Eco-physiological responses of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) to salt and alkali stresses

AimsEffects of salt and alkali stresses (NaCl-Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃) were compared on growth, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance and osmotic adjustment of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), to elucidate the mechanisms of salt and alkali stress (high pH value) damage to plants, and their physiological adaptive mechanisms to the stresses. MethodsThe experiment was carried out in an artificial greenhouse. Plants grew at approximately 700 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in greenhouse under photoperiod of 15 h in light and 9 h in dark. In each plastic pot (17 cm diameter) which contained 2.5 kg of washed sand, 20 linseed seeds were sown. The seedlings were exposed to stresses lasting 14 days after 2 months.Important findingsThe inhibitory effects of alkali stress on linseed growth were more remarkable than those of salt stress, indicating that alkali and salt represent two distinct forms of stress. The alkali stress increased the Na⁺ content in shoots, damaged the photosynthetic system, and highly reduced the net photosynthetic rate and C assimilation capacity. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content increased, the K⁺ content decreased with increasing stress. Greater changes were observed under alkali than under salt stress. Alkali stress caused the massive influx of Na⁺, which probably explained that the harmful of alkali stress on plants was stronger than that of salt stress. Under alkali stress, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in roots, showing that high pH value around roots hindered the absorption of them. Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ had little effects on the osmotic adjustment, mainly because of they had a low ion content. Under salt stress, anion increased in order to balance the sharp increase of Na⁺. However, alkali stress made severe deficit of negative charge, broke the intracellular ionic balance and pH homeostasis, and caused a series of strain response. Our results showed that linseed enhanced the synthesis of soluble sugars to balance massive influx of Na⁺ under salt stress, but linseed enhanced the synthesis of organic acids to compensate for the shortage of inorganic anions, which might be a key pathway for the pH adjustment. In conclusion, the alkali stress (high pH value) clearly inhibited the growth, element absorption, ion homeostasis reconstruction of plants. Organic acid concentration is possibly a key adaptive factor for linseed to maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate high pH value under alkali stress.     

濒危植物长叶红砂适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制研究

以濒危盐生植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl溶液(0、100、200、300和400mmol/L)处理30d对其生长和生理生化指标的影响,以分析长叶红砂的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)100和200mmol/L NaCl处理时,长叶红砂鲜重和干重均显著增加,但随着盐浓度继续增加,长叶红砂幼苗生长受到抑制,且地上部受到的抑制大于根部,显示长叶红砂适宜生长的NaCl浓度是200mmol/L。(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈上升趋势,说明光合速率的下降使利用CO2的能力下降,胞间积累了大量的CO2,且盐处理浓度越高量越大。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂幼苗Na+、Cl-含量增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白等有机渗透调节物质的合成增加。研究认为,长叶红砂是通过调节叶片Na+、Cl-以及有机渗透调节物质含量来提高其耐盐能力。     

叶绿体对盐胁迫的某些生理适应机制

本文介绍了近些年来有关叶绿体对盐胁迫的一些生理适应机制的研究,包括：（１）叶绿体的离子调节;（２）叶绿体的渗透调节;（３）叶绿体内相容溶质对光合酶的保护作用。最后讨论了这方面研究所存在的、今后急需要研究解决的几个问题。     

盐芥响应盐胁迫的分子机制研究进展

盐生植物盐芥是拟南芥的近缘物种,具有极强的耐盐能力,是很有研究前景的新兴耐盐模式植物.该文主要从离子平衡(Na+的吸收、外排、区隔化)、渗透平衡和过氧化物清除3个方面对近年来国内外有关盐芥耐盐分子机制的研究进展进行综述,以阐述盐芥植物对于盐胁迫反应的生理及分子机制.     

盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。     

药用红花幼苗对盐胁迫的生理响应机制

以红花为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、50、100和150 mmol·L-1)胁迫对红花幼苗叶片中的可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)及抗氧化酶系(T-AOC、SOD、CAT)的影响。结果表明:盐分对红花幼苗生长的抑制作用随NaCl浓度增加而加剧,且对地上部分的抑制作用大于根部。胁迫初期(10 d),各处理红花幼苗中的T-AOC的活性没有明显变化;但高盐胁迫显著提高了CAT的活性。与对照相比,盐胁迫明显提高了红花中的SS、SP的含量及SOD的活性,但各盐处理之间没有明显差异。胁迫中期(20 d),各处理间SOD的活性无明显变化;SS的含量随盐浓度的增加而明显增加,且处理间差异显著;SP的含量和CAT、T-AOC的活性与对照相比均有所增加。盐胁迫后期(30 d),SP和SS的含量在叶片中有积累的趋势,但T-AOC和SOD却相反,其活性较对照处理均有所下降,而盐处理的CAT的活性较对照处理无明显差异。因此,供试红花幼苗在盐胁迫初期主要是通过合成渗透调节物质和活性氧清除机制共同作用来抵御盐分胁迫,随着胁迫时间的延长则主要通过合成渗透调节物质来抵御盐害,其中可溶性糖对盐浓度的响应起到关键作用。     

盐与碱胁迫对燕麦离子平衡和有机酸含量的影响

以燕麦品种‘白燕2号’为材料,试验分别设置0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L盐胁迫(NaCl∶Na₂SO₄=5∶1)和碱胁迫(NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃=5∶1)处理的温室内盆栽试验,观测燕麦植株生长速率、植株含水率、叶片离子含量及叶片各类有机酸含量,分析不同盐胁迫、碱胁迫对燕麦离子平衡的影响,并比较燕麦对两类胁迫的适应性差异。结果显示：(1)燕麦植株生长速率和植株含水率在低浓度(50和100 mmol/L)盐胁迫下均升高,而高浓度(150和200 mmol/L)盐胁迫下则降低;燕麦植株生长速率和植株含水率均随碱胁迫浓度增加而降低;在相同胁迫浓度下,碱胁迫对植株生长率、植株含水率的影响大于盐胁迫。(2)燕麦叶片K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、H₃PO^-₄、NO^-₃ 含量均随盐、碱浓度升高而降低,而Na⁺、Cl^-、SO^2-₄含量在盐、碱胁迫下均大幅上升;200 mmol/L盐、碱胁迫下,Na⁺ 含量分别较对照增加367.15%和518.41%,Cl^- 含量分别较对照增加785.07%和52.59%,SO^2-₄ 分别较对照增加142.01%和52.86%。(3)200 mmol/L盐、碱胁迫下,有机酸分别较对照增加74.52%和1 232.34%;碱胁迫及高浓度盐胁迫下燕麦叶片的柠檬酸、乌头酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸含量均高于对照,且乌头酸是燕麦响应盐胁迫、碱胁迫的主要有机酸成分,柠檬酸和琥珀酸略有变化,而甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、草酸含量均相对较低。研究表明,碱胁迫对燕麦植株生长速率、植株含水率、叶片离子含量及叶片各类有机酸含量的影响大于盐胁迫;盐胁迫与碱胁迫均引起燕麦叶片阳离子(Na⁺)大量积累,而K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、H₃PO^-₄及NO^-₃吸收受阻;燕麦叶片在盐胁迫下主要通过积累Cl^-调节叶片离子平衡,而碱胁迫下主要通过积累有机酸来调节离子平衡;有机酸是燕麦叶片响应碱胁迫的特异代谢物,其中乌头酸是其有机酸的主要成分。     

盐分和水分胁迫盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｃｄａ ｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片涌透势和涌透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＾２＋、Ｃｌ＾－半加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％￣８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％￣９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约上ＣＯＰ的２％￣５％。ＰＥＧ处理     

菊芋悬浮细胞对盐胁迫的生理响应

为探讨菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）悬浮培养细胞对盐胁迫的生理响应,在0、50、100、150、200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下测定了细胞的生物量、相对细胞活力、抗氧化酶活性以及过氧化氢、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的含量,测定了总酚含量并鉴别、定量分析了14种酚类化合物。结果表明：盐胁迫显著减弱了菊芋悬浮细胞的活力,抑制了细胞的增长,200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下细胞生长基本上停止。盐胁迫诱发了细胞氧化胁迫,丙二醛含量显著增加,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶活性以及总酚含量、部分酚类化合物含量均随NaCl浓度升高而增加,酚类物质和抗氧化酶系统共同参与了应对氧化胁迫的抗氧化作用。脯氨酸在菊芋悬浮细胞应对NaCl渗透胁迫的渗透调节作用中扮演了重要的角色,而可溶性糖发挥的作用不大。     

紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢组分析

为探究‘红叶’紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica ‘Pink Velour’)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢响应机制,对‘红叶’紫薇1年生无性扦插苗分别进行盐胁迫(NaCl,pH=7.02)和碱胁迫(NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃的Na⁺摩尔比为2:1,pH=9.52)处理,采用液相色谱质谱(LC-MS)分析叶片代谢组学变化,并比较2个处理组与对照(CK)之间的代谢差异。结果表明：与CK相比,盐处理组共筛选出156个差异代谢物,碱处理组共筛选出176个差异代谢物,2个对比组共有23个差异代谢物,其余均为特有差异代谢物。KEGG富集分析表明,次生代谢产物生物合成、氨基酸代谢、糖类代谢、脂肪酸代谢和植物激素合成是响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要代谢通路;甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸合成代谢、ABC转运蛋白和维生素B₆合成代谢是盐胁迫组的特有代谢通路;缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸生物合成代谢、叶酸合成代谢,以及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化和抗坏血酸合成代谢是碱胁迫组的特有代谢通路。这些差异...     

A growth stage key for winter linseed (Linum usitatissimum)

A growth key for use in winter linseed Linum usitatissimum is described. The decimal key is based upon the principles outlined by the BBCH scale. This scale covers the following main development stages in winter linseed: germination and emergence, leaf development, basal branching, stem extension, inflorescence development and emergence, flowering and capsule formation, development of the seed and capsule, capsule and seed ripening and stem senescence. These are subdivided into secondary stages. The key aims to provide farmers and advisers with clear guidance on appropriate growth stages for treatment of winter linseed crops and its' use is discussed with particular reference to agro-chemicals. Botanical illustrations are presented, based on samples taken from winter linseed crops covering the main growth stages.     

An assessment of somaclonal variation in linseed (Linum usitatissimum)

Somaclonal lines of linseed from the parent cultivar Norlin were produced from a callus-based in oitro regeneration system (the R₀ generation). In field trials conducted over two seasons, 47 R₁ (plants produced from the R₀ generation) and 20 R₂ somaclonal lines (plants produced from the R₁ generation) were compared to the parent cultivar Norlin for quantitative characters. Irrespective of the genotype, traits in R₁'s and R₂'s were assessed on the basis of regression analysis as showing heritabilities of between 28% and 64%. Generally, the somaclonal variation assessed during these early generations revealed some detrimental traits, e.g. lower seed yield than the parent (control) cultivar and reduced 1000 seed weights, but a few lines were identified which had early or late flowering dates, improved seed yield and increased 1000 seed weights. It is concluded that somaclonal variation could be of value as an adjunct to classical breeding.     

Assessing linseed (Linum usitatissimum) resistance to Alternaria linicola using a detached cotyledon assay

Levels of resistance to the seed-borne pathogen Alternaria linicola in linseed and Linum accessions were characterised using an in vitro detached cotyledon bioassay. The response of four marketed varieties to seven isolates showed that differences between the isolates accounted for the majority of the variance. There was no significant interaction between varieties and isolates so that levels of response to the isolates showed a consistent trend. In a more comprehensive study, 102 different linseed and Linum accessions were challenged with an aggressive and a non-aggressive isolate. Differences between accessions were significant (P > 0.001). Much of the material gave a moderate response to the two isolates although there was a continuous distribution of resistance from susceptible to resistant. The response of a sub-set of tested material to the two isolates in a whole plant assay was positively correlated to the scores achieved in the in vitro bioassay, indicating that the resistance response of material could be predicted by the in vitro bioassay. Since large isolate-line interactions with respect to resistance scores were not observed in either test, resistance appears to be polygenically determined. The results suggest that an improvement in the resistance of linseed to A. linicola would be possible and beneficial.     

Canopy height and seed yield in winter linseed (Linum usitatissimum) can be influenced by proximity to pink canes

Changes to growth and development in a winter linseed crop were observed adjacent to pink canes used as markers in 1997. Notably, canopy height was increased in plants positioned up to 40 cm from the pink canes. In 1998 these effects were confirmed and further characterised in a replicated experiment: extension growth occurred approximately one week earlier and canopy height was increased by 14.5 cm in plants adjacent to pink canes. The number of seed capsules was 953 m^?2 in control plots and 2567 m^?2 in plots with pink canes. Seed yield, calculated from a 0.25 m² quadrat, was 12.4 g m² in control plots and 56.1 g m^?2 in plots with pink canes. The R:FR (red:far red) ratio of light reflected from canes was approximately 1.7 compared with approximate R:FR ratios of 1.4 in incident daylight and 0.2 in light reflected from a linseed canopy (assessed using a spectral analysis system). Possible mechanisms to explain the changes in crop performance are discussed.     

Shoot regeneration from cotyledon explants of fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum) and their subsequent rooting

In this study, the morphogenic ability of cotyledon explants of fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was investigated in relation to their physiological age and genotype and the effect of growth regulators in the medium. Among four investigated genotypes, the explants of cvs. A-29 and Alexim manifested the highest and the lowest morphogenic ability, respectively. The optimum ratio of growth regulators for shoot regeneration was shown to depend on the age of donor plantlets from which the explants were obtained. For explants excised from younger plantlets, the lower concentration of benzyladenine (BA) and the absence of auxin were preferable. For explants from older plantlets, the higher BA concentration and NAA presence in the medium were required for shoot regeneration. The addition of ABA to the regeneration medium usually reduced shoot regeneration frequency; however, the inhibitory effect of ABA depended on other growth regulators.     

Genomic regions underlying agronomic traits in linseed （Linum usitatissimum L.） as revealed by association mapping

The extreme climate of the Canadian Prairies poses a major chal enge to improve yield. Although it is possible to breed for yield per se, focusing on yield-related traits could be advantageous because of their simpler genetic architecture. The Canadian flax core col ection of 390 accessions was genotyped with 464 simple sequence repeat markers, and phenotypic data for nine agronomic traits including yield, bol s per area, 1,000 seed weight, seeds per bol , start of flowering, end of flowering, plant height, plant branching, and lodging col ected from up to eight environments was used for association mapping. Based on a mixed model （principal component analysis （PCA） t kinship matrix （K））, 12 significant marker-trait associations for six agronomic traits were identi-fied. Most of the associations were stable across environments as revealed by multivariate analyses. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with 1000 seed weight indicated that the favorable al eles have additive effects. None of the modern cultivars carried the five favorable al eles and the maximum number of four observed in any accessions was mostly in＆amp;nbsp;breeding lines. Our results confirmed the complex genetic architecture of yield-related traits and the inherent difficulties associated with their identification while il ustrating the potential for improvement through marker-assisted selection.     

Genomic regions underlying agronomic traits in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) as revealed by association mapping OA简

The extreme climate of the Canadian Prairies poses a major challenge to improve yield. Although it is possible to breed for yield per se, focusing on yield‐related traits could be advantageous because of their simpler genetic architecture. The Canadian flax core collection of 390 accessions was genotyped with 464 simple sequence repeat markers, and phenotypic data for nine agronomic traits including yield, bolls per area, 1,000 seed weight, seeds per boll, start of flowering, end of flowering, plant height, plant branching, and lodging collected from up to eight environments was used for association mapping. Based on a mixed model (principal component analysis (PCA) + kinship matrix (K)), 12 significant marker‐trait associations for six agronomic traits were identified. Most of the associations were stable across environments as revealed by multivariate analyses. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with 1000 seed weight indicated that the favorable alleles have additive effects. None of the modern cultivars carried the five favorable alleles and the maximum number of four observed in any accessions was mostly in breeding lines. Our results confirmed the complex genetic architecture of yield‐related traits and the inherent difficulties associated with their identification while illustrating the potential for improvement through marker‐assisted selection.     

Direct response of peroxidase isozyme relative mobility to short-term environmental temperature changes in flax (Linum usitatissimum)

Abstract Flax plants were transferred from 30°C to 15°C temperatures, and then back to 30°C during their vegetative growth phase. Reciprocal transfers were also made from 15°C to 30°C, and then back to 15°C for an identical period at the same time. Plants were also retained in a constant 30°C or 15°C in growth chambers with identical lighting conditions. The reciprocal transfer period lasted 6 d. The relative mobility (R_m) of an anionic leaf peroxidase isozyme, reflecting its molecular weight/conformation and/or net charge, was monitored over a period starting before the reciprocal transfers and finishing after the return to original temperatures. Two of the four flax types which were studied showed isozyme relative mobility responses related either to the different constant temperatures, or to the transfer from 15°C to 30°C. The responses were not reversible on return to the original lower temperature. Thus, exposure to 30°C, even for a transient 6 d period, produced a one way R_m shift. This suggests a developmental switch-over in the particular form of peroxidase glycoprotein being synthesized, rather than an adaptive response triggered by external environmental changes.