赤松毛虫地理种群的遗传变异与生态因子的相关性

采用ISSR技术分析了泰安徂徕山、青岛胶南、朝阳凌源和葫芦岛绥中4个赤松毛虫地理种群的分子遗传变异.结果表明:葫芦岛地区赤松毛虫遗传多样性相对较高,种群间有了一定程度的遗传分化;相关性分析表明,种群的遗传多样性与海拔呈显著的负相关,与年均温度、年均湿度呈一定的正相关,而与所处纬度相关关系不显著;各种群两两之间的遗传距离与海拔梯度呈正相关趋势.     

七筋菇种群的克隆多样性及其与生境因子的相关性分析

利用ISSR（Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat）分子标记检测了七筋菇种群的克隆多样性,同时对克隆多样性指数与生境因子进行了相关性分析．结果表明,种群和种水平上每个基因型含有的个体数（克隆分株）分别为1．12和1．149,16个种群均为多克隆种群．检测到的基因型100％为局部分布,群体间的克隆分化较大．七筋菇种群的克隆多样性很高,Simpson指数平均为0．975．基株分布为游击型的克隆构型．由基株数据计算的种群遗传多样性与由分株计算的结果一致,进一步确认了不同七筋菇种群间存在着遗传分化．种群中不时的幼苗更新及自交不亲和,可能是维持七筋菇种群内基因型多样性的重要原因．相关性分析表明,Simpson指数与样地土壤中的酸碱度pH值呈显著的正相关（P〈0．05）,与其他环境因子的相关性不显著．     

承德光秃山不同海拔油松居群遗传多样性

为了解光秃山不同海拔下天然油松居群之间的遗传差异及探求遗传多样性与土壤因子的关联,为油松种源筛选和管理提供参考,本研究运用ISSR技术,对位于河北承德辽河源光秃山4个不同海拔油松天然居群共118个植株个体的遗传多样性进行分析。13个引物共扩增出177条清晰的条带,种群多态位点百分比(PPL)为60.2775%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)为0.2171,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3222;不同种群遗传变异水平随海拔差异呈规律性变化,表现为沿海拔升高而呈低-高-低的分布规律,其中1354～1274 m范围的遗传多样性水平最高;在物种水平上油松具有较高的遗传多样性(PPL=98.33%,h=0.38142,I=0.5550),种群间的遗传分化系数Gst=0.6562。利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异的等级剖分结果表明,种群间有显著的遗传分化,约2/5的遗传变异存在种群间,种群内占3/5。Pearson相关分析表明,油松居群内遗传多样性与海拔、土壤养分(有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量)之间存在显著或一定的相关关系。Mantel检验结果显示,油松居群遗传距离与海拔差距、土壤养分因子的分异存在一定相关性。以上结果表明不同海拔区域的生态因子、低基因流等对油松居群间的遗传分化影响较大。     

濒危植物观光木遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

采用筛选的8条ISSR引物对濒危植物观光木13个野生种群的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析,结果显示:物种和种群水平上多态性位点百分率分别为79.67%和46.84%,Shannon表型多样性指数分别为0.3880和0.2192,与木兰科其他近缘植物相比,遗传多样性水平较高;分子方差分析表明,观光木野生种群间遗传分化系数为0.3752,种群间存在显著的遗传距离;STRUCTURE分析和UPGMA聚类表明,参试的13个野生种群可分为3大类群;相关性分析表明,种群间遗传距离与其地理距离呈显著正相关。南昆山、笔架山、弄相山种群的遗传多样性最丰富,建议优先加以保护。     

山西霍山五角枫不同海拔种群遗传多样性研究

利用SRAP分子标记分析山西霍山不同海拔五角枫种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。11对引物组合共得到88个重复性好的位点;Nei基因多样性指数（ h）在0.1996～0.3163之间,平均为0.2373;Shannon多样性指数（ I）范围为0.2995～0.4936,平均为0.3535;在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（ PPB）为98.86％,表现出较高地遗传多样性。 ANOVA分析表明,遗传变异主要存在于五角枫种群内（79％）,21％的分子变异分布在种群间。基于遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,5个五角枫种群聚为明显的2支。相关分析显示：五角枫的多样性指数与地理梯度均无显著或极显著相关。     

地被植物鹅绒委陵菜的遗传多样性研究

采用RAPD方法对不同海拔和植被盖度下的鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserinaL.）6个种群的遗传多样性水平进行了研究。结果表明,13条随机引物共扩增出132条带,多态性位点为117;鹅绒委陵菜物种水平的遗传多样性较高,且种群间分化明,多态位点比率（88.64%）、Nei’s基因多样性（0.3180）、Shannon信息多样性指数（0.4732）均远高于多数克隆植物。6个种群内的遗传多样性水平变化较大,多态位点在各种群中分布不均衡,种群间分化系数（GST）为47.7%,基因流较低（Nm=0.5482）,多态位点比率在31.06%～74.24%之间,Shannon信息指数在0.1711～0.3625之间,Nei基因多样性指数在0.1164～0.2425之间。多样性水平的变化与海拔没有明显的相关性,而与生境盖度呈显著正相关。从而推断在盖度低、资源丰富的环境中,该物种可能更倾向于克隆繁殖。     

山东省长岛县南部四岛藜（Chenopodium album L.）天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对分布于山东省长岛县南部的北长山、南长山、大黑山和小黑山4个岛屿上的藜天然种群共81个个体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构的研究。13个引物共检测到157个可重复的位点。遗传多样性研究结果表明：种内的多态位点比率为66.24％,具有较高的遗传多样性（Shannon（I）指数在物种水平上为0.332 0）;种群间有一定的遗传分化,根据G_st值,种群间的遗传多样性占总群体的9.27％。遗传距离分析表明,XHS种群和NCS种群的遗传一致度最高,与地理距离无相关性。     

云南不同土壤铅背景值下大叶茶种群对铅的吸收积累特征及其遗传分化

在具有不同土壤铅(Pb)背景值的云南大叶茶主产区,分析了11个大叶茶种群（简写为P1, P2, …… P11）所在地的土壤Pb含量,相应各种群的老、嫩叶Pb含量和富集系数,并利用ISSR分子标记研究了这些种群的遗传特征,以期认识不同大叶茶种群在不同Pb背景值下对Pb的吸收积累特征及其遗传分化状况。结果表明：（1）在本研究区域内,大叶茶种群间土壤Pb含量、老叶和嫩叶Pb含量、富集系数差异显著,土壤有效Pb、嫩叶Pb含量分别在0.78—15.20mg/kg和2.03—7.02 mg/kg之间,嫩叶Pb富集系数变化范围为0.001—0.24;种群内差异小,例如P6种群内嫩叶Pb含量在2.82—2.84 mg/kg之间,嫩叶Pb富集系数变幅为0.09—0.10。（2）筛选的10个ISSR引物扩增出81条带,平均多态位点百分率（PPB）为75.25%;Shannon’s指数（I）估算出种群间的变异为34.28%,利用POPGENE软件计算出种群间遗传分化系数GST为0.3116,分子方差分析（AMOVA）也显示种群间变异占35.37%（P<0.001）,表明不同种群的大叶茶出现了遗传分化。（3）UPGMA聚类分析发现,11个种群可分为5个类群,对Pb吸收累积能力高的与能力低的种群在聚类分析中存在明显分异;相关性分析表明,土壤有效Pb含量与PPB、I、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）的 Pearson相关系数r分别为-0.633,-0.786,-0.581（P<0.05）,土壤有效Pb含量与大叶茶种群遗传多样性水平程度不同呈负相关。讨论分析认为,在土壤Pb高背景值条件下,部分大叶茶种群遗传多样性水平降低,不同种群对Pb的吸收累积能力存在明显差异,种群间出现了显著的遗传分化。对低铅富集的遗传分化现象的深入研究将可能为遴选拒吸收污染物的洁净种质、在污染条件下进行无公害生产提供新途径。     

承德大窝铺不同海拔与群落类型天然油松种群遗传多样性

利用ISSR技术分析了河北承德大窝铺3个不同海拔、4个不同群落类型的油松天然种群的遗传多样性与遗传分化,探讨了天然油松种群遗传多样性与主要生态因子的关系.结果表明:天然油松种群具有较高的遗传多样性,13个筛选出的随机引物共检测出180个位点,总多态位点比率分别达到73.33％和91.11％.海拔影响油松种群的遗传多样性,中海拔( 1070～1130 m)高于高海拔(1230 ～1350 m)和低海拔(910 ～970 m)(多态位点比率分别为63.33％、51.67％和59.44％);群落类型与种群的基因组结构变异之间存在一定的内在联系.遗传变异多来自种群内部(分别为90.45％和75.22％),种群分化不明显;群落类型对天然油松种群间遗传变异和基因交流(Gst为0.248,Nm为1.517)的影响高于海拔对其影响(Gst为0.095,Nm为4.738).可以认为,群落类型对大窝铺天然油松种群遗传分化有较大影响.     

不同地理分布区紫椴种群的遗传多样性变化

该文运用ISSR分子标记技术,研究不同纬度、不同海拔紫椴(Tilia amurensis)天然种群的遗传多样性变化规律,探讨紫椴种群的濒危机制,为紫椴遗传资源的有效保护和合理利用提供理论依据。14个ISSR引物扩增结果显示:紫椴种群多态位点百分率(P)为93.85%,基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.243 3和0.380 3。不同纬度紫椴种群的遗传多样性由高到低依次为:CBS种群>BL种群>NA种群>LS种群>FHS种群>DYS种群;不同海拔紫椴种群的遗传多样性由高到低依次为:H1种群>H2种群>H3种群>H4种群>H6种群>H5种群。紫椴种群的遗传多样性没有随纬度的升高而呈现规律性的变化,但随海拔的升高呈现遗传多样性逐渐降低的趋势。用AMOVA进行分子方差分析表明,紫椴种群间遗传分化较大,遗传变异主要来自种群内部。紫椴种群间遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性,但随着海拔的逐渐增高种群间遗传距离增大。该研究结果揭示,紫椴种群具有较高的遗传多样性,遗传多样性不是导致其种群濒危的主要原因,导致其濒危的主要原因可能与人为采伐、生境破坏和生境退化及其自身生物学特性所导致的自然更新不良有密切关系。因此,应加强对紫椴生境的保护,防止人为因素对紫椴天然种群的进一步破坏。     

RAPD variation and population genetic structure in Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae), an animal-dispersed tree

We examined the patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation among seven Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) populations extending over approximately 100 km2 to examine local differentiation in relation to spatial isolation due to both geographical distance and differences in elevation. No less than 51. 4% of the RAPD loci were polymorphic, but very few were fixed and among-population variation accounted for 16.46% of variation in RAPD patterns. Mean gene diversity was 0.1441, with mean Nei's genetic diversity for individual populations ranging between 0.089 and 0.149. Mean GST value across loci was 0.1935 (range, 0.0162-0.4685), giving an average estimate for Nm of 1.191. These results suggest extensive gene flow among populations, but higher GST and lower Nm values relative to other outcrossing, woody species with endozoochorous dispersal, also suggest a process of isolation by distance. The combined effect of both geographical and elevation distances and nonoverlapping flowering and fruiting phenophases on the GST matrix was partially significant, revealing only marginal isolation of the P. mahaleb populations. The matrix correlation between estimated Nm values among populations and the geographical + elevation distance matrices (r = -0.4623, P = 0.07), suggests a marginal trend for more isolated populations to exchange less immigrants. Long-distance seed dispersal by efficient medium-sized frugivorous birds and mammals is most likely associated to the high levels of within-population genetic diversity. However, vicariance factors and demographic bottlenecks (high postdispersal seed and seedling mortality) explain comparatively high levels of local differentiation.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantal Mountain,Zhejiang Province,China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain,Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique.Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced.The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%,indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H.miconioides.The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity(0.1329)and Nei index(0.0925)within populations were relatively low.A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations Of H miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribufion.The average genetic diversity within populations of H.miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity,The genetic differentiation among populations of H.miconioides was 0.6546,as estimated by Nei index.The gene flow estimated from Gsr was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H.miconioides was relatively low.The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H.miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H.miconioides was 0.3412.The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest.The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low.The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.     

麦无网长管蚜不同地理种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记研究

为阐明麦无网长管蚜Metopolophium dirhodumus不同地理种群的遗传多样性,利用ISSR分子标记对6个地区（河北保定、定州、石家庄、邢台、邯郸,山东聊城）的麦无网长管蚜种群进行了遗传多样性研究。23条ISSR引物扩增出了297条清晰条带,其中172条（57.91%）具有多态性。遗传多样性分析结果表明：麦无网长管蚜群体间的遗传多样性（57.91%）高于群体内的遗传多样性（26.24%）,其中河北保定种群和河北邯郸种群的种群内遗传变异最小（24.92%）,河北石家庄种群的种群变异最大（41.75%）,河北和山东地区的种群（除河北石家庄）之间没有显著遗传差异。根据种群变异来源分析,有26.44%遗传变异来源于种群间,73.56%变异来自于种群内（Gst=0.2644）,不同地理种群间并没有出现分化现象（Nm=1.3910）。利用不加权算术平均法（UPGMA）对6个种群进行统计分析,构建进化树,发现6个种群分为了两大类,而其地理距离与遗传距离并不存在相关性,地理空间并未对其种群间的基因交流产生影响。麦无网长管蚜有较高的遗传多样性,而各个种群间并没有明显遗传分化的趋势。本研究有关麦无网长管蚜不同地理种群基因流和遗传变异将为控制麦蚜危害和田间综合防治提供必要的数据支持。     

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%, indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H. miconioides. The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity (0.1329) and Nei index (0.0925) within populations were relatively low. A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations of H. miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribution. The average genetic diversity within populations of H. miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity, The genetic differentiation among populations of H. miconioides was 0.6546, as estimated by Nei index. The gene flow estimated from G _ST was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H. miconioides was relatively low. The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H. miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H. miconioides was 0.3412. The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990 m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest. The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low. The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.     

瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群的遗传变异和分化

应用等位酶分析技术,沿两个海拔梯度在瑞士阿尔卑斯山研究了欧洲落叶松（Larix decidua Mill.)居群内和居群间的遗传多态性,结果表明,多态性位点的比例为22.9%,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.3,平均期望杂合度为0.095,遗传变异的5.8%存在于居群之间,平均遗传距离为0.006。几个有统计意义的基因频率差别在不同树龄类被发现,正在繁育系数值表明在瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群有相当的杂合体缺乏,在阿尔拜特（Ar-pette),海拔最高的亚居群与其他亚居群相比较显示最低的遗传多态性（如显示最低的我态性位点比例和最低的平均期望杂合度）和最大的遗传距离值,在最高亚居群和其他亚居群间的遗传差别暗示奠基效应可能是影响这个定样场所欧洲落叶松居群遗传分化的主要因素。     

濒危灌木长叶红砂遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD分子标记对濒危灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种群遗传多样性进行了分析.应用18条随机引物对长叶红砂5个种群的95个个体进行扩增,检测到118个位点,其中多态位点105个.结果表明:长叶红砂种群的多态位点比率(P)为88.98%,显示出长叶红砂种群存在较高的遗传多样性.Shannon多样性指数(0.4966)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.3303)和基因分化系数(Gst=0.1425)的分析结果显示,长叶红砂种群遗传变异大多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化占14.25%.聚类分析表明,长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无直接相关关系.遗传多样性水平与物种特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低.     

七筋菇自然居群的遗传结构分析

采用ISSR分子标记,对七筋菇(Clintonia udensis)17个居群的遗传多样性与遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明:七筋菇不同居群的多态位点百分率PPB为11.90%~59.52%,总的多态位点百分率PPB为98.8%,具有高的遗传多样性。Shannon多样性指数(0.6903)和基因分化系数(GST=0.6944)均揭示出七筋菇居群间存在明显的遗传差异,AMOVA分析结果也显示遗传变异主要发生在居群之间(81.47%),而居群内部的遗传变异仅为18.53%。七筋菇居群间的遗传距离从0.1871~0.6632,平均为0.3838,大于同一物种居群间的平均遗传距离值(0.05),同样表明七筋菇居群间的遗传多样性存在较大差异。七筋菇居群间的基因流Nm=0.2200,远远低于一般广布种植物的基因流(Nm=1.881)。Mantel检测显示居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著相关性(r=0.029,P=0.3196)。七筋菇分布范围广以及其进化历史是其具有高遗传多样性的原因;居群间存在较高遗传变异可能是由于七筋菇本身的生物学特性、有限的基因流以及遗传漂变等原因造成的。     

Genetic Variation and Differentiation of Larix decidua Populations in Swiss Alps (in English)

Genetic diversity within and among six subpopulations of Larix decidua Mill. from two altitudinal transects of Swiss Alps was investigated using 6 enzyme systems coding for 8 loci. Globally, the mean proportion of polymorphic loci was 22.9%, the average number of alleles per locus was 1.3, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.095. Only 5.8% of the genetic variation resided among populations. The mean genetic distance was 0.006. Several significant differences of gene frequencies were found between different age classes. Positive values of the species mean fixation index observed in this study suggested a considerable deficit of heterozygotes in the populations of L. decidua of Swiss Alps. At one of the sites (Arpette), the highest subpopulation in elevation gave the lowest level of genetic diversity (as evidenced by the lowest proportion of polymorphic loci and the lowest mean expected heterozygosity) and the largest value of genetic distance when compared to other subpopulations. The genetic differences between the highest subpopulation and the other ones suggest that the founder effect may be an important factor influencing genetic differentiation of L. decidua populations at Arpette transect.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%, indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H. miconioides. The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity (0.1329) and Nei index (0.0925) within populations were relatively low. A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations of H. miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribution. The average genetic diversity within populations of H. miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity, The genetic differentiation among populations of H. miconioides was 0.6546, as estimated by Nei index. The gene flow estimated from G _ST was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H. miconioides was relatively low. The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H. miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H. miconioides was 0.3412. The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990 m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest. The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low. The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (science Edition) 2005, 32 (4)[译81EA;: 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2005,32(4)]