Helminths of amphibians of the Fergana valley of Uzbekistan

Species diversity and some ecological peculiarities of helminthes parasitizing amphibians in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan have been investigated. In 652 examined specimens of amphibians (Bufo viridis--237, Rana ridibunda--415 specimens), have been found 32 helminth species belonging to 26 genera of 12 families.     

Helminthiasis impact on the demographic parameters of a host population (example of the red fox)

The extensity and intensity of invasion or infestation of different structural groups of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) population by flat (Cestoda) and round (Nematoda) helminthes of the gastrointestinal tract were studied. Fundamental differences in invasion of males and females by round helminthes with an increase in age were demonstrated. Infection by round helminthes results in a weak decrease in the portion of females that participate in reproduction and in a decrease in the average amount of pregnancy spots, as well as in a small decrease in the specific survival rate of animals. Invasion by flat helminthes and simultaneous infection by both types results in a considerable decrease in the fox fertility and survival rate; as a result, quite strong limitation of the amount of hosts can occur.     

Characteristics of the genetic structure of parasite and host populations by the example of helminthes from moor frog Rana arvalis Nilsson

The genetic structure of populations of four helminth species from moor frog Rana arvalis, in comparison with the population-genetic structure of the host, has been studied with the gel-electrophoresis method. As compared with the host, parasites are characterized by more distinct deviation from the balance of genotypic frequencies and higher level of interpopulation genetic differences. The genetic variability indices in the three of four frog helminthes examined are lower than those in the host. Moreover, these indices are lower than the average indices typical of free-living invertebrates; this fact contradicts the opinion on polyhostality of these helminthes and their wide distribution.     

鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)寄生蠕虫群落生态研究

从1017尾鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus）肠道内获得寄生蠕虫9种,均为常见种类,即复殖吸虫（Digeneans）8种,棘头虫（Aacnthodephala）1种,总感染率为24.0％,平均感染强度8.73,种群平均密度2.10,其中惠东拟囊腔吸虫（Saccocoe-lioides huidongensis）的感染率、感染强度和平均密度最大。鲻鱼寄生蠕虫群落多样性指数为20193,群落均匀度指标为0.6370。鲻鱼感染寄生蠕虫种数在1－3种之间,优势种1种,为惠东拟腔吸虫;次优势种3种,分别为鲻长尾吸虫（E－longinus mugilus）、单睾椭囊吸虫（Elliptobursa singlorchis）和圆颚针鱼新棘吻虫（Neoechinorhynchus tylosuri）;非优势种5种,分别为楔形单脏吸虫（Haplosplanchnus cuneatus）、长形单脏吸虫（Haplosplanchnus elongatus）、双睾原单脏吸虫（Pro-haplosplanchus diorchis）、粤东纵睾吸虫（Tandemorchis yuedongensis）和浦里单脏吸虫（Haplosplanchnus purii）。略多于 寄生蠕虫复合群落和组分群落在一年四季中均由9种蠕虫组成,其感染率、平均感染强度和平均密度变化各有所不同,即从夏季开始,鲻鱼寄生蠕虫总感染率和各组分群落的平均密度则逐渐增高,冬季碹以一个高峰,随后逐渐下降;鲻鱼寄生蠕虫复合群落的平均密度从冬季开始逐渐下降,至秋季为最低;而圆颚针鱼析棘吻虫的感染率的四季变化与8种吸虫的变化趋势差异较大,即从春末开始增大,夏季达到最大值,随后维持在一个较高水平上,至春初则有所下降。9种寄生蠕虫的种间协调关系经卡方值测定,呈无明显协调关系。各种寄生蠕虫的种群分布均为聚集分布。     

Helminth infections in the ponder carp farms in the Ararat plain

Helminthosis infections in pond carp farms of the Ararat plain have been studied: species composition of helminthes is recovered; main helmithoses are revealed; helminthological situation is estimated.     

Helminthes of the water vole <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arvicola terrestris</Emphasis> Linnaeus of forest-bog biocenoses in the north of the Baraba Lowland

The results of helminthological studies of the wintered water voles are given. This group of voles hosts 13 species of helminthes: 1, Trematoda, 7, Cestoda, and 5, Nematoda. The trematode Notocotilus noyeri Joyex, 1922 (88 ±2.7)% and the cestode Arvicolepis transfuga (Spassky et Merkusheva, 1967) (68.9 ± 3.8)% dominate among them in the extensiveness of invasion (EI). The factors are studied that determine the probability of the water voles being infected with the background species of helminthes. A relation of the long-term dynamics of the host population with the dynamics of the infection with the dominant species of the parasites is established.     

Helminthes detected from wild sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) in Kanto-Chubu region,Japan

The helminth fauna of 105 sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) captured in Yamanashi, Kanagawa and Nagano Prefectures, Japan was investigated during 2014–2019. As a result, 12 helminthes, i.e. 3 digeneans (Ogmocotyle sikae, Dicrocoelium chinensis and D. dendriticum), 8 nematodes (Gongylonema pulchrum, Dictyocaulus sp., Pygarginema sp., Spiculopteragia houdemeri, Chabaudstrongylus ninhae, Trichuris discolor, Oesophagostomum sikae and Oes. asperum), and 1 cestode (Moniezia sp.) were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Pygarginema sp., Cha. ninhae, and Oes. asperum from sika deer in Japan. Some helminthes detected in the present study can infect livestock. Considering the possibility of the spread of the helminthes to livestock through deer excrement, it is important to promote understanding the parasite fauna in wild deer.     

The Effects of Temperature on Respiration in the Amphibia

The effects of temporal me on respiration in amphibians areprimarily effects on gas exchange patterns and rate of oxygenconsumption (Qo₂) in major groups of amphibians. In temperatezone amphibians except plethodontid salamanders, pulmonary oxygenuptake increases with temperature. In plethodontid salamanderscutaneous gas exchange predominates and increases at highertemperatures. Aquatic salamanders are characterized by a lowerQo₂ than temperate amphibians at all temperatures. Tropicalanurans have a Qo₂ equivalent to temperate amphibians at a tempcrarure10 C greater. The ability of amphibians to supply their tissueswith oxygen and the effects of temperature on amphibian respiratoryparameters are suggested as probable factors causing these relationships. Recent evidence for temperature independent reduction in Qo₂in fossorial amphibians and species differences in metabolicscope is discussed.     

两栖动物性染色体的多样性及其进化机制的研究进展

两栖动物性别决定类型和性染色体具有多样性的特点。在已发现异形性染色体两栖动物中,大部分物种Y或W染色体大于其对应的X或Z染色体,少数物种具有高度分化的Y或W染色体。同时两栖动物类群内基因组大小差异大,性染色体间分子水平上也存在差异。高频转换、偶然重组和染色体重排可能是两栖动物性染色体进化过程中的关键机制。本综述通过对两栖动物性染色体进化的深入探讨,揭示其遗传性别决定的机理,有助于对两栖动物性别人工调控的进一步探索。     

The Siberian tree frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana amurensis</Emphasis> Bulenger, 1886) in Yakutia

The paper studies the distribution, life style, propagation, nutrition, helminthes invasion, seasonal fluctuations of hematologic parameters, content of ascorbic acid in the organs and glycogen in the liver of the Siberian tree frog.     

两栖和爬行类生长及生长激素分泌活动的调节

根据生长内分泌学,综述了近年来两栖和爬行类生长激素（ＧＨ）分泌活动的调节及生长激素在两栖爬行类生长中作用这一研究领域所取得的主要成就和研究进展,研究结果表明：在脊椎动物的进化过程中,ＧＨ的化学结构和功能是相当保守的;ＧＨ对两栖爬行类的生长起促进作用;类胰岛素生长因子（ＩＧＦｓ）也能冰分传递ＧＨ促进两栖类的生长;在两栖爬行类,下丘脑对ＧＨ分泌的调控较哺乳类缺乏特异性,利用外源ＧＨ促进两栖爬行类的生长     

Red List of amphibians and reptiles of the Wadden Sea area

In the Wadden Sea, in total, 8 species of amphibians and 4 species of reptiles are threatened in at least one subregion. Of these, 7 species of amphibians and all 4 species of reptiles are threatened in the entire area and are therefore placed on the trilateral Red List. 1 species of the listed reptiles is (probably) extinct in the entire Wadden Sea area. The status of 1 species of amphibians is endangered, the status of (probably) 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles are vulnerable and of 2 species of amphibians susceptible. This list forms part of the Report on the RED LISTS OF BIOTOPES, FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE TRILATERAL WADDEN SEA AREA. For basic information concerning, for example, function of these lists, species taken into account, structure of the lists and abbreviations used, see also the general introduction to the Red Lists.     

Transdifferentiation Potential of Ciliary and Pigment Epithelial Cells in Lower Vertebrates and Mammals

Cellular composition of the peripheral region of the eye in amphibians and mammals as well as embryonic fissure in amphibians was studied. Different distributions of proliferating cells in retinal pigment epithelium have been revealed in adult amphibians (newt, axolotl, and Xenopus). Single cells incorporated [³H]thymidine in the newt and Xenopus; 0.4% cells, in the axolotl. An embryonic fissure was observed in the eye of the axolotl. Pigment epithelial cells in the embryonic palpebral region actively proliferated: about 20% cells incorporated [³H]thymidine. Proliferating cells were also localized in the ciliary marginal zone of the retina in all studied amphibians, particularly, in the axolotl. In newborn hamsters, [³H]thymidine-labeled cells have been revealed in the pigment epithelium as well as in the outer pigmented and inner unpigmented layers of the ciliary body. Proliferative activity of the peripheral regions of the eye is due to eye growth in adult amphibians and newborn hamsters. After retinectomy, the retina is regenerated from the cells of the growth ciliary marginal zone in all amphibians, pigment epithelial cells in the newt, and pigment epithelial cells of the embryonic fissure in the axolotl. Heterogeneous composition of the pigment epithelium in the newt and axolotl reflects high transdifferentiation potential of these regions. Structural comparison of the peripheral region of the eye in amphibians and mammals demonstrate that the ciliary body of mammals containing stem cells is homologous to the ciliary marginal zone of amphibians containing multipotent cells.     

Seasonal exploitation of amphibians by otters (Lutra lutra) in north-east Scotland

The dietary importance of amphibians to otters was studied in north-east Scotland in 1987. The proportion of amphibians identified in otter droppings varies seasonally and according to the habitat. The consumption of amphibians increases in late winter and spring while they are either hibernating or spawning. Estimations of amphibian population density at spawning sites have been carried out. There is a significant correlation between the availability of amphibians and their consumption by otters. The main amphibian species involved in the diet is the common frog, Rana temporaria (60.8%), while the common toad, Bufo bufo , represents only 1.7% of the amphibian prey.     

Fecundity of Thominx neopulchra (Nematoda:Capillariidae) from bats of the genus Myotis (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae)

Variability of absolute fecundity of nematode Thominx neopulchra from three species of genus Myotis was studies on the territory Zhiguli State Reserve in 2007, 2008. Significant differences in the fecundity of the nematode females depending on host species and sex, size of the parasite, number of the helminthes in a given host, and season of year were revealed.     

贵州大沙河自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性研究

对贵州道真县大沙河保护区的两栖爬行动物进行了3次调查研究。共采获两栖动物2目8科15属27种（亚种）,占贵州省两栖动物总种数62种（亚种）的43．5％;爬行动物3目10科（亚科）28属34种（亚种）,占贵州省爬行动物总种数104种的32．7％。从物种组成和区系分析,本保护区的两栖动物以无尾目的蛙科为主,共12种,占保护区内总种数27种的44．4％;主要区系成分为东洋界的华中区种,共11种,占保护区总种数的40．74％;其物种的组成与中国及贵州的两栖动物区系特点一致。爬行动物以游蛇科为其主要组成部分,共有17种,占该保护区爬行动物种数的50．0％;这一特征与我国以及贵州爬行动物的组成特征是基本一致的。但是大沙河地区爬行动物组成中,蝮亚科有2属5种,居第2位,与我国以及贵州的爬行动物组成特点不同,故蝮亚科为构成该区爬行动物区系的主要特征成分之一。本文还运用G-F指数对大沙河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物进行科属间的物种多样性分析。结果表明爬行动物的科内和科间的多样性较高,属内和属间的多样性较低,G-F指数为正值;两栖动物的科内和科间的多样性较低,属内和属间的多样性较高,G—F指数为负值。     

Influence of the phase of the number and demographic structure of the water vole population on its infection by helminthes

In this work we have analyzed results of the long-term investigations of the helminthes distribution in the various demography groups of the water vole population (Arvicola terrestris L.) in North Baraba (Novosibirsk region). The data on the dominant parasites of these rodents: trematodes Notocotylus noyeri (Joyeux, 1922), cestodes Limnolepis transfuga Spassky et Merkuscheva, 1967, nematodes Capillaria wioletti Ruchljadeva, 1950, Longistriata minuta (Dujarden, 1845) and Heligmosomum costellatum (Dujarden, 1845) have shown that the number of parasites in biocenosis are connected with different factors, such as the demographic structure of the host population, the alternation of hosts number and conditions of the environment (dry and damp phases of the climatic cycle). In the dry phase the main parasitize load N. noyeri, L. transfuga and C. wioletti connects with the breeding group; in the damp period - with immature rodents. Independently of the phase climatic cycle and the density of the water vole population the great bulk of nematodes L. minuta and H. costellatum was uncovered of the immature individuals. In any case the number of helminthes changed synchronously with such of the its host.     

Species turnover of amphibians and reptiles in eastern China: disentangling the relative effects of geographic distance and environmental difference

Spatial turnover of species lies at the heart of macroecology and conservation biogeography. However, our knowledge of the causes of species turnover remains poor, particularly for herpetofaunas including amphibians and reptiles. Here, using regression, variance partitioning, and hierarchical partitioning analyses, we examine the relationships of species turnover in herpetofaunas among provinces in eastern China with respect to geographic distance and environmental difference. We found that species turnover in herpetofaunas is moderately to strongly correlated with geographic distance and difference in most environmental variables examined between provinces. Geographic distance and environmental difference together explain 87.1 and 89.9% of the variance of species turnover for amphibians and reptiles, respectively. Variance partitioning analysis indicated that most variance in species turnover is explained by the joint effect of geographic distance and environmental difference. Beyond this shared variance, environmental difference is a stronger predictor of species turnover than geographic distance, particularly for reptiles. Hierarchical partitioning analysis showed that energy-related variables explained more variance in species turnover for both amphibians and reptiles, compared with water-related variables. The independent effects of water-related variables are slightly higher for amphibians than for reptiles whereas the independent effects of energy-related variables are slightly higher for reptiles than amphibians. These patterns are consistent with different ecophysiological requirements of the two taxa. Our results have important implications for predicting changes in biodiversity of herpetofaunas under climate change scenarios. Global warming will affect the immigration and local extinction of both amphibians and reptiles, and precipitation change may affect amphibians more strongly, compared with its effect on reptiles.     

An Integrative Taxonomy of Amphibians of Nepal: An Updated Status and Distribution

Amphibians are declining worldwide.At the same time,each year many species of amphibians are described,indicating that biological diversity on Earth remains poorly understood.This is especially true for mountainous regions,such as the Himalayas,which are also regarded as a biodiversity hotspot.However,it is most likely that the current diversity of amphibians in Nepal is highly underestimated.Amphibian inventories by the past researchers primarily used phenotypic characters as the basis for species identification.However,the application of molecular systematics methods to taxonomic studies has successfully uncovered the taxonomic status of several cryptic taxa.This study used both molecular(16 S rDNA sequences)and morphological comparisons and estimated the diversity of amphibians from Nepal.This study reports the occurrence of 38 species of amphibians based on both molecular and morphological comparisons.Among them,three species were recorded for the first time in Nepal.This study also invalids the taxonomic status of Sphaerotheca paschima.This study highlights the importa nce of integrative taxonomic approaches that help to resolve the current taxonomic ambiguities of Nepalese amphibians.     

云南省两栖动物地理分布格局的聚类分析

为了量化云南省两栖动物地理分布格局及其相似性,对云南省102种两栖动物在地理小区的分布格局尺度上进行了聚类分析。建立物种有无分布的二元数据列联表,利用联合系数表示每两个地理小区内两栖动物的相似程度,以类平均法进行了聚类分析。结果表明,云南两栖动物可以归类为两大类群,相邻动物地理小区相似程度较高,南北差异显著。云南两栖动物地理分布格局与地势的阶梯变化基本一致。受地形、河流和气候的影响,分布格局的纬度变化规律不明显。在此基础上对结果与地理区划进行了对比。