华北石质山区核桃-绿豆复合系统氘同位素变化及其水分利用

通过对比核桃枝条和绿豆茎内δD值差异来分析核桃和绿豆水分来源和利用。结果表明,核桃-绿豆农林复合系统的根系在表层土壤(0—30cm)中交叉存在,生态位重叠。旱季中表层土壤含水量与δD值之间存在显著的负相关关系(R2=0.77,P=0.02),雨季相关关系不显著(R2=0.03,P=0.73)。δD值分析表明,旱季中核桃利用深层土壤(30—80cm)水分占总水分来源的51%以上,雨季中则主要利用浅层土壤水分,间作绿豆和单作绿豆主要利用表层土壤水分。雨季中表层土壤水分能同时满足核桃和绿豆生长需要,但复合系统中光能竞争导致间作绿豆光合速率显著地低于单作绿豆。旱季间作绿豆0—20cm土壤水分含量、凌晨叶片水势和光合速率明显高于单作绿豆,显示间作绿豆体内水分状况好于单作绿豆。线性模型分析结果显示间作绿豆体内约有1.58%—5.39%的水分来核桃夜晚水力提升,表明复合系统在旱季一定程度上缓冲季节性水分胁迫对农作物生长的影响。     

基于Meta分析的温带植被复合系统种间水分竞争研究

植被复合系统是提高生物多样性和实现生态系统可持续发展的重要途径,明晰种间水分关系对于其健康发展至关重要。基于189个观测数据,整合分析了24篇公开发表文献,探讨了温带植被复合系统各组分的水分利用策略及其与不同层次土壤水分的相关性,并评估了种间水分竞争强度(CI)。结果表明:复合系统中,草本植物对浅层土壤水分的吸收比例显著(P < 0.001)高于木本植物,达到46.9%;而木本植物对中层和深层土壤水分的吸收比例则显著(P < 0.001)高于草本植物,分别为35.3%和37.2%。相比于旱季,草本植物在雨季增大了中层(+1.8%)和深层(+5.0%)的水分吸收比例,降低了浅层(-6.7%)的水分吸收比例,木本植物在雨季增大了浅层(+4.3%)和中层(+2.1%)的水分吸收比例,降低了深层的水分吸收比例(-6.4%)。旱季时植被复合系统各组分水分生态位分离更明显,导致其种间水分竞争强度在旱季(CI=0.66)低于雨季(CI=0.76),这可能是其适应季节性干旱的重要机制。木本-木本的CI最大(0.88),其次为草本-草本(0.71),木本-草本的CI最小(0.62),因此建议在温带复合系统中优先使用木本和草本的组合以优化种间水分关系。可为温带植被复合系统物种配置提供依据。     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的华北低丘山区核桃-小麦复合系统种间水分利用研究

农林复合系统的林木和作物会充分利用水肥光热等资源、而在资源亏缺时也可能产生竞争,在华北低丘山区等水资源紧缺地区,种间水分竞争尤为突出。在冬小麦返青期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期4个生育期,测算了该地区核桃-小麦间作系统和单作小麦不同组分的稳定碳同位素组成(Stable carbon isotope ratio,δ13C)和核桃树干液流,结合生物量和气象数据资料计算出水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和耗水量(Water use,WU)。结果表明,间作核桃树、间作小麦和单作小麦的WUE分别为10.771—21.233、9.946—19.149和9.878—18.431 mmol C/mol H2O。单作小麦WUE在拔节期显著小于间作小麦。间作系统总耗水量为1755.19 t/hm2,比单作系统的2538.13 t/hm2少30.85%。核桃-小麦间作系统中,核桃耗水量占系统总耗水量的36.34%,在小麦的生长前期所占比例最多、在小麦旺盛生长期所占比重较小,而小麦越往生长后期需水越多。核桃与间作小麦的需水期错开,在时间上避免水分竞争。距离核桃树越近浅层土土壤含水量越高、而深层土越低,表明核桃主要吸收深层水,而间作小麦主要吸收浅层水,从位置上避免水分竞争。单作小麦产量、总生物量和总耗水量分别比核桃间作小麦的高26.79%、27.12%、36.30%(P=0.001、P=0.033、P=0.050)。间作核桃和单作核桃的单株果实产量平均分别为0.88和0.94 kg(P=0.829)。然而,核桃-小麦间作系统的产量土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio,LER)和产值水分利用效率(WUE ofeconomics,WUEe)却分别达到1.67和25.92元.mm-.1hm-2,比单作系统明显提高、水资源获得高效利用,同时具备生产优势和经济优势。     

核桃-小麦复合系统中细根生长动态及竞争策略

以核桃(Juglans regia)-小麦(Triticum aestivum)间作复合系统为研究对象,用微根窗和根钻相结合的方法采样,研究复合系统中核桃和小麦细根年内年际的生长动态和竞争适应策略,为农林复合系统的经营管理和竞争模型的建立提供理论依据和技术支持。结果表明,间作核桃和小麦根系均在上半年有一个大的生长高峰(5月和4月),在下半年有一个小的生长高峰(9月和11月),二者的竞争主要发生在上半年的大生长高峰期。在各年份各土层,间作核桃的根长密度均低于单作核桃,且在从第7年开始存在显著差异。在0—20 cm土层间作小麦根长密度在第3—7年间获得迅速提高,从第7年开始显著高于单作小麦,但在20 cm以下土层则相反。间作使核桃和小麦细根生态位实现了分离,11年的观察期内间作核桃比单作核桃细根的垂直分布中心下移了6.59 cm,间作小麦比单作小麦的上移了8.59 cm。在根系竞争策略方面,小麦根系是通过短期内的快速生长,迅速占据土壤空间获得竞争优势;而核桃根系是通过根系的逐年积累,逐步占据土壤空间从而获得竞争优势。可以干扰核桃根系积累过程的\"竞争-干扰-再平衡\"农林复合经营管理策略可以让复合系统中核桃和小麦保持各自竞争优势的情况下实现共存。在根系形态方面,自身细根直径较小者小麦在剧烈竞争区域以增加细根直径减小比根长来适应竞争,而自身细根直径较大者核桃则相反。     

林草复合系统地上部分种间互作关系研究进展

林草复合系统因其具有产品多样性、生产高效性、环境友好性等特点,在世界范围内得到普遍应用,同时也是我国西部地区生态环境建设中的重要类型之一。在林草复合系统中,种间互作关系能够直接影响到系统经营的成功与否,因此一直以来都是本领域研究的热点内容。地上部分种间互作关系指发生或表现在地表以上的物种之间直接或间接的相互作用关系,在林草复合系统中主要表现为:系统对林地小气候的影响,林木与牧草在生长和生产过程中的相互作用,系统对生物多样性的影响以及林木的存在和生长与放牧活动之间的相互作用。在林草复合系统中,林分通过对诸多气象要素的调节,为牧草和牲畜的生长发育提供了良好的气象条件;同时牧草通过增加空气湿度、减小土壤和空气温度的变化幅度,可对林木(特别是幼树)起到一定保护作用。牧草能够发生一系列生理生态反应(增加叶面积指数和叶绿素含量、提高光利用效率等),以适应林分对小气候的改变,而其产量和质量会受到系统物种组成、配置模式和林木遮荫的共同影响。林木遮荫通常会降低牧草产量,但会使牧草品质得到一定改善。而热带稀疏草原上孤立树的遮荫和草牧场防护林的庇护,均可有效提高和改善牧草的产量和品质。将低竞争性的牧草(尤其是豆科牧草)引入森林或果园之中,林产品的产量和品质、林木生长特性能够得到相应的提高和改善;但在困难立地条件下进行这样的尝试,由于林草之间存在着激烈的竞争,往往会产生相反的结果。林草复合系统具有多样的物种组成和复杂的系统结构,可为害虫天敌提供丰富的食物和良好生境,有助于实现森林和果园的生态化经营。在有牲畜参与的林草复合系统中,尽管牲畜对林下植被的采食,可增加林木对土壤资源的占有率,而林分对小气候的改善,可有效改善牲畜生产特性和福利状况,但牲畜活动也会对林木造成一些机械伤害,因此有必要对林木进行一定的保护。通过对上述研究的分析总结,可为林草复合系统的设计、建设和经营管理提供一定的经验借鉴,以优化系统结构和资源利用格局,减小物种之间的负面影响,最终实现系统综合收益最大化。未来应加强生理学在林草复合系统种间互作研究中的应用,揭示种间互作结果的生理学原因;构建和完善林草对太阳辐射利用关系的长期动态模型;探索系统增加生物多样性的机理;研究牲畜造成的机械损伤对林木生长的影响及相应防护技术,以及开展林草复合系统地上部分种间互作关系对全球气候变化响应的研究等。     

‘塞外红’苹果-大豆复合系统根系时空分布与种间竞争策略

为了解新型果豆复合系统种间竞争策略,寻找兼顾生态效益与经济效益的果豆复合种植搭配,设置‘塞外红’苹果(Malus pumila‘Saiwaihong’)-大豆(Glycine max)种植模式。通过对‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统根长密度(RLD)、比根长(SRL)、根垂直中心、竞争能力指数、种间相对竞争能力的研究,揭示‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统种间竞争策略。结果显示:间作果树、大豆RLD均低于单作, SRL趋势相反。大豆根系主要分布在0–20 cm土壤深度、距果树150–200 cm处,随土壤深度增加、距果树距离减少而减少。间作‘塞外红’根系主要分布在20–40 cm土壤深度,随生育时期推移,细根垂直中心下移幅度增大。‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统中各植物采取不同种间竞争策略。大豆细根通过提高SRL,降低根质量的方式在复合系统表层土壤中成为强势竞争者;间作‘塞外红’采取下移根系分布中心、延长根长、增加根质量的方式减少与间作大豆生态位重叠和资源竞争。‘塞外红’整体的种间相对竞争能力强于大豆,但在表土层依然有大豆竞争能力指数强于‘塞外红’的情况发生。间作大豆产量比单作降低了34.12%,‘塞外红’产量无显著差异,复合系统土地当量比(LER)、收益当量比(IER)均大于1。说明‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统地下竞争较弱,具有良好的间作优势,适宜在新疆种植。研究结果可为干旱半干旱区农林复合系统种植选择提供参考。     

Seasonal dynamics in the stable carbon isotope composition δ¹³C from non-leafy branch, trunk and coarse root CO₂ efflux of adult deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) and evergreen (Picea abies) trees

Respiration is a substantial driver of carbon (C) flux in forest ecosystems and stable C isotopes provide an excellent tool for its investigation. We studied seasonal dynamics in δ¹³C of CO₂ efflux (δ¹³C_E) from non‐leafy branches, upper and lower trunks and coarse roots of adult trees, comparing deciduous Fagus sylvatica (European beech) with evergreen Picea abies (Norway spruce). In both species, we observed strong and similar seasonal dynamics in the δ¹³C_E of above‐ground plant components, whereas δ¹³C_E of coarse roots was rather stable. During summer, δ¹³C_E of trunks was about ?28.2‰ (Beech) and ?26.8‰ (Spruce). During winter dormancy, δ¹³C_E increased by 5.6–9.1‰. The observed dynamics are likely related to a switch from growth to starch accumulation during fall and remobilization of starch, low TCA cycle activity and accumulation of malate by PEPc during winter. The seasonal δ¹³C_E pattern of branches of Beech and upper trunks of Spruce was less variable, probably because these organs were additionally supplied by winter photosynthesis. In view of our results and pervious studies, we conclude that the pronounced increases in δ¹³C_E of trunks during the winter results from interrupted access to recent photosynthates.     

Microbiological and Isotopic-Geochemical Investigations of Meromictic Lakes in Khakasia in Winter

Microbiological and isotopic-geochemical investigations of the brackish meromictic lakes Shira and Shunet were performed in the steppe region of Khakasia in winter. Measurements made with a submersed sensor demonstrated that one-meter ice transmits light in a quantity sufficient for oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. As in the summer season, in the community of phototrophic bacteria found in Lake Shira, the purple sulfur bacteria Amoebobacter purpureus dominated, whereas, in Lake Shunet, the green sulfur bacteria Pelodictyon luteolum were predominant. Photosynthetic production, measured using the radioisotopic method, was several times lower than that in summer. The rates of sulfate reduction and production and oxidation of methane in the water column and bottom sediments were also lower than those recorded in summer. The process of anaerobic methane oxidation in the sediments was an exception, being more intense in winter than in summer. The data from radioisotopic measurements of the rates of microbial processes correlate well with the results of determination of the isotopic composition of organic and mineral carbon (δ¹³C) and hydrogen sulfide and sulfate (δ³⁴S) and suggest considerable seasonal variations in the activity of the microbial community in the water bodies investigated.__________Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 4, 2005, pp. 552–561.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Savvichev, Rusanov, Rogozin, Zakharova, Lunina, Bryantseva, Yusupov, Pimenov, Degermendzhi, Ivanov.     

The phosphatonins and the regulation of phosphate transport and vitamin D metabolism

Phosphate homeostasis is preserved during variations in phosphate intake by short-term intrinsic renal and intestinal adaptations in transport processes, and by more long-term hormonal mechanisms, which regulate the efficiency of phosphate transport in the kidney and intestine. Recently, several phosphaturic peptides such as fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), secreted frizzled-related protein-4 (sFRP-4), extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) have been shown to play a pathogenic role in several hypophosphatemic disorders such as tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), the McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) and fibrous dysplasia (FD). These proteins induce phosphaturia and hypophosphatemia in vivo, and inhibit sodium-dependent renal phosphate transport in cultured renal epithelial cells. Interestingly, despite the induction of hypophosphatemia by FGF-23 and sFRP-4 in vivo, serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D) concentrations are decreased or remain inappropriately normal, suggesting an inhibitory effect of these proteins on 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase activity. In FGF-23 knockout mice, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase expression is increased and elevated serum 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D levels cause significant hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. MEPE, however, increases circulating 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D. Circulating or local concentrations of these peptides/proteins may regulate 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase activity in renal tissues under physiologic circumstances.     

δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C values,photosynthetic pathways,and plant functional types for some plants from saline meadows,Northeastern China

Based on stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) measurements, photosynthetic pathway types were determined for 61 species in 54 genera and 24 families of flowering plants from the saline meadows of Northeastern China. Of these total vascular plants, 18 species in 17 genera from 6 families were found to have C₄ photosynthesis; 43 species in 38 genera from 20 families had C₃ photosynthesis. Six dicotyledonous species exhibited C₄ pathway, 12 monocotyledonous species were found with C₄ photosynthesis. The dicotyledonous C₄ species had relative greater mean δ¹³C value and less total carbon content than both monocotyledonous C₄ and C₃ species. Most dicotyledonous C₄ species were annual forbs and halophytes. Some C₄ species had been previously documented, but their δ¹³C values varied remarkably from those of the present study. Even though there are some fluctuations for the δ¹³C values of some C₄ species, δ¹³C value was still more reliable for C₃ and C₄ identification than the use of the enzyme ratio method and of low CO₂ compensation concentration.     

Long tree‐ring chronologies reveal 20th century increases in water‐use efficiency but no enhancement of tree growth at five Iberian pine forests

We investigated the tree growth and physiological response of five pine forest stands in relation to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration (c_a) and climate in the Iberian Peninsula using annually resolved width and δ¹³C tree‐ring chronologies since ad 1600. ¹³C discrimination (Δ≈c_i/c_a), leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration (c_i) and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) were inferred from δ¹³C values. The most pronounced changes were observed during the second half of the 20th century, and differed between stands. Three sites kept a constant c_i/c_a ratio, leading to significant c_i and iWUE increases (active response to c_a); whereas a significant increase in c_i/c_a resulted in the lowest iWUE increase of all stands at a relict Pinus uncinata forest site (passive response to c_a). A significant decrease in c_i/c_a led to the greatest iWUE improvement at the northwestern site. We tested the climatic signal strength registered in the δ¹³C series after removing the low‐frequency trends due to the physiological responses to increasing c_a. We found stronger correlations with temperature during the growing season, demonstrating that the physiological response to c_a changes modulated δ¹³C and masked the climate signal. Since 1970 higher δ¹³C values revealed iWUE improvements at all the sites exceeding values expected by an active response to the c_a increase alone. These patterns were related to upward trends in temperatures, indicating that other factors are reinforcing stomatal closure in these forests. Narrower rings during the second half of the 20th century than in previous centuries were observed at four sites and after 1970 at all sites, providing no evidence for a possible CO₂‘fertilization’ effect on growth. The iWUE improvements found for all the forests, reflecting both a c_a rise and warmer conditions, seem to be insufficient to compensate for the negative effects of the increasing water limitation on growth.