Impacts of freeze-thaw processes on antioxidant activities and osmolyte contents of Syntrichia caninervis under different desert microhabitats

 齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为典型的耐旱藓类, 广泛分布于世界干旱和半干旱荒漠地区, 是古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮中的优势藓类植物。该沙漠冬季具有稳定的降雪, 初春的积雪融化为植物的生长提供了良好的水热条件。荒漠藓类植物叶片仅具一层细胞, 对外界环境的变化十分敏感, 有关荒漠藓类植物在冬季和早春地表冻融交替过程中如何适应环境剧烈变化的研究鲜见报道。该研究探讨了生长于3种不同微生境(活灌丛、枯死灌丛和裸露地)下的齿肋赤藓, 经由冬季低温冻结到早春融雪复水再到春季中旬自然干燥过程中的生理生化变化特征。结果表明: 不同冻融期、微生境及二者的交互作用能够显著影响齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物质(游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性)。冬季低温冻结期的极端低温和春季中旬的干燥环境使得齿肋赤藓可溶性糖和MDA含量, 以及3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于早春融雪期, 可溶性蛋白含量显著低于融雪期。同时, 在融雪期灌丛遮阴所形成的“冷岛效应”使得生长于灌丛下的齿肋赤藓植株可溶性糖和MDA含量显著高于枯死灌丛和裸露地。但灌丛的存在也为春季中旬干旱无雨期齿肋赤藓提供了一个相对良好(含水量高)的生活环境, 其下齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物含量和抗氧化酶活性均显著低于其他两个生境。在整个冻融过程中裸露地齿肋赤藓的3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于灌丛下, 这可能是由于生活于裸露地的苔藓有更强的耐胁迫特性。     

冻融过程对荒漠区不同微生境下齿肋赤藓渗透调节物含量和抗氧化酶活力的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为典型的耐旱藓类, 广泛分布于世界干旱和半干旱荒漠地区, 是古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮中的优势藓类植物。该沙漠冬季具有稳定的降雪, 初春的积雪融化为植物的生长提供了良好的水热条件。荒漠藓类植物叶片仅具一层细胞, 对外界环境的变化十分敏感, 有关荒漠藓类植物在冬季和早春地表冻融交替过程中如何适应环境剧烈变化的研究鲜见报道。该研究探讨了生长于3种不同微生境(活灌丛、枯死灌丛和裸露地)下的齿肋赤藓, 经由冬季低温冻结到早春融雪复水再到春季中旬自然干燥过程中的生理生化变化特征。结果表明: 不同冻融期、微生境及二者的交互作用能够显著影响齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物质(游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性)。冬季低温冻结期的极端低温和春季中旬的干燥环境使得齿肋赤藓可溶性糖和MDA含量, 以及3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于早春融雪期, 可溶性蛋白含量显著低于融雪期。同时, 在融雪期灌丛遮阴所形成的“冷岛效应”使得生长于灌丛下的齿肋赤藓植株可溶性糖和MDA含量显著高于枯死灌丛和裸露地。但灌丛的存在也为春季中旬干旱无雨期齿肋赤藓提供了一个相对良好(含水量高)的生活环境, 其下齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物含量和抗氧化酶活性均显著低于其他两个生境。在整个冻融过程中裸露地齿肋赤藓的3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于灌丛下, 这可能是由于生活于裸露地的苔藓有更强的耐胁迫特性。     

不同微生境下齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)生理生化特性对不同季节的响应

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为典型的耐旱藓类,在古尔班通古特沙漠的藓类结皮中占优势地位。该沙漠的季节气候差异较大,冬季低温湿润,春季干旱,夏季高温且干旱。荒漠藓类植物叶片仅具单层细胞,对外界环境的变化十分敏感。而有关荒漠藓类植物在生理上如何适应这种剧烈环境变化还不得而知。研究测定了生长于两种不同微生境下的齿肋赤藓,经由低温湿润的冬季到干旱的春季再到高温干旱的夏季过程中生理生化变化特征,以探究不同微生境下齿肋赤藓在水热变化剧烈的不同季节的适应机制。研究发现:季节、微生境及二者的交互作用能够显著影响齿肋赤藓的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。夏季的高温干旱使齿肋赤藓的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量及3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于冬季及春季,而可溶性蛋白含量却呈相反趋势。干旱的春季齿肋赤藓脯氨酸及可溶性糖显著高于冬季。而在低温湿润的冬季,齿肋赤藓丙二醛含量及过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于春季。表明夏季齿肋赤藓所受胁迫最大,脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性大幅度提高。同时,在具有积雪覆盖的冬季,两种微生境下的齿肋赤藓生理生化特性无显著差异;而在无积雪覆盖的春夏季节,灌丛的遮阴作用为齿肋赤藓提供了水含量相对较高的良好生活环境,其下齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性均显著低于裸露地。表明生长在裸露地的齿肋赤藓较活灌丛拥有更强的胁迫耐受性。     

荒漠区不同微生境下齿肋赤藓对一次降雪的生理生化响应

耐旱苔藓广泛分布于干旱半干旱荒漠地区, 对荒漠生态系统稳定性与功能多样性具有重要作用。齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层的优势物种, 生于不同的微环境中。古尔班通古特沙漠冬、春季降雪频繁, 并能形成稳定的积雪层。目前关于降雪与微生境对齿肋赤藓生理生化特征影响的研究极为缺乏。该研究探讨了初冬一次降雪前后活灌丛、死灌丛和裸露地3种微生境下齿肋赤藓相关生理生化特征。结果表明, 与降雪前相比, 降雪后各微生境下齿肋赤藓植株的含水量、荧光活性、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有明显提高, 但脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量有不同程度的降低。微生境对齿肋赤藓的生理指标有不同程度的影响, 而且与降雪具有显著的交互作用(脯氨酸除外)。降雪前后, 活灌丛下的齿肋赤藓具有较高的含水量和光合活性, 以及较低的保护酶(POD和SOD) 活性, 裸露地则表现出完全相反的特点。表明前者面临的胁迫最小, 生理活性最大, 但抗性较弱; 而后者具有更大的抗胁迫能力, 但生理活性低。降雪后, 脯氨酸、MDA、POD及SOD均与植株含水量呈显著负相关, 而荧光活性、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量与植株含水量为显著正相关, 表明降雪降低了齿肋赤藓的水分胁迫程度, 改善并促进了生理活性与光合作用, 而且初冬的低温也起到了促进作用。     

水分条件对人工培养齿肋赤藓光化学效率及生理特性的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是荒漠藓类生物结皮的主要组成物种,在沙面固定及生物结皮人工恢复中起着十分重要的作用。然而,人工培养的荒漠藓类植物普遍存在后期维持能力较差的问题。在众多的影响因素中,水分被认为是限制荒漠齿肋赤藓生长发育的最关键环境因子。该文以室内人工培养的齿肋赤藓为研究对象,模拟野外降雨条件,在室内对其进行干旱处理(每6天加水,模拟夏季少雨、干旱缺水条件)、完全湿润处理(每天加水,模拟春季融雪或降雨较频繁、水分饱和条件)及中度湿润处理(每3天加水,模拟介于前两种之间的水分条件)3种水分梯度处理,探讨不同的水分条件处理对人工培养的齿肋赤藓光合及生理特性的影响。结果表明:与中度湿润处理相比,人工培养的齿肋赤藓的总叶绿素含量在湿润处理和干旱处理两种水分梯度处理下均显著下降,叶绿素a/b在干旱处理下显著降低,类胡萝卜素含量在湿润处理下显著下降,在干旱处理下显著升高;湿润处理及干旱处理下人工培养的齿肋赤藓的最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和可溶性蛋白含量均显著低于中度湿润处理,而可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量大都显著高于中度湿润处理,尤其是干旱处理。完全湿润处理下齿肋赤藓植株渗透调节物质含量及保护酶活性的升高有效地缓解了高水分含量带来的缺氧及低光照环境对人工培养的齿肋赤藓的损害。干旱处理下的MDA含量显著升高,说明干旱胁迫处理加剧了人工培养的齿肋赤藓的膜脂过氧化程度,对其细胞膜的稳定性造成了一定损害。因此,在人工培养苔藓后期,干旱和完全湿润处理都不利于苔藓植物的生长,中度湿润处理则有利。     

荒漠齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)非结构性碳水化合物含量对植株脱水的响应

苔藓结皮作为生物土壤结皮演替的最高阶段和生物量的最主要贡献者,具有很强的环境适应性,对维持荒漠地表稳定和改善微环境具有重要作用。非结构性碳水化合物是植物重要的组成部分,能够抵御环境胁迫对植物造成的损伤。目前,荒漠藓类植物非结构碳水化合物对干旱的响应机制尚不清楚。选取古尔班通古特沙漠南缘和腹地苔藓结皮中优势藓类植物齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)为研究对象,对其在复水后脱水过程中非结构性碳水化合物含量变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:植株含水量在脱水24 h内下降趋势显著,此后趋于稳定。可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量在脱水1h内显著下降。可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量在脱水2—16 h没有显著的变化。但16—24 h可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量出现显著增加,脱水24—48 h,腹地齿肋赤藓可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量缓慢下降到复水前水平,而南缘可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖含量低于复水前水平。复水前不同地区齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物含量存在显著性差异,脱水结束后两个地区齿肋赤藓非结构碳水化合物含量无显著差异。结果说明齿肋赤藓在不同地区其非结构性碳水化合物含量不同,在同一脱复水过程中不同地区齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物含量表现出不同的变化趋势,主要原因是可溶性糖含量对脱水过程中水分胁迫的响应不同。齿肋赤藓脱水过程中非结构性碳水化合物的研究,有助于抗旱非维管植物在干旱环境中从降雨湿润进入干旱过程的适应策略研究。     

荒漠藓类植物齿肋赤藓对4年积雪深度变化的生理生化响应

冬季降雪作为古尔班通古特沙漠最主要的降水形式,在荒漠生物土壤结皮的稳定和发育发挥重要作用。全球的持续变暖和极端气候事件的频繁发生导致荒漠冬季的积雪格局发生重大变化。荒漠藓类植物作为荒漠重要地被类型生物土壤结皮的重要组成成分,在生理生化层面将如何响应长期的积雪深度变化还不清楚。因此,通过野外设置去除积雪(-S)、自然积雪(S)、2倍积雪(2S)和3倍积雪(3S) 4个积雪梯度,探讨经历4年积雪深度变化下齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)的生理生化特征。结果表明,积雪深度变化显著影响了齿肋赤藓的植株含水量、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Y(II))、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。与去除积雪处理相比,随着积雪深度的增加,齿肋赤藓的植株含水量、F_v/F_m和Y(II)呈现增加趋势,而植株内的游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现降低趋势。相关性分析显示,齿肋赤藓的F_...     

黄土高原三种耐干藓营养繁殖的季节差异及机理

苔藓植物在园林绿化、水土保持等方面的应用日益增加,目前藓类植物营养繁殖的影响因素鲜见报道,限制了其应用研究。本研究以黄土高原常见的耐干藓(扭口藓、土生对齿藓、短叶对齿藓)为对象,研究了3种藓春、夏、秋、冬季营养繁殖能力(以活力指数表征)差异及其叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标变化,探索了耐干藓营养繁殖的季节差异与其生理特征之间的关系。结果表明: 1)藓类繁殖具有明显的季节差异,3种藓夏季活力指数均低于其他3个季节,平均较秋、冬、春季分别下降56.1%、48.4%、10.1%;相同季节的活力指数具有明显的年际变化。2)3种藓繁殖能力具有明显的种间差异,以短叶对齿藓最高,扭口藓最低,且后者的繁殖能力季节和年际变化最大。3)3种藓不同季节生理特征差异显著,其中夏季MDA含量高于其他季节,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量低于其他季节。4)耐干藓的营养繁殖季节变化主要与可溶性糖含量有关。本研究明确了藓类营养繁殖能力随季节变化的规律,指出可溶性糖含量是影响藓类营养繁殖的关键因素,可为藓类植物保护和人工培养提供科学依据。     

3种苔藓植物对模拟大气氮沉降的生理响应

苔藓植物是地表生态系统的重要组分，研究苔藓植物对氮沉降的生理响应可以在机理机制上探讨如何科学合理利用苔藓指示大气氮沉降。以西北地区3种苔藓植物——齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)，真藓(Bryum argenteum)和尖叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum)为研究对象，设置0、2、4、6 g·m^-2 4个不同氮素处理梯度(分别计为N₀、N₂、N₄、N₆)，研究氮素增加对不同苔藓植物叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明(：1)4个氮素处理水平均能促进尖叶匐灯藓的叶绿素a和叶绿素b合成，尤以N₄处理的促进作用最佳，而N₂处理对齿肋赤藓和真藓的叶绿素a和叶绿素b具有明显的抑制作用(对齿肋赤藓的抑制作用更强)。(2)苔藓体内可以产生脯氨酸(Pro)，可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)来调节细胞渗透平衡。不同氮素处理均促进了真藓和尖叶匐灯藓Pro,SS和SP的含量，但N₂     

斑块面积对干燥-复水条件下藓类植物生理活性的影响

干扰会导致生物结皮斑块破碎并退化。为明确生物结皮斑块破碎诱发生物结皮退化机理,以黄土丘陵区土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)结皮为研究对象,研究了干燥-复水条件下,单株和直径1 cm、2 cm、3 cm、4 cm、5 cm的藓结皮斑块内土生对齿藓的干燥速率、渗透调节物质、丙二醛和光合色素含量等的变化,以期揭示干扰后生物结皮退化的生物学机理。结果表明(1)除单株外,干燥速率随斑块面积减小而增加,直径1 cm斑块内藓的干燥速率是直径5 cm的2倍。(2)反复干燥-复水25天后,直径小于5 cm的斑块内藓的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量低于直径5 cm斑块内藓的含量,丙二醛含量随斑块面积变化无明显规律。(3)干燥速率与斑块面积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关。以上结果表明,藓结皮斑块面积通过影响斑块内藓类植物干燥速率进而影响其渗透调节和光合作用能力。藓结皮斑块面积减小,藓类植物干燥速率增大,生理活性降低,是藓结皮斑块破碎诱发其退化的原因。研究从藓类植物生理的角度,阐明了干扰后藓类植物衰亡的生理学原因,为生物结皮的保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Impacts of the removal of vascular plants on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Syntrichia caninervis during winter season in a temperate desert

Aims Patchily distributed biological soil crusts and shrubs is one of the main vegetation cover types in Gurbantünggüt desert. The existence of shrubs in desert areas serves not only as a shelter for small animals, but also a good living condition for cryptogams and some herbs. Syntrichia caninervis, a dominant moss species in Gurbantünggüt desert, is patchily distributed under shrub canopy and open spaces between vascular plants. To our knowledge, the impacts of the removal of shrub canopy on physiological and biochemical characteristics of S. caninervis during the winter is still unknown.
Methods We simulated grazing of animals on Ephedra distachya at various rates (shrubs left intact, 50% shrubs removed, and shrubs removed completely) by cutting different percent of above-ground shoots of E. distachya. The shoot water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were compared.
Important findings The results show that, as for proline and soluble sugar contents of tested S. caninervis, there were no significant differences among three treatments of shrub canopy. However, the MDA content, and the activities of POD, SOD, CAT were significantly higher than nature shrubs in snow cover periods. During snow-melting periods, soil moisture and temperature did not served as limiting factors on the growth of S. caninervis. The soluble sugar content, and the activities of POD, CAT with shrub removal were significantly higher than shrubs left intact. This may indicate that the decline of the function of maintaining constant soil temperature due to shrub canopy increased the damage of temperature on moss plants. In addition, as for physiological and biochemical characteristics, there were no significant differences between two treatments of 50% shrub canopy and shrub canopy left intact. In snow covered periods and snow melting periods, the MDA content, the activities of POD, SOD and CAT of S. caninervis under shrub canopy removed completely were significantly higher than that of 50% shrub canopy and shrub canopy left intact, except for soluble protein content. The duration of chlorophyll fluorescence activity of S. caninervis growing in habitats with shrubs removed completely was significantly shorter than that of S. caninervis growing in habitats of 50% shrub canopy and shrub canopy left intact. This result indicated that the removal of shrubs may increase the UV-B radiation and weaken the “moisture island effects” developed by the existence of shrub canopy.     

荒漠藓类植物死亡对表层土壤酶活性的影响

土壤胞外酶作为土壤生物化学反应的催化剂,直接驱动了土壤物质循环和能量流动过程。全球气候变化和土地利用类型改变致使维持荒漠地表稳定的生物土壤结皮中的藓类植物出现不同程度的死亡,然而,藓类植物的死亡将如何影响荒漠表层土壤养分循环过程仍缺乏研究。该研究选取新疆古尔班通古特沙漠优势藓类结皮为研究对象,测定了自然存活及自然死亡藓类结皮下不同土层(0–2、2–5、5–10、10–20cm)碳氮磷循环相关酶活性。结果发现:除蔗糖酶外,藓类植物死亡显著影响了β-葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶、植酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并随土壤深度的增加酶活性逐渐递减。同时,藓类植物死亡显著抑制了植酸酶活性,促进了与碳氮磷循环相关的土壤酶活性。土壤碳氮循环相关酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮、NO₃^–-N和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关,与pH显著负相关;植酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷、速效磷含量相关性不显著。荒漠藓类植物的死亡,在短期内显著改变了土壤酶系统,加速了土壤养分循环。     

Effects of water condition on photochemical efficiency and physiological characteristics in artificially cultivated moss Syntrichia caninervis

Aims The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis is a dominant species in the moss biocrust of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. It plays an important role in soil stability and artificial biocrust reconstruction in desert ecosystems. Previous studies have demonstrated that although artificial cultivation techniques can promote the micropropagation of S. caninervis, the resulting moss performs poorly in maintenance ability. Water availability has been considered as a critical factor to stimulate the physiological activities in moss species. Our objective in this study was to determine the optimum water condition for growth of sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis in the process of transplanting cultured materials from laboratory to the field. Methods We used sand-cultivated S. caninervis grown from fragmented gametophyte leaves and stems above ground. The experiment was run for 30 days under conditions of three water treatments, including intermittent water supply (watering every three days), fully watered (watering every day), and drought (watering every six days) . Fluorescence and physiological indices of shoots, such as photochemical efficiency, pigment content, soluble sugar, free proline, soluble protein, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde were measured. Important findings The content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in drought and fully watered treatments were significantly lower than in intermittent water supply treatment. Drought reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio, and fully watered treatment deceased carotenoid content. Drought and fully watered treatments significantly reduced the maximal and actual photochemical efficiency and the soluble protein content, while increased most indices in osmotic adjustment substances and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as soluble sugar content, free proline content, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malonaldehyde content. Our results showed that the sand-cultivated S. caninervis accumulated osmotic adjustment substances and strengthened the antioxidative enzyme activities to survive under different water conditions, such as in the fully watered treatment. Compared with the intermittent water supply treatment, drought may lead to more damages in sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis, with the membrane lipid peroxidation being aggravated. Thus, intermittent water supply results in better development of artificial-cultivated S. caninervis than drought and fully watered treatments. This conclusion could provide theoretical basis for water saving management of artificially cultivated bryophyte in wild engraftment.     

Biomass estimation models and allocation patterns of 14 shrub species in Mountain Luya,Shanxi, China

Aims Shrub species have evolved specific strategies to regulate biomass allocation among various organs or between above- and belowground biomass and shrub biomass model is an important approach to estimate biomass allocation among different shrub species. This study was designed to establish the optimal estimation models for each organ (leaf, stem, and root), aboveground and total biomass of 14 common shrub species in Mountain Luya, Shanxi Province, China. Furthermore, we explored biomass allocation characteristics of these shrub species by using the index of leaf biomass fraction (leaf to total biomass), stem biomass fraction (stem to total biomass), root biomass fraction (root to total biomass), and root to shoot mass ratio (R/S) (belowground to aboveground biomass).
Methods We used plant height, basal diameter, canopy diameter and their combination as variables to establish the optimal biomass estimation models for each shrub species. In addition, we used the ratios of leaf, stem, root to total biomass, and belowground to aboveground biomass to explore the difference of biomass allocation patterns of 14 shrub species.
Important findings Most of biomass estimation models could be well expressed by the exponential and linear functions. Biomass for shorter shrub species with more stems could be better estimated by canopy area; biomass for taller shrub species with less stems could be better estimated by the sum of the square of total base diameter multiply stem height; and biomass for the rest shrub species could be better estimated by canopy volume. The averaged value for these shrub species was 0.61, 0.17, 0.48, and 0.35 for R/S, leaf biomass fraction, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction, respectively. Except for leaf biomass fraction, R/S, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction for shrubs with thorn was significantly greater than that for shrubs without thorn.     

基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征

中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d^-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d^-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。     

Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods

中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d^-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d^-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。     

Responses of growth and litterfall production to nitrogen addition treatments from common shrublands in Mt. Dongling,Beijing, China

Aims The shrublands of northern China have poor soil and nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly increased the local soil available N for decades. Shrub growth is one of important components of C sequestration in shrublands and litterfall acts as a vital link between plants and soil. Both are key factors in nutrient and energy cycling of terrestrial ecosystems, which greatly affected by nitrogen (N) addition (adding N fertilizer to the surface soil directly). However, the effects and significance of N addition on C sequestration and litterfall in shrublands remain unclear. Thus, a study was designed to investigate how N deposition and related treatments affected shrublands growth related to C sequestration and litterfall production of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia in Mt. Dongling region of China.
Methods A N enrichment experiment has been conducted for V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, including four N addition treatment levels (control (N₀, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1), low N (N₁, 20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1), medium N (N₂, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) and high N (N₃, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)). Basal diameter and plant height of shrub were measured from 2012-2013 within all treatments, and allometric models for different species of shrub’s live branch, leaf and root biomass were developed based on independent variables of basal diameter and plant height, which will be used to calculate biomass increment of shrub layer. Litterfall (litterfall sometimes is named litter, referring to the collective name for all organic matter produced by the aboveground part of plants and returned to the surface, and mainly includes leaves, bark, dead twigs, flowers and fruits.) also was investigated from 2012-2013 within all treatments.
Important findings The results showed 1) mean basal diameter of shrubs in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were increased by 1.69%, 2.78%, 2.51%, 1.80% and 1.38%, 1.37%, 1.59%, 2.05% every year; 2) The height growth rate (the shrub height relative growth rate is defined with the percentage increase of plant height) of shrubs in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were 8.36%, 8.48%, 9.49%, 9.83% and 2.12%, 2.86%, 2.36%, 2.52% every year, respectively. Thee results indicated that N deposition stimulated growth of shrub layer both in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands, but did not reach statistical significance among all nitrogen treatments. The above-ground biomass increment of shrub layer in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were 0.19, 0.23, 0.14, 0.15 and 0.027, 0.025, 0.032, 0.041 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 respectively, which demonstrated that short-term N addition had no significant effects on the accumulation of C storage of the two shrublands. The litter production of the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia communities in 2013 were 135.7 and 129.6 g·m^-2 under natural conditions, respectively. Nitrogen addition promoted annual production of total litterfall and different components of litterfall to a certain extent, but did not reach statistical significance among all nitrogen treatments. Above results indicated that short-term fertilization, together with extremely low soil moisture content and other related factors, lead to inefficient use of soil available nitrogen and slow response of shrublands to N addition treatments.