Responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to multi-level water addition in an alpine meadow in Namtso of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China

高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要草地类型, 对青藏高原生态系统碳收支具有重要的调节作用。目前, 有关高寒草甸生态系统碳交换对气候变化的响应所知甚少, 尤其是降水变化会如何影响高寒草甸碳交换过程的相关研究非常匮乏。该文作者于2013和2014年的生长季(5-9月)在青藏高原纳木错地区高寒草甸进行多梯度人工增水实验, 设置对照和5个水分添加梯度, 分别增加0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的降水, 以研究高寒草甸生态系统在不同降水量条件下的碳交换变化。增水处理后, 各处理梯度之间的土壤温度没有显著差异, 而土壤含水量在不同增水处理后出现显著变化, 相对于对照, 增水幅度越大, 对应的土壤含水量越高。综合2013和2014年的观测结果, 高寒草甸生态系统整体表现为碳吸收, 在20%增水处理中, 净生态系统碳交换(NEE)达到最大值, 随着模拟的降水梯度进一步增加, NEE逐渐下降; 增水处理对生态系统呼吸(ER)无显著影响; 总生态系统生产力(GEP)的变化趋势与NEE一致, 即随着增水梯度增大, GEP先增加, 并在增水20%处理达到最大值, 随后GEP开始降低。研究表明, 在高寒草甸生态系统, 水分是影响GEP和NEE的重要因素, 对ER影响较弱; 未来适度的增水(20%-40%)能促进高寒草甸生态系统对碳的吸收。     

青藏高原纳木错高寒草甸生态系统碳交换对多梯度增水的响应

高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要草地类型, 对青藏高原生态系统碳收支具有重要的调节作用。目前, 有关高寒草甸生态系统碳交换对气候变化的响应所知甚少, 尤其是降水变化会如何影响高寒草甸碳交换过程的相关研究非常匮乏。该文作者于2013和2014年的生长季(5-9月)在青藏高原纳木错地区高寒草甸进行多梯度人工增水实验, 设置对照和5个水分添加梯度, 分别增加0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的降水, 以研究高寒草甸生态系统在不同降水量条件下的碳交换变化。增水处理后, 各处理梯度之间的土壤温度没有显著差异, 而土壤含水量在不同增水处理后出现显著变化, 相对于对照, 增水幅度越大, 对应的土壤含水量越高。综合2013和2014年的观测结果, 高寒草甸生态系统整体表现为碳吸收, 在20%增水处理中, 净生态系统碳交换(NEE)达到最大值, 随着模拟的降水梯度进一步增加, NEE逐渐下降; 增水处理对生态系统呼吸(ER)无显著影响; 总生态系统生产力(GEP)的变化趋势与NEE一致, 即随着增水梯度增大, GEP先增加, 并在增水20%处理达到最大值, 随后GEP开始降低。研究表明, 在高寒草甸生态系统, 水分是影响GEP和NEE的重要因素, 对ER影响较弱; 未来适度的增水(20%-40%)能促进高寒草甸生态系统对碳的吸收。     

模拟增温对西藏高原高寒草甸土壤供氮潜力的影响

过去几十年青藏高原呈现显著的增温趋势,冬季增温幅度显著高于生长季的季节非对称特征。气候变暖会对生态系统氮素循环产生重要影响,但关于全年增温与冬季增温对高寒生态系统氮循环的不同影响仍缺乏研究。在青藏高原高寒草甸区开展模拟增温试验,研究季节非对称增温对高寒草甸生态系统氮循环的影响。该试验布设于2010年7月,设置3种处理(不增温、冬季增温与全年增温)。研究结果发现,开顶箱增温装置造成了小环境的暖干化:显著提高了地表空气温度和表层土壤温度,降低了表层土壤含水量。冬季增温会加剧土壤中氮素的流失,所以在经历了冬季增温后土壤氮含量显著降低;在生长季节,土壤氮素周转速率受土壤水分的调控,在降雨较少的季节,增温引起的土壤含水量降低会抑制土壤氮周转速率。对于土壤微生物量而言,高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳表现出明显的季节动态,在生长季旺盛期较低,在生长季末期和初冬季节反而较高,这说明为了降低对土壤养分的竞争,高寒草甸植物氮吸收与土壤微生物氮固持在时间上存在分离。研究结果表明,冬季增温导致的土壤养分含量变化会影响随后生长季植物群落的生产力、结构组成与碳氮循环等过程,对生态系统过程产生深远的影响。     

开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

近年来, 由于对湿地的不合理利用, 自然湿地被大面积地垦殖为农田, 导致湿地生态系统碳循环的模式发生改变, 从而影响了湿地生态系统碳汇功能。该研究通过涡度相关法, 对山东省东营市黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地和开垦多年的棉花(Gossypium spp.)农田的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了对比观测, 以探讨该地区典型生态系统NEE的变化规律及其影响因子, 揭示开垦对芦苇湿地NEE和碳汇功能的影响。结果表明: 在生长季, 湿地和农田生态系统NEE的日平均值各月均呈明显的“U”型变化曲线, 非生长季NEE的变幅很小。生长季湿地生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为16.04 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月17日)和14.95 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月9日); 农田生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为18.99 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (8月22日)和12.23 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (7月29日)。生长季白天两个生态系统NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系; 非生长季NEE主要受土壤温度(T_s)的影响; 生态系统生长季夜间NEE受T_s和土壤含水量(SWC)的共同影响; 湿地和农田的生态系统呼吸熵(Q₁₀)分别为2.30和3.78。2011年生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的汇, 总净固碳量分别为780.95和647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, 开垦降低了湿地的碳吸收能力; 而在2011年非生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的源, CO₂总释放量分别为181.90和111.55 g CO₂·m^-2。全年湿地和农田生态系统总净固碳量分别为599.05和535.80 g CO₂·m^-2。     

增温对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统固碳通量影响的模拟研究

低温被广泛认为是高寒草甸生态系统首要限制性因子,因此增温可能会在某种程度上促进初级生产力,但是也可能由于土壤水分、N素营养状况的改变形成新胁迫而抑制生产力提高。此外,生态系统呼吸由于增温而提高的幅度也可能高于初级生产力提高的幅度,造成总碳库平衡的改变。利用青藏高原海北高寒草甸实测数据对生态系统过程模型Biome-BGC(V.4.2)进行了参数化,并利用研究区实测土壤水分(0-40 cm)和其它观测数据对模型进行了检验,证明模型模拟结果较为可靠。模型使用2005-2008年的海北气象站实测气象数据包括气温、降水等作为驱动数据,模拟了增温1.2-1.7℃下青藏高原海北定位站高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的变化,并整合分析增温试验平台上已发表的试验,与模拟结果进行对比,探讨增温对海北高寒草甸生态系统碳收支的可能影响。结果表明:2005-2008年青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统为弱的碳汇,短期增温导致系统净碳固定增加。增温直接影响系统碳通量,也通过土壤水分和土壤矿化氮变化间接影响碳通量,相比土壤水分和氮素,增温对影响碳通量变化过程中的效应更大;研究也揭示,在增温条件下,植物对土壤矿化氮的吸收量小于有机质分解产生的土壤矿化氮量,土壤矿化氮含量增加。     

山东省暖性草丛生态系统碳库现状和碳通量季节变化特征

了解山东省草地生态系统碳库现状和碳通量变化规律对于全国尺度草地生态系统碳源/汇核算有着重要的意义。该研究采用野外面上调查取样和固定加强点静态箱法(LI-840红外分析仪联用)相结合的方法, 分析了山东省暖性草丛生态系统的固碳现状、碳通量季节动态以及净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)对各种环境因子的响应。研究结果表明: 山东暖性草丛生态系统平均碳密度为2.74 Mg C·hm ^-2, 碳密度的构成排序为土壤碳密度(89%) >生物量碳密度(9%) >凋落物碳密度(2%), 山东暖性草丛碳库总储量约为15.88 Tg C; 结缕草(Zoysia japonica)暖性草丛生态系统NEE的季节动态总体表现为夏季低, 冬季高, 非生长季节(11月至次年4月)向外界净排放CO₂, 表现为碳源效应; 生长季节(4-9月)则为净吸收CO₂ , 表现为碳汇效应, 峰值月份的平均固碳速率在-2.58- -4.46 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1之间; 2012和2013年泰山小流域暖性草丛NEE年平均值分别为-0.43 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1和-0.31 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 都表现为碳汇效应; 光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤10 cm深度温度(T_s)和含水量(W)是结缕草暖性草丛生态系统NEE动态的主要影响因素, 但不同月份NEE动态的影响因素各异, 且因子间存在着互作效应, 主成分分析表明, NEE的季节动态主要受温度、水分和光强等因子控制。     

青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系

为揭示气候变化对青藏高原草地生态系统的影响及其生态适应机制,利用1982~1999年间的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI数据和对应的气候资料,研究了近20年来青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,18年来研究区生长季NDVI显著增加(p=0.015),其增加率和增加量分别为0.41% a^-1和0.001 0 a^-1。生长季提前和生长季生长加速是青藏高原草地植被生长季NDVI增加的主要原因。春季为NDVI增加率和增加量最大的季节,其增加率和增加量分别为0.92% a^-1和0.001 4 a^-1;夏季NDVI的增加对生长季NDVI增加的贡献相对较小,其增加率和增加量分别为0.37% a^-1和0.001 0 a^-1。3种草地(高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草原)春季NDVI均显著增加(p<0.01;p=0.001; p=0.002); 高寒草甸夏季NDVI显著增加(p=0.027),而高寒草原和温性草原夏季NDVI呈增加趋势,但都不显著(p=0.106; p=0.087);3种草地秋季NDVI则没有明显的变化趋势(p=0.585; p=0.461; p=0.143)。3种草地春季NDVI的增加是由春季温度上升所致。高寒草地(高寒草甸和高寒草原)夏季NDVI的增加是夏季温度和春季降水共同作用的结果。温性草原夏季NDVI变化与气候因子并没有表现出显著的相关关系。高寒草地植被生长对气候变化的响应存在滞后效应。     

Carbon stock and seasonal dynamics of carbon flux in warm-temperature tussock ecosystem in Shandong Province,China

了解山东省草地生态系统碳库现状和碳通量变化规律对于全国尺度草地生态系统碳源/汇核算有着重要的意义。该研究采用野外面上调查取样和固定加强点静态箱法(LI-840红外分析仪联用)相结合的方法, 分析了山东省暖性草丛生态系统的固碳现状、碳通量季节动态以及净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)对各种环境因子的响应。研究结果表明: 山东暖性草丛生态系统平均碳密度为2.74 Mg C·hm ^-2, 碳密度的构成排序为土壤碳密度(89%) >生物量碳密度(9%) >凋落物碳密度(2%), 山东暖性草丛碳库总储量约为15.88 Tg C; 结缕草(Zoysia japonica)暖性草丛生态系统NEE的季节动态总体表现为夏季低, 冬季高, 非生长季节(11月至次年4月)向外界净排放CO₂, 表现为碳源效应; 生长季节(4-9月)则为净吸收CO₂ , 表现为碳汇效应, 峰值月份的平均固碳速率在-2.58- -4.46 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1之间; 2012和2013年泰山小流域暖性草丛NEE年平均值分别为-0.43 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1和-0.31 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 都表现为碳汇效应; 光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤10 cm深度温度(T_s)和含水量(W)是结缕草暖性草丛生态系统NEE动态的主要影响因素, 但不同月份NEE动态的影响因素各异, 且因子间存在着互作效应, 主成分分析表明, NEE的季节动态主要受温度、水分和光强等因子控制。     

实验增温对藏北高寒草甸植物繁殖物候的影响

全球气候变暖对高寒和极地地区的植物物候产生强烈的影响。该研究主要关注增温条件下藏北高寒草甸不同功能型植物繁殖时间(生殖物候)的改变。实验采用开顶箱式增温方法, 对3个主要功能群浅根-早花、浅根-中花和深根-晚花植物的现蕾、开花、结实时间进行观测。研究结果表明: (1)增温导致了土壤水分胁迫, 显著推迟了浅根-早花植物高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的繁殖时间; (2)增温显著提前了浅根-中花植物钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)和深根晚花植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)和矮羊茅(Festuca coelestis)的繁殖时间; (3)增温没有显著影响浅根-中花植物楔叶委陵菜(Potentilla cuneata)和深根-晚花植物无茎黄鹌菜(Youngia simulatrix)的繁殖时间; (4)增温缩短了3种类型植物的开花持续时间。这些结果显示增温改变了藏北高寒草甸群落中多数物种的繁殖时间, 这预示着在未来更热更干的生长季, 青藏高原高寒草甸系统的植物物候格局可能会被重塑。     

凋落物去除和添加处理对典型草原生态系统碳通量的影响

为揭示凋落物去除和添加处理对草原生态系统碳通量的影响, 2013和2014年连续两年在成熟群落围封样地进行凋落物去除实验、在退化群落放牧样地进行凋落物添加实验, 并运用静态箱法探讨碳通量变化规律并分析其主要影响因子。结果表明: 两种群落的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)有明显的季节性变化。对成熟群落而言, 去除50%凋落物显著增加了NEE, 去除100%凋落物显著降低了NEE, 而对生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)和生态系统呼吸(ER)均无显著影响; 对退化群落而言, 凋落物添加显著增加了GEP和NEE, 而对ER无显著影响。两种群落的GEP与10 cm土壤温度显著正相关, 但NEE和GEP的变化规律与土壤温度相反, 与10 cm土壤湿度相同。由此可见, 凋落物去除和添加处理对生态系统碳通量的影响主要是改变土壤湿度和地上生物量,而不是改变土壤温度。该研究为合理利用凋落物改善草地生态系统管理和促进草地恢复提供了理论依据。     

Effects of experimental warming on net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Northern Xizang alpine meadow

AimsGlobal warming could have profound effects on ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes in alpine ecosystems. The aim of our study is to examine the effects of gradient warming on net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE).MethodsIn the Northern Tibetan Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (Nagqu station), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, we conducted various levels of temperature increasing experiments (i.e., 2 °C and 4 °C increments). The warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). In total, there were three levels of temperature treatments (control, 2 °C and 4 °C increment), and four replicates for each treatment. The ecosystem NEE was monitored every five days during the growing season in 2015.Important findings Our findings highlight the importance of soil moisture in mediating the responses of NEE to climatic warming in alpine meadow ecosystem. The 4 °C warming significantly stimulated NEE,except for July measurements. The 2 °C warming had no effects on NEE during the growing season. Compared to the 2 °C warming, the 4 °C warming significantly stimulated NEE. The results showed that our targeted ecosystem acts as a carbon sink under 2 °C warming, whereas will act as a net carbon source under 4 °C warming in the future. This study provides basic data and theoretical basis for evaluating the alpine ecosystem’s responses to climate change.     

A comparison of measured and calculated net community CO2 exchange: Scaling from leaves to communities

Leaf net photosynthesis is crucial for detecting the mechanism of photosynthesis, whereas community net photosynthesis is useful for understanding the photosynthetic capacity of communities and its relationship with environmental factors. In particular, we need to scale up eco-physiological models from leaf scale to canopy level to study carbon cycling at regional or global scale. We hypothesized that accumulated leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_c) at community scale, i.e., calculated based on leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and leaf area index (LAI), equals to measured net community CO₂ exchange (NCE). The purpose of this study is to verify this hypothesis. Our field study was carried out in Duolun, Nei Mongol, China, where we constructed single-species communities by sowing Medicago sativa ‘Aohan’ seeds in three plots (3 m × 5 m) on May 30, 2012. On August 16, 2014, P_n of five healthy leaves of M. sativa ‘Aohan’ in each plot were measured with a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system at 10:00, and net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) in each plot was measured simultaneously with a LI-8100 system connected with a assimilation chamber (0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m). P_c was calculated based on P_n, number of leaves (n), LAI percentage of healthy leaves (r) and percentage of received effective light by leaves (m). NCE was derived from NEE and ecosystem respiration rate (R_eco). P_c was 3.52 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, and very close to NCE (3.56 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1), suggesting that leaf-scale photosynthesis may accurately predict community-scale photosynthesis. However, our method could not separate community respiration from soil respiration, and future studies, should be designed to counteract this effect. Scaling up from leaf photosynthesis to community photosynthesis should also consider vertical structure of communities and nonlinear responses of leaf photosynthesis to changes in light quantum.     

叶片和群落尺度净光合速率关系的探讨

叶片净光合速率(P_n)是研究光合作用机理的基本尺度; 而群落净光合速率(P_c)是研究群落光合能力及其与外部环境因子间关系的更好尺度, 特别是区域乃至全球尺度碳循环的研究, 需要将叶片尺度的生理生态模型扩展到冠层尺度。理论上, 群落内所有叶片的累积P_n与实测群落净气体交换速率(NCE)是相等的, 但在野外实际观测中, 两者之间的相互关系目前尚未见报道。该文选取敖汉苜蓿(Medicago sativa ‘Aohan’)人工草地, 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的便携式光合测定系统LI-6400测定P_n, 结合叶面积指数等参数推算P_c, 利用LI-8100连接同化箱测定生态系统净气体交换速率(NEE), 加上土壤呼吸速率, 得到NCE。结果表明: P_c为3.52 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, 与实测NCE (3.56 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)基本相等。这表明: 可利用P_n, 结合叶面积指数、群落叶片数目、健康叶片比例和群落可接收有效光照的平均比例等4个关键参数, 准确地换算P_c。然而, 利用同化箱式法测定群落呼吸速率时, 不可避免地会包含土壤呼吸, 所以在观测NCE时, 需要同时测定土壤呼吸。此外, 在冠层模型中, 群落垂直结构和光量子的非线性响应不可忽视。     

Interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root production of Chinese fir seedlings

Aims There have been a large number of studies on the independent separate responses of fine roots to warming and nitrogen deposition, but with contradictory reporting. Fine root production plays a critical role in ecosystem carbon, nutrient and water cycling, yet how it responds to the interactive warming and nitrogen addition is not well understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root growth of 1-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) seedlings in subtropical China.
Methods A mesocosm experiment, with a factorial design of soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) and nitrogen addition (ambient, ambient + 40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, ambient + 80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), was carried out in the Chenda State-owned Forest Farm in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Fine root production (indexed by the number of fine roots emerged per tube of one year) was measured biweekly using minirhizotrons from March of 2014 to February of 2015.
Important findings (1) The two-way ANOVA showed that soil warming had a significant effect on fine root production, while nitrogen addition and soil warming × nitrogen addition had no effect. (2) The three-way ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and diameter class) showed that soil warming, diameter class and soil warming × diameter class had significant effects on fine root production, especially for the number of fine roots in 0-1 mm diameter class that had been significantly increased by soil warming. Compared with the 1-2 mm roots, the 0-1 mm roots seemed more flexible. (3) Repeated measures of ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and season) showed that soil warming, season, soil warming × season, and soil warming × nitrogen addition × season had significant effects on fine root production. In spring, the number of fine roots was significantly increased both by soil warming and soil warming × season, while soil warming, nitrogen addition, soil warming × nitrogen addition significantly decreased fine root production in the summer. (4) Soil warming, soil layer, soil warming × soil layer had significant effects on fine root production. The number of in-growth fine roots was significantly increased by soil warming at the 20-30 cm depth only. It seemed that warming forced fine roots to grow deeper in the soil. In conclusion, soil warming significantly increased fine root production, but they had different responses and were dependent of different diameter classes, seasons and soil layers. Nitrogen addition had no effect on fine root production. Only in spring and summer, soil warming and nitrogen addition had significant interactive effects.     

昼夜不对称性与对称性升温对大豆产量和水分利用的影响

全球气候变暖并不是白天和夜间的平均变暖, 而是呈现一定的不对称性。大豆(Glycine max)是世界范围内种植较广泛的豆科作物, 也是中国重要的粮食作物。研究大豆的生长与水分利用对不对称性气候变暖的响应, 可为预测未来气候变暖情景下大豆的适应提供科学的参考依据。该实验在人工气候箱中采用盆栽方式进行, 设立对照(CON, 昼26 ℃夜16 ℃)、对称性升温(ETs, 昼夜均升高3 ℃)和不对称性升温(ETa, 昼升高2 ℃, 夜升高4 ℃)三个温度情景, 研究了大豆产量和水分利用对昼夜不对称性与对称性升温的差异性响应。结果表明: 在昼/夜26 ℃/16 ℃的背景下, 1) ETs对大豆产量影响不显著, 主要是因为生物量的增加缓解了收获指数下降对大豆的不利影响; ETa使大豆产量减少38.9%, 是由于大豆的收获指数和产量构成要素(荚数、粒数、百粒重)均显著降低。2) ETs对大豆全生育期蒸散量(ET)的影响不显著, ETa使大豆整个生育期ET减少14.8%。3)两种升温模式对大豆耗水量中蒸发量的影响都不显著, 耗水量的差异主要来自蒸腾量的差异, 其中ETs和ETa分别使大豆全生育期蒸腾量降低10.7%和26.1%。综上所述, 只针对ETs进行研究, 而没有对ETa进行研究的实验会低估真正的气候变暖情景(ETa)对大豆生长和产量的不利影响, 高估其对大豆耗水量的影响。     

Differential effects of diurnal asymmetric and symmetric warming on yield and water utilization of soybean

Aims Global warming does not mean similar warmer temperatures between daytime and nighttime. Soybean (Glycine max) is a widely planted legume crop around the world and an important food crop in China. The aim of this study was to understand the responses of soybean growth and water utilization to future asymmetric warming, which would provide scientific reference for evaluating the adaptation of soybean to the future climate scenarios.Methods This experiment was carried out in artificial climate chambers, using the method of potted plants, under three temperature conditions; contrast (CON, 26 °C during the day and 16 °C during night), symmetric warming (ETs, elevated temperature of 3 °C both during the day and night), asymmetric warming (ETa, elevated temperature of 2 °C during the day and elevated temperature of 4 °C during night). We investigated the differential effects of diurnal asymmetric and symmetric warming on the yield and water consumption of soybean. Important findings The results revealed that, under the background of 26 °C during the day and 16 °C during night: 1) the effect of ETs on soybean yields showed no significant function that mainly benefit from the increase in the amount of biomass to ease negative influence of decrease in the harvest index. ETa reduced yields of soybean by 38.9% (p < 0.05) due to both significant decrease in harvest index and yield components (pod number per plant, grain number per pod and 100-grain weight). 2) ETs showed no obvious effect on the whole growing stage evapotranspiration (ET) of soybean, while ETa reduced the whole growing stage ET by 14.8% (p < 0.05). 3) The effect of the two warming pattern on water consumption of soybean were not significant. The difference in water consumption was mainly derived from the difference in transpiration (T). ETs and ETa reduced total transpiration by 10.7% (p < 0.05) and 26.1% (p < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that ETs will underestimate the detrimental effects of real climate warming (ETa) on the growth and yield of soybean, and overestimate the effects on water consumption of soybean.     

阴天和晴天对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

云量以及大气气溶胶含量变化引起的阴天和晴天会对局地的微气候环境产生综合效应, 影响地面接收的太阳辐射强度, 同时引起环境因子的变化, 最终对净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)产生影响。该文通过涡度相关系统以及微气象梯度观测系统, 对黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地NEE以及环境要素进行了观测。在自然条件下选择12对相邻阴天和晴天数据, 在生物要素(生物量、叶面积指数)、土壤水分以及养分特征保持不变的前提下, 揭示了阴天和晴天变化对湿地生态系统NEE的光响应和温度响应的影响。结果表明: 12对阴天和晴天生态系统NEE的日平均动态均呈“U”型曲线, 但阴天NEE的变幅较小。晴天条件下湿地生态系统NEE的日均值显著高于阴天(p < 0.01)。阴天和晴天湿地生态系统NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间均呈直角双曲线关系, 但晴天条件下, 最大光合速率(A_max)显著大于阴天(p < 0.01), 同时白天生态系统呼吸(R_eco,daytime)也显著大于阴天(p < 0.01)。不论阴天还是晴天, R_eco,daytime与气温均呈显著的指数关系。晴天湿地生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数Q₁₀ (5.5)远大于阴天(1.9)。阴天和晴天昼间PAR差值以及气温差值对NEE差值的协同影响达到63%。