP_(TP) and differentiation of lakes and reservoirs are discussed and a need for more thorough theoretical analysis stressed. Consequences for watershed management are summarized.     

亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究进展

亚硝酸盐作为生物硝化和反硝化的中间产物, 存在于污水生物脱氮除磷系统中。对于生物强化除磷工艺亚硝酸盐既是电子受体用于反硝化除磷, 同时又是抑制剂影响生物除磷过程。本文综述了聚磷菌在厌氧、好氧和缺氧环境中的代谢机理, 在此基础上分别从好氧除磷和反硝化除磷两方面介绍了亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究, 同时概述了亚硝酸盐对生物除磷的抑制机理, 并对该领域的研究提出了个人见解。