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1.
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) has been extensively studied and demonstrated to be suitable to enhance the efficiency of solar cell. In this work, TiO 2 is doped with silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) on glass and the Si substrate by using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), electrical conductivity ( σ dc), Hall coefficient (R H), current–voltage (I–V), and capacity–voltage (C–V) characterizations have been used to examine the optical, the morphological, and the electrical properties of the films. It has been found that 5 wt.% (Ag) doped TiO 2 thin film has the most effect on efficiency of TiO 2:Ag /Si solar cell. The (I–V) characteristics showed that the (TiO 2) thin film enhances the efficiency of the (p–n) junction solar cell from 1.26 % pure TiO 2 to 7.19 % with doping of noble metal (Ag) representing improvement in the efficiency of solar cell leading to estimate empirical equations between efficiency, extinction coefficient, and energy band gap which have a total fit with the experimental data. 相似文献
2.
TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TiO 2 NTs) were fabricated by anodic oxidation and then Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were assembled in TiO 2 NTs (Ag/TiO 2 NTs) by microwave-assisted chemical reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence spectrum (PL), UV–vis absorption spectrum (UV–vis), and Raman spectrum, respectively. The results showed that Ag NPs were well dispersed on the surface of TiO 2 NTs with metallic state. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag NPs could extend the visible light response and enhance the absorption capacity of TiO 2. Furthermore, Ag NPs could also restrain the recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs of TiO 2 NTs efficiently. The methylene blue photodegradation experiment proved that the SPR phenomenon had an effect on photoreaction enhancement. The results of photocatalytic water splitting indicated that Ag/TiO 2 NTs samples had better photocatalytic performance than pure TiO 2 NTs. The corresponding hydrogen evolution rate of Ag/TiO 2 NTs prepared with 0.002 M AgNO 3 solution was 3.3 times as that of pure TiO 2 NTs in the test condition. Additionally, the mechanism of catalyst activity enhanced by SPR effect was proposed. 相似文献
3.
Ag-loaded TiO 2 (Ag/TiO 2) nanocomposites were prepared by microwave-assisted chemical reduction method using tetrabutyl titanate as the Ti source. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, UV–vis absorption spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectrum, photoluminescence spectrum, and Raman scattering spectrum, respectively. Results revealed that Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully deposited on TiO 2 by reduction of Ag +, and the visible light absorption and Raman scattering of TiO 2 were enhanced by Ag NPs based on its surface plasmon resonance effect. Besides, Ag NPs could also effectively restrain the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes with a longer luminescence life time. In addition, photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 with H 2O on the composites was conducted to obtain methanol. Experimental results indicated that Ag-loaded TiO 2 had better photocatalytic activity than pure TiO 2 due to the synergistic effect between UV light excitation and surface plasmon resonance enhancement, and 2.5 % Ag/TiO 2 exhibited the best activity; the corresponding energy efficiency was about 0.5 % and methanol yield was 405.2 μmol/g-cat, which was 9.4 times higher than that of pure TiO 2. Additionally, an excitation enhancement synergistic mechanism was proposed to explain the experimental results of photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 under different reaction conditions. 相似文献
4.
Nanoparticles with a high atomic number are of interest as radiosensitizers for radiation therapy of cancer. A variety of nanoparticles and radiation sources makes the challenge of selecting their optimal combinations to achieve maximum irradiation efficacy relevant. In this work, we calculated the values of the dose enhancement factors of elemental compositions of metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3, TiO2, MnO2, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, NiO, GeO2, ZrO2, CeO2, Gd2O3, Tm2O3, HfO2, Ta2O5, and Bi2O3), as well as GeO2 and HfO2 doped with the rare-earth elements lanthanum or ytterbium in combination with monochromatic photons (1–500 keV) and X-ray radiation corresponding to the radiation of kilovoltage X-ray therapy machines. At a nanoparticle concentration of 10 mg/mL, the maximum values of the dose enhancement factors were from 1.03 to 2.55 for monochromatic radiation and from 1.01 to 2.33 for the studied X-ray spectra. Doping GeO2 with 20% lanthanum or ytterbium led to an increase in the maximum value of dose enhancement factors by ~10%. Doping HfO2 did not lead to significant changes in the value of dose-enhancement factors. Thus, all studied elemental compositions of nanoparticles, with the exception of Al2O3 (a dose enhancement factor ~1.02), are promising for application in kilovoltage X-ray radiotherapy. At the same time, the complex dependence of dose enhancement factors on the spectral composition of X-ray radiation requires detailed studies of the impact of irradiation conditions on the magnitude of the radiomodifying effect of nanoparticles. 相似文献
5.
CoFe 2O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) could stimulate the weak chemiluminescence (CL) system of luminol and AgNO 3, resulting in a strong CL emission. The UV–visible spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectra and TEM images of the investigated system revealed that AgNO 3 was reduced by luminol to Ag in the presence of CoFe 2O 4 NPs and the formed Ag covered the surface of CoFe 2O 4 NPs, resulting in CoFe 2O 4–Ag core–shell nanoparticles. Investigation of the CL reaction kinetics demonstrated that the reaction among luminol, AgNO 3 and CoFe 2O 4 NPs was fast at the beginning and slowed down later. The CL spectra of the luminol ? AgNO 3 ? CoFe 2O 4 NPs system indicated that the luminophor was still an electronically excited 3‐aminophthalate anion. A CL mechanism has been postulated. When the CoFe 2O 4 NPs were injected into the mixture of luminol and AgNO 3, they catalyzed the reduction of AgNO 3 by luminol to produce luminol radicals and Ag, which immediately covered the CoFe 2O 4 NPs to form CoFe 2O 4–Ag core–shell nanoparticles, and the luminol radicals reacted with the dissolved oxygen, leading to a strong CL emission. With the continuous deposition of Ag on the surface of CoFe 2O 4 NPs, the catalytic activity of the core–shell nanoparticles was inhibited and a decrease in CL intensity was observed and also a slow growth of shell on the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Cleaving the abundant β-O-4 linkages in lignin is a key issue for producing value-added products by controlled lignin depolymerization. Herein, hydrothermally synthesized In 2S 3 nanoparticles were primarily used to photodegrade guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, a β-O-4 lignin model compound, under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized In 2S 3 nanoparticles are found to be typical β-In 2S 3 nanocrystals of cubic phase and composed of large plate-like particles and small granular particles by using X-ray diffraction technique and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The bandgap energy of the In 2S 3 nanoparticles is estimated to be 1.78 eV using an UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photodegradation and structure variation of lignin model compound were evaluated by the variation of its UV-vis absorption spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while its degradation products were identified by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that the as-synthesized In 2S 3 nanoparticles can photocatalytically break the β-O-4 linkage and oxidize the hydroxyl/methoxyl groups of lignin model compound under visible light irradiation although the lignin model compound is photo-resistant even under UV irradiation. The photodegradation products of lignin model compound consist of various aromatic monomers including value-added acetovanillone, vanillin, and coniferyl aldehyde. A possible pathway is proposed for photodegrading lignin model compound in the presence of the as-synthesized In 2S 3 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. 相似文献
7.
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties such as tunable surface plasmonics, high-efficiency electrochemical sensing, and enhanced fluorescence. We produced two biosensor chips consisting of Ag@Au bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) on a carbon thin film by simple RF-sputtering and RF-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor co-deposition. We deposited Au NPs with average size of 4 nm (Au1 NPs) or 11 nm (Au2 NPs) on a sensor chip consisting of Ag NPs with mean size of 15 nm, and we investigated the effect of shell size (Au NPs) on the chemical activities of the resulting Ag@Au1 BNPs and Ag@Au2 BNPs. We estimated the average size and morphology of Ag@Au BNPs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that Ag NPs and Au NPs had face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. We studied aging of the biosensor chips consisting of Ag@Au BNPs by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy for up to 3 months. UV–visible aging of the prepared samples indicated that Ag@Au1 BNPs, which corresponded to Ag NPs covered with smaller Au NPs, were more chemically active than Ag@Au2 BNPs. Furthermore, we evaluated changes in the LSPR absorption peaks of Ag@Au1 BNPs and bare Ag NPs in the presence of a DNA primer decamer at fM concentrations, to find that Ag@Au1 BNPs were more sensitive biosensor chips within a short response time as compared to bare Ag NPs. 相似文献
8.
Ag nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a zirconium oxide matrix in the form of Ag:ZrO 2 nanocomposite (NC) thin films were synthesized by using the sol–gel technique followed by thermal annealing. With the varying of the concentration of Ag precursor and annealing conditions, average sizes (diameters) of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in the nanocomposite film have been varied from 7 to 20 nm. UV–VIS absorption studies reveal the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-induced absorption in the visible region, and the SPR peak intensity increases with the increasing of the Ag precursor as well as with the annealing duration. A red shift in SPR peak position with the increase in the Ag precursor concentration confirms the growth of Ag NPs. Surface topographies of these NC films showed that deposited films are dense, uniform, and intact during the variation in annealing conditions. The magnitude and sign of absorptive nonlinearities were measured near the SPR of the Ag NPs with an open-aperture z-scan technique using a nanosecond-pulsed laser. Saturable optical absorption in NC films was identified having saturation intensities in the order of 10 12 W/m 2. Such values of saturation intensities with the possibility of size-dependent tuning could enable these NC films to be used in nanophotonic applications. 相似文献
9.
Two important thrombolytic enzymes, nattokinase (NK) and lumbrukinase (LK), were immobilized onto fine magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles using 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) as the coupling reagent, and their thrombolytic activities were studied. The Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles and NK- and LK-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, vibrating sample magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Dual kinetic absorbance measurements at 405 and 630 nm were employed to measure their thrombolytic activity. Analysis of protein amount showed that the optimum conditions for NK and LK binding to nanoparticles were respectively at a mass ratio of 2:1:1, 2:1:2 (magnetic nanoparticles:protein:EDC), and pH 6.00. Thrombolytic activity assay showed that the best thrombolytic activity could reach 91.89% for NK–nanoparticle conjugates and 207.74% for LK–nanoparticle conjugates, which are much higher than the pure enzymes (NK, 82.86%; LK, 106.57%). 相似文献
10.
As a wide‐bandgap semiconductor, titanium dioxide (TiO 2) with a porous structure has proven useful in dye‐sensitized solar cells, but its application in low‐cost, high‐efficiency inorganic photovoltaic devices based on materials such as Cu(InGa)Se 2 or Cu 2ZnSnS 4 is limited. Here, a thin film made from solution‐processed TiO 2 nanocrystals is demonstrated as an alternative to intrinsic zinc oxide (i‐ZnO) as the window layer of CuInS xSe 1?x solar cells. The as‐synthesized, well‐dispersed, 6 nm TiO 2 nanocrystals are assembled into thin films with controllable thicknesses of 40, 80, and 160 nm. The TiO 2 nanocrystal films with thicknesses of 40 and 80 nm exhibit conversion efficiencies (6.2% and 6.33%, respectively) that are comparable to that of a layer of the typical sputtered i‐ZnO (6.42%). The conversion efficiency of the devices with a TiO 2 thickness of 160 nm decreases to 2.2%, owing to the large series resistance. A 9‐hour reaction time leads to aggregated nanoparticles with a much‐lower efficiency (2%) than that of the well‐dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles prepared using a 15‐hour reaction time. Under optimized conditions, the champion TiO 2 nanocrystal‐film‐based device shows even higher efficiency (9.2%) than a control device employing a typical i‐ZnO film (8.6%). 相似文献
11.
Surface plasmonic-enhanced light trapping from metal nanoparticles is a promising way of increasing the light absorption in the active silicon layer and, therefore, the photocurrent of the silicon solar cells. In this paper, we applied silver nanoparticles on the rear side of polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell and systematically studied the dielectric environment effect on the absorption and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the device. Three different dielectric layers, magnesium fluoride (MgF 2, n?=?1.4), tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2O 5, n?=?2.2), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2, n?=?2.6), were investigated. Experimentally, we found that higher refractive index dielectric coatings results in a redshift of the main plasmonic extinction peak and higher modes were excited within the spectral region that is of interest in our thin film solar cell application. The optical characterization shows that nanoparticles coated with highest refractive index dielectric TiO 2 provides highest absorption enhancement 75.6 %; however, from the external quantum efficiency characterization, highest short-circuit current density Jsc enhancement of 45.8 % was achieved by coating the nanoparticles with lower refractive index MgF 2. We also further optimize the thickness of MgF 2 and a final 50.2 % Jsc enhancement was achieved with a 210-nm MgF 2 coating and a back reflector. 相似文献
12.
Diamagnetic TeO2-PbO-B2O3 glasses were melt-quenching fabricated and characterized for Fe3O4/Ag nanoparticles doping through radio-frequency sputtering and thermal treatment techniques. The surface plasmon resonance influenced structure, composition, optical, and magneto optical properties of Fe3O4/Ag doped glasses were investigated through XRD, SEM, XPS analysis, and Faraday rotation measurement. The optimized sputtering and thermal conditions Fe3O4 and Ag nanoparticles were obtained. Under the optimized conditions, a great enhancement of Faraday rotation, thermal property, and big UV cutoff red-shift due to the excited surface plasma’s resonance effect was achieved in diamagnetic glass. 相似文献
13.
Co 3O 4 is investigated as a light absorber for all‐oxide thin‐film photovoltaic cells because of its nearly ideal optical bandgap of around 1.5 eV. Thin film TiO 2/Co 3O 4 heterojunctions are produced by spray pyrolysis of TiO 2 as a window layer, followed by pulsed laser deposition of Co 3O 4 as a light absorbing layer. The photovoltaic performance is investigated as a function of the Co 3O 4 deposition temperature and a direct correlation is found. The deposition temperature seems to affect both the crystallinity and the morphology of the absorber, which affects device performance. A maximum power of 22.7 μW cm ?2 is obtained at the highest deposition temperature (600 °C) with an open circuit photovoltage of 430 mV and a short circuit photocurrent density of 0.2 mA cm ?2. Performing deposition at 600 °C instead of room temperature improves power by an order of magnitude and reduces the tail states (Urbach edge energy). These phenomena can be explained by larger grains that grows at high temperature, as opposed to many nucleation events that occur at lower temperature. 相似文献
14.
A efficient indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free transparent electrode based on an improved Ag film is designed by introducing small amount of Al during co‐deposition, producing ultrathin and smooth Ag film with low loss. A transparent electrode as thin as 4 nm is achieved by depositing the film on top of Ta 2O 5 layer, and organic solar cells based on such ultrathin electrode are built, producing power conversion efficiency over 7%. The device efficiency can be optimized by simply tuning Ta 2O 5 layer thickness external to the organic photovoltaic (OPV) structure to create an optical cavity resonance inside the photoactive layer. Therefore Ta 2O 5/Al‐doped Ag films function as a high‐performance electrode with high transparency, low resistance, improved photon management capability and mechanical flexibility. 相似文献
15.
Atomically thin 2D heterostructures have opened new realms in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, 2D lateral heterostructures of mesoporous In 2O 3–x/In 2S 3 atomic layers are synthesized through the in situ oxidation of In 2S 3 atomic layers by an oxygen plasma‐induced strategy. Based on experimental observations and theoretical calculations, the prolonged charge carrier lifetime and increased electron density reveal the efficient photoexcited carrier transport and separation in the In 2O 3–x/In 2S 3 layers by interfacial bonding at the atomic level. As expected, the synergistic structural and electronic modulations of the In 2O 3–x/In 2S 3 layers generate a photocurrent of 1.28 mA cm ?2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, nearly 21 and 79 times higher than those of the In 2S 3 atomic layers and bulk counterpart, respectively. Due to the large surface area, abundant active sites, broadband‐light harvesting ability, and effective charge transport pathways, the In 2O 3–x/In 2S 3 layers build efficient pathways for photoexcited charge in the 2D semiconductive channels, expediting charge transport and kinetic processes and enhancing the robust broadband‐light photo‐electrochemical water splitting performance. This work paves new avenues for the exploration and design of atomically thin 2D lateral heterostructures toward robust photo‐electrochemical applications and solar energy utilization. 相似文献
16.
Incorporating plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) in an organic solar cell (OSC) can improve device performance. In our simulation studies, at NP resonance, absorption in poly(3-hexythiophene)/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) can be increased by encapsulating 50 nm Ag NPs with Al 2O 3, HfO 2, MoO 3, and SiO 2. At Ag NP resonance, when the oxide thickness is significant enough, oxides with high relative permittivity induces a higher electric field enhancement at the metal/dielectric interface. This is translated to improved absorption in the polymer layer. By integrating against AM1.5G, overall absorption in P3HT/PCBM is improved when incorporating Ag NPs encapsulated with a thin oxide shell into the polymer film. However, polymeric absorption loss is induced for oxide-encapsulated Ag NPs if MoO 3 and SiO 2 shells are more than 5 nm. For Al 2O 3 and HfO 2, Ag NPs should not be encapsulated with shells thicker than 10 nm. Modeling studies are also extended to absorption in a CH 3NH 3PbI 3 perovskite layer. It is revealed that both Al 2O 3 and HfO 2 have an optimal shell thickness of about 20 nm to ensure maximum absorption in CH 3NH 3PbI 3. The results can be utilized as a useful guideline when designing photovoltaics from an optical point of view. 相似文献
17.
Metal-dielectric-graphene hybrid heterostructures based on oxides Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 as well as on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible dielectric Si3N4 covering plasmonic metals Cu and Ag have been fabricated and studied. We show that the characteristics of these heterostructures are important for surface plasmon resonance biosensing (such as minimum reflectivity, sharp phase changes, resonance full width at half minimum and resonance sensitivity to refractive index unit (RIU) changes) can be significantly improved by adding dielectric/graphene layers. We demonstrate maximum plasmon resonance spectral sensitivity of more than 30,000 nm/RIU for Cu/Al2O3 (ZrO2, Si3N4), Ag/Si3N4 bilayers and Cu/dielectric/graphene three-layers for near-infrared wavelengths. The sensitivities of the fabricated heterostructures were?~?5–8 times higher than those of bare Cu or Ag thin films. We also found that the width of the plasmon resonance reflectivity curves can be reduced by adding dielectric/graphene layers. An unexpected blueshift of the plasmon resonance spectral position was observed after covering noble metals with high-index dielectric/graphene heterostructures. We suggest that the observed blueshift and a large enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensitivity in metal-dielectric-graphene hybrid heterostructures are produced by stationary surface dipoles which generate a strong electric field concentrated at the very thin top dielectric/graphene layer. 相似文献
18.
Fullerene-based bi-functional nanocomposite thin film (Ag nanoparticles embedded in fullerene C 70 matrix) is synthesized by thermal co-deposition method. Thermal stability of Ag-C 70 nanocomposite is investigated by annealing the nanocomposite thin film at different temperatures from 80 to 350 °C for 30 min. Optical and structural properties of nanocomposite thin film with respect to high temperature are studied by UV-visible spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy is performed to observe the temperature-dependent size evolution of Ag nanoparticles in fullerene C 70 matrix. A large growth of Ag nanoparticles is observed with temperature especially above 200 °C due to enhanced diffusion of Ag in fullerene C 70 at higher temperature and Ostwald ripening. The properties of metal-fullerene nanocomposite is not significantly affected up to a temperature of 150 °C. With a further increase in temperature, a major blue shift of ~?33 nm in SPR wavelength is seen at a temperature of 300 °C due to the thermal induced structural transformation of fullerene C 70 matrix into amorphous carbon. A very large-sized Ag nanoparticle with a wide size distribution varying from 27.8 ± 0.6 to 330.0 ± 4.5 nm is seen at 350 °C and due to which, a red shift of ~?16 nm is obtained at this temperature. This study throws light on the thermal stability of the devices based on metal-fullerene bi-functional nanocomposite. 相似文献
19.
PurposeTitanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) have been investigated for their role as radiosensitisers for radiation therapy. The study aims to increase the efficiency of these NPs by synthesising them with samarium. MethodsSamarium-doped TiO 2 NPs (Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs) were synthesised using a solvothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed for characterising of the Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs. The intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro using A549 and DU145 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the effect of dose enhancement and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to 6 MV X-rays was evaluated. Additionally, the image contrast properties were investigated using computed tomography (CT) images. ResultsThe synthesised Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs were about 13 nm in diameter as determined by TEM. The XRD pattern of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs was consistent with that of anatase-type TiO 2. EDS confirmed the presence of samarium in the nanoparticles. At 200 μg/ml concentration, no differences in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were observed between TiO 2 NPs and Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs in both A549 and DU145 cells. However, the combination of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs and X-rays elicited higher cytotoxic effect and ROS generation in the cells than that with TiO 2 NPs and X-rays. The CT numbers of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs were systematically higher than that of TiO 2 NPs. ConclusionsThe Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs increased the dose enhancement of MV X-ray beams than that elicited by TiO 2 NPs. Samarium improved the efficiency of TiO 2 NPs as potential radiosensitising agent. 相似文献
20.
The mechanism of the inactivation of Lactobacillus casei phage PL-1 suspended in a phosphate buffer by black-light (BL) -catalytic titanium dioxide (TiO 2) thin film was studied. Generation of both superoxide anions (O 2
−) and hydroxyl radicals ( · OH) was confirmed in the aqueous medium in which TiO 2 film was settled with BL irradiation under gentle shaking. With BL-irradiation alone without TiO 2 film, only O 2
− was generated to some extent. The genome DNA inside the phage particles was found to be fragmented by the treatment of PL-1
phages with BL-catalytic TiO 2 film. The phage inactivation by BL-catalytic TiO 2 film was inhibited by the addition of albumin in a concentration-dependent manner. BL-catalytic TiO 2 film was considered to cause primarily the damage to the capsid protein through the generation of active oxygen species such
as · OH, followed by damage to the genome DNA inside the phage particles.
Received: 11 August 2000 / Accepted: 30 August 2000 相似文献
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