对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下褪黑素对黄瓜胚根生理生化特性的影响

以‘津研四号’黄瓜为试材,分别用0、2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5、20 mmol·L^-1浓度的对羟基苯甲酸(PHBA)溶液对黄瓜种子处理72 h,选出胁迫作用较明显的10 mmol·L^-1浓度;再分别用0、1、10、25、50、75、100 μmol·L^-1的褪黑素(MT)溶液对10 mmol·L^-1 PHBA下的黄瓜种子预处理24 h,72 h后观察MT的缓解效果.结果表明: 缓解PHBA胁迫效果最明显的MT浓度为75 μmol·L^-1.随着PHBA浓度的升高,黄瓜种子胚根伸长的抑制作用明显增加;用10、25、50、75、100 μmol·L^-1的MT预处理PHBA胁迫下的黄瓜种子均能不同程度缓解PHBA胁迫对胚根的抑制作用,其中以75 μmol·L^-1的MT缓解效果最好.用MT预处理黄瓜种子可显著提高PHBA胁迫下黄瓜种子中淀粉酶活性及胚根中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,并降低胚根中O₂^-·的产生速率及H₂O₂和丙二醛含量.外源MT能够通过降低氧化胁迫和促进淀粉的分解转化来降低PHBA对黄瓜发芽的影响.     

不同外源物质对镉砷复合污染胁迫下油菜生理指标和镉砷积累的影响

为缓解重金属对作物的胁迫,降低重金属对作物的毒害作用,通过叶面喷施比较不同外源物质茉莉酸(JA)、褪黑素(MT)、亚精胺(SPD)和2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBL)对Cd、As胁迫下油菜生理指标及吸收积累Cd、As的影响。结果表明:喷施200μmol·L^-1的JA和MT均显著提高油菜叶片的叶绿素SPAD值,而喷施20μmol·L^-1的EBL显著降低油菜叶片的叶绿素SPAD值;与CK处理相比,喷施500μmol·L^-1SPD和20μmol·L^-1EBL分别降低油菜叶片中MDA含量41.0%和52.3%,同时EBL处理提高油菜叶片SOD活性88.2%;喷施200μmol·L^-1MT导致油菜地上部Cd含量比CK处理降低27.8%,而喷施200μmol·L^-1的JA和20μmol·L^-1的EBL却分别提高油菜地上部As含量159.8%和136.8%; JA、MT、SPD和EBL在某种程度上均缓解了Cd、As复合污染对油菜的胁迫,为重金属污染农田...     

外源NO处理对四种桉树幼苗铝胁迫抗性的影响

为探究外源一氧化氮(NO)对铝胁迫下桉树幼苗耐铝性的影响，该研究以4种3月生桉树幼苗(巨桉、尾叶桉、圆角桉、尾巨桉)为对象，将硝普钠(SNP)作为外源NO供体，采用水培法，研究不同浓度NO(0、50、100、200、400、800μmol·L^-1)对120 mg·L^-1铝胁迫条件下桉树幼苗的ROS、抗氧化酶活性和有机渗透调节物质含量等生理指标的影响，并比较4种桉树在NO处理下的耐铝性差异。结果表明：(1)铝胁迫下添加适宜浓度外源NO (50μmol·L^-1≤NO≤200μmol·L^-1),可促使4种桉树提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性，清除体内的ROS和降低MDA的积累，提高抗铝性，但在高浓度的NO(≥800μmol·L^-1)处理下桉树幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量降低，表现出胁迫反应。(2)NO对于敏感型桉树的耐铝性有较强的提升作用，对耐受型桉树的耐铝性提升不明显，在NO的作用下4种桉树的抗铝性最终趋于一致。(3)SOD、M...     

肉桂醛对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长特性的影响

为探明肉桂醛对番茄幼苗耐盐性的影响,该研究以番茄‘合作903’为试验材料,探究肉桂醛(100μg·L^-1)对处于100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄种子萌发与幼苗生长特性的影响。在试验中设置4组处理：对照(CK,蒸馏水)、NaCl (100 mmol·L^-1)、NaCl+CA(100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl+100μg·L^-1 CA)、CA(100μg·L^-1)。结果表明：(1)在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,添加100μg·L^-1的肉桂醛,番茄种子的发芽势和发芽率均有所提升,番茄幼苗的根长和鲜重均显著提高,说明添加肉桂醛对NaCl胁迫下番茄种子的萌发与幼苗生长均有一定缓解作用。(2)肉桂醛能够有效降低NaCl胁迫导致的番茄幼苗根尖总活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的过量累积,缓解膜脂过氧化程度从而降低细胞死亡率。综上表明,肉桂醛处理能够通过缓解幼苗的氧化...     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0～12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L^-1Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L^-1时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L^-1Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O₂^-·)明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-C...     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响

以4年生银杏幼苗为材料,进行不同浓度盐胁迫(50、100、200 mmol·L^-1)处理,叶片喷施和土壤浇灌外源褪黑素溶液(0、0.02、0.1、0.5 mmol·L^-1),研究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫显著抑制银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力,而在盐胁迫下施用适宜浓度(0.02、0.1 mmol·L^-1)的外源褪黑素能够促进植株生长,降低电解质外渗率,减少黄酮和丙二醛含量,促进叶片中过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的提高,但高浓度(0.5 mmol·L^-1)外源褪黑素会进一步加剧氧化胁迫和渗透胁迫。0.02和0.1 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理缓解了盐胁迫下银杏幼苗的渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫,且0.02 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理对盐胁迫缓解效果最佳。地径、枝条宽度、枝条长度、电解质外渗率、SOD活性和黄酮含量可作为快速鉴定银杏受盐胁迫程度的关键指标。     

水杨酸在白桦苗期抵御盐碱胁迫中的调控作用

为探究盐碱胁迫下外施水杨酸(SA)对白桦(Betula platyphylla)苗生长及次生产物合成的影响,以白桦幼苗为材料,分别施加3种处理：清水处理(对照),200 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃,200 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃+360μmol·L^-1 SA,检测不同处理条件下的白桦苗中部叶片相对电导率、叶绿素荧光参数、渗透物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和三萜合成途径关键基因的相对表达量,同时检测白桦苗总三萜、黄酮和多酚含量变化。结果表明：(1)在200 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,再进行360μmol·L^-1 SA处理能够显著降低白桦苗叶片的相对电导率,提高叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m,增加脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,一定程度上增强白桦苗抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。(2)200 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃     

外源水杨酸对铝胁迫下菊芋根系分泌物的影响

为探究铝胁迫对菊芋根系分泌物的影响以及外源水杨酸(SA)的缓解作用,该文以耐铝型南京菊芋和铝敏感型资阳菊芋为试验材料,采用土培法,设置铝浓度500μmol·L^-1,分析了不同浓度(10、100、1 000μmol·L^-1)SA对铝胁迫下菊芋根系分泌物中有机酸、氨基酸以及根尖相关代谢酶活的影响。结果表明：(1)单铝胁迫会导致菊芋根系分泌物中柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸浓度升高,且南京菊芋升高幅度大于资阳菊芋;柠檬酸合酶和苹果酸脱氢酶在单铝胁迫下活性增强;脯氨酸含量显著提升,总氨基酸浓度均显著减少。(2)外源SA加入后,南京菊芋根系分泌的柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸浓度均得到不同程度提高,但经高浓度(1 000μmol·L^-1)SA处理后资阳菊芋根系分泌草酸显著降低,且在各浓度SA处理下苹果酸浓度均无明显变化;柠檬酸合酶活性出现不同程度的增强,但对南京菊芋根尖中苹果酸脱氢酶活性影响不大,且高浓度(1 000μmol·L^-1)SA处理后显著降低了资阳菊芋根尖中苹果酸脱氢酶活性;脯氨酸含量显著下降,从总氨基酸浓度变化来看,...     

微塑料对碱胁迫下菠菜种子萌发和幼苗生理特征的影响

微塑料作为一种全球公认的新型环境污染物,其在陆地生态系统中的污染问题已成为全球关注的热点环境问题。为研究微塑料(MPs)对碱胁迫下农作物种子萌发和幼苗生理特征的影响,本研究选用菠菜为试验对象,采用粒径为100 nm的聚苯乙烯微球(200、400、800、1600 mg·L^-1)处理液,以及NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃按摩尔比为1∶1混合制备的碱性盐溶液(5、10、20、40 mmol·L^-1),探究微塑料/碱单一胁迫或二者联合暴露对菠菜种子萌发和幼苗生理特征的影响。结果表明：≥400 mg·L^-1的MPs单独胁迫能够抑制菠菜种子的萌发,对种子根和芽的伸长表现为“低促高抑”的影响;不同浓度的碱单独胁迫均会抑制种子的萌发以及根、芽的伸长。随MPs浓度的升高,菠菜幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后下降,叶绿素含量在低浓度(200 mg·L^-1)下升高,在中高浓度(≥400 mg·L^-1     

苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

采用基质栽培模拟实验,研究了不同浓度苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗的光合色素、光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力产生了抑制作用.当处理浓度为25μmol·L^-1时,对类胡萝卜素产生抑制作用,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b为促进作用;当浓度为50μmol·L^-1时,对光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力均产生显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),并随着处理浓度的增加抑制作用增强;当浓度为150μmol·L^-1时,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b产生显著抑制作用(P<0.05);随着处理浓度的增加,对黄瓜上述生理特性的抑制作用增强.低浓度苯丙烯酸(25～50μmol·L^-1)对幼苗根系活力的抑制强度不大,可在处理后期得到恢复;高浓度(100～150μmol·L^-1)处理则表现出显著的抑制作用,随着处理时间延长,抑制作用增强(P<0.05).     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Betulin Dinicotinate

The assignment of NMR resonances of lupane triterpenoids was refined by the example of 3O,28O-dinicotinoylbetulin, obtained by acylation of betulin. Hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, reparative, and anti-HIV activities were found for the compound. In addition, it was demonstrated to have immunomodulatory activity, for the first time detected among lupane triterpenoids.     

Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina,Casuarina and Eucalyptus

The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.