三种免疫制剂对真鲷弧菌病的免疫保护性

菌体疫苗按不同的方式对真鲷进行免疫2周后,对实验鱼均具有免疫保护性,免疫保护性最好的免疫组,免疫保护率在初次免疫后高达60%,强化免疫后免疫保护率可提高到80%;粗制LPS经去毒处理后初次免疫真鲷,不同浓度的LPS对实验鱼具有不同程度的免疫保护性,强化免疫后,免疫保护率均有明显的提高,浓度越高,免疫保护性越强,对真鲷的免疫保护率最高可达90%,最小弧菌产生的外毒素经福尔马林灭活后制成毒素苗,这种毒素苗能产生较好的免疫保护性,其免疫保护率可达80%,这表明外毒素不仅是最小弧菌产生的毒力因子,同时也是菌体产生的有效保护性抗原。     

创伤弧菌外膜蛋白免疫刺激复合物对欧洲鳗鲡的免疫保护性分析

创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)是一种革兰氏染色阴性、多形性、运动性、有荚膜的嗜盐性细菌, 属于弧菌属第5群, 主要生长于海水中、鱼类及贝母类等体内1。根据寄主范围和生化反应类型的不同, 将创伤弧菌分为3 个生物型: 生物Ⅰ型(产吲哚)2、生物Ⅱ型(不产吲哚)3以及1999 年以色列的研究人员报道的创伤弧菌生物Ⅲ型。       

大黄鱼三种病原弧菌外膜蛋白交叉保护性抗原筛选

弧菌是海水养殖环境中常见的条件性致病菌,弧菌病的暴发给水产养殖业造成了严重损失。鉴于水生动物尤其是鱼类弧菌病的发生常常是多种（血清型或亚种）弧菌的混合感染,筛选具有潜在的交叉保护性蛋白抗原,作为制备多价疫苗或联合疫苗的侯选成分具有重要意义。文中从患病大黄鱼中分离到8株弧菌,经生理生化和分子生物学鉴定分别为6株哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi,1株溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus和1株副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus。选择典型的不同种的弧菌为代表,提取其外膜蛋白,经SDS-PAGE和Westernblotting分析,确定它们大约在45 kDa、35 kDa、22 kDa处出现了3条共同的免疫印迹条带,表明它们很有可能含有共同的能够彼此交叉保护的抗原。利用双向电泳和免疫印迹相结合的方法,借助于MALDI-TOF-MS质谱分析技术,发现溶藻弧菌V.alginolyticus的一种功能未知的孔蛋白（Porin,GenBank Accession No.ZP₀1260407）和副溶血弧菌V.parahaemolyticus的一种麦芽糖孔蛋白的前体蛋白（Maltoporin precursor,GenBank AccessionNo.NP₈01154）能够和哈维氏弧菌V.harveyi全菌多抗产生免疫反应,表明这两种蛋白可以作为3种弧菌的交叉保护性抗原,以此制备的疫苗可望对3种弧菌的感染产生交叉保护作用。     

创伤弧菌金属蛋白酶的研究进展

研究表明创伤弧菌产生的金属蛋白酶(Vibrio vulnificus protease,VVP)与创伤弧菌的致病性密切相关。经过纯化的VVP能加强血管的渗透性,而且能破坏血管基底膜而导致严重的出血。VVP能使再生基底膜的胶化下降,使出血组织损伤。VVP前体经过水解氨基末端终止信号肽和前肽而成为成熟蛋白酶。成熟的VVP包含两个功能区域,分别是介导蛋白水解反应的氨基末端多肽片段和介导与靶目标有效连接的羧基末端片段。创伤弧菌有LuxS/AI-2和SmcR两种群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)系统,均能调控蛋白酶的表达,并且二者之间可能存在相互作用或等级反应。LuxS对创伤弧菌的致病力是必需的,但SmcR却是非必需的。     

水产品中创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌双重PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立一种同步检测创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的双重PCR方法。方法 选择副溶血弧菌tlh基因和创伤弧菌vvhA基因作为靶序列各设计一对引物。用合成的引物对副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌进行双重PCR扩增,确定特异性和最低检出限。然后用此方法对53株副溶血弧菌和7株创伤弧菌进行检测。结果 确定了双重PCR检测创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的最优反应条件,其中退火温度为60 ℃,方法具有较好的特异性。对副溶血弧菌的最低限为1.0×102 CFU/mL,创伤弧菌最低限为4.2×104 CFU/mL。双重PCR对分离株检测符合率达100%。结论 建立的双重PCR方法简便、快速、特异性好,可同时检测副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌,为水产品中病原菌的基层检测提供解决方案。     

创伤弧菌致病性及其毒力因子研究进展

创伤弧菌是一种嗜盐性的革兰阴性弧菌,存在于河海交界之处。自1964年首次被美国CDC分离出后得到了研究者的广泛关注,它与霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌合称为致人类感染的三大弧菌。创伤弧菌可引起肠胃感染、伤口感染及原发性败血症等疾病,其感染存在发病急、病死率高等特点,给公共卫生造成了沉重负担。其中,多种毒力因子在创伤弧菌的致病中起到了至关重要的作用,如溶细胞素、金属蛋白酶、铁载体、荚膜多糖等。因此,本文对创伤弧菌的生物学特性、致病情况及相关毒力因子进行了详细介绍,以期为病原微生物的诊断、预防和治疗提供新的启示。     

重组A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原的制备及初步免疫保护作用研究

诱导表达重组工程菌Pbv/cpa408后,将表达菌体超声破碎,上清经80%饱和硫酸铵一次沉淀,经透析,上凝胶过滤层析柱进行分离纯化,薄层凝胶扫描结果显示,纯化的蛋白纯度达95%以上;用纯化蛋白免疫昆明小鼠,以1.0MLD100腹腔进行攻击,被免疫小鼠获得了100%的保护。     

变性高效液相色谱技术对创伤弧菌检测的研究

应用PCR结合变性高效液相色谱技术对创伤弧菌进行检测,建立创伤弧菌快速准确的检测新方法。经过DHPLC分析条件优化,在DHPLC非变性温度下分析创伤弧菌特异性PCR扩增产物。同时进行方法特异性、灵敏度、重复性实验。实验结果表明所建立的创伤弧菌PCR-DHPLC检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高、重现性好、结果稳定可靠、检测时间短,检测低限可达到124 CFU/mL,是创伤弧菌快速检测的新技术。     

PGE2对肝病大鼠创伤弧菌攻击后血清TNF-α、IL-10水平的影响及其肾组织的保护作用

目的探讨前列腺素E2（prostaglandin E2,PGE2）免疫干预对肝病大鼠创伤弧菌（Vibrio vulnifcus,Vv）攻击后TNF-α、IL-10的影响以及与肾组织超微结构改变的相关性。方法正常大鼠9只和肝病大鼠36只,分别为正常大鼠Vv攻击组、肝病大鼠Vv攻击组、肝病Vv攻击后氧氟沙星药物治疗组、肝病Vv攻击PGE2氧氟沙星联合保护组和肝病大鼠NS组（每组n=9）。ELISA法测定血清TNF-α和IL-10含量。取各组大鼠肾标本电镜下观察超微结构病理改变。结果肝病大鼠较正常大鼠Vv攻击后IL-10低而TNF-α高（P〈0.05）;PGE2免疫干预组肾组织超微结构明显改善。结论PGE2免疫干预能上调肝病大鼠血清IL-10,抑制TNF-α的分泌,对肝病大鼠Vv攻击后肾组织具有免疫保护作用。     

Immunogenic antigens of the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus serovar E

The immunogenic antigens of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E were investigated in the eel. Fish were vaccinated by immersion with Vulnivaccine (V), revaccinated 2 years later by intraperitoneal injection (RV) and bath infected 15 days post-revaccination (RVI). The specific immune response in serum was followed in all groups, and selected sera were used for immunostaining of surface (SA) and extracellular antigens (ECA). Bacteria were grown in iron-rich (TSB and MSWYE) and iron-poor media (TSB and MSWYE plus human transferrin (TSB-T and MSWYE-T)) as well as eel serum (ES), and their SA and ECA were extracted and electrophoretically analysed. Cells grown in MSWYE-T and ES presented the same antigenic profiles, which suggests that iron-restriction is the main growth-limiting factor in vivo. The electrophoretic pattern of SA, but not that of ECA, varied with iron-availability in the growth medium. Further, SA extracted from bacteria grown in iron restriction were strongly immunogenic for eels, especially after vaccination and infection. Among the immunogenic antigens over expressed in iron-restriction, three outer membrane proteins of around 70-80 kDa, including the putative receptor for vulnibactin, together with the rapid and slow migrating forms of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were identified. The response was not so evident in the case of capsule, which was not clearly stained with any of the eel sera. With respect to ECA, two proteins, identified as the V. vulnificus protease (Vvp) and the major outer membrane protein (OMP), probably liberated to the medium after cell death, were recognised by RV and, more strongly, by RVI sera. The specific antibodies against the mentioned OMPs, LPS bands and the Vvp may contribute to the protection of vaccinated eels against infection, giving a reasonable explanation for the high effectiveness of Vulnivaccine.     

环境因子及超低温冻存对黄姑鱼精子活力的影响

通过测定精子的激活率、运动时间及寿命研究了环境因子变化对黄姑鱼精子活力的影响及超低温冻存后黄姑鱼精子的活力。结果表明,黄姑鱼精子激活与运动的适宜盐度为25～35、适宜pH为7.5～8.5。在pH 8.0～8.5、盐度25条件下,精子激活率达(85.33±2.52)%,运动时间及寿命分别为(336±14.02)s及(405.33±12.22)s。精子激活与运动的适宜NaCl、KCl、MgCl₂及葡萄糖溶液浓度分别为300～500 mmol·L^-1、600 mmol·L^-1、800～1000 mmol·L^-1及900mmol·L^-1;精子在缺少HCO₃^-的人工海水中未能被激活;精子在无Ca²⁺或无Mg²⁺的人工海水中激活率均大于80%,但运动时间及寿命均有所缩短。以Cortland及HBSS溶液为稀释液、10%EG为抗冻剂冻存黄姑鱼精子,冻精激活率>80%,运动时间均超过200s。     

Real-time PCR analysis of Vibrio vulnificus from oysters

Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen commonly found in estuarine environments. Infections are associated with raw oyster consumption and can produce rapidly fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals. Standard enumeration of this organism in shellfish or seawater is laborious and inaccurate; therefore, more efficient assays are needed. An oligonucleotide probe derived from the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was previously used for colony hybridizations to enumerate V. vulnificus. However, this method requires overnight growth, and vibrios may lack culturability under certain conditions. In the present study, we targeted the same locus for development of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Probe specificity was confirmed by amplification of 28 V. vulnificus templates and by the lack of a PCR product with 22 non-V. vulnificus strains. Detection of V. vulnificus in pure cultures was observed over a 6-log-unit linear range of concentration (10(2) to 10(8) CFU ml(-1)), with a lower limit of 72 fg of genomic DNA micro l of PCR mixture(-1) or the equivalent of six cells. Similar sensitivity was observed in DNA extracted from mixtures of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus cells. Real-time PCR enumeration of artificially inoculated oyster homogenates correlated well with colony hybridization counts (r(2) = 0.97). Numbers of indigenous V. vulnificus cells in oysters by real-time PCR showed no significant differences from numbers from plate counts with probe (t test; P = 0.43). Viable but nonculturable cells were also enumerated by real-time PCR and confirmed by the BacLight viability assay. These data indicate that real-time PCR can provide sensitive species-specific detection and enumeration of V. vulnificus in seafood.     

Real-Time PCR Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus from Oysters

Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen commonly found in estuarine environments. Infections are associated with raw oyster consumption and can produce rapidly fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals. Standard enumeration of this organism in shellfish or seawater is laborious and inaccurate; therefore, more efficient assays are needed. An oligonucleotide probe derived from the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was previously used for colony hybridizations to enumerate V. vulnificus. However, this method requires overnight growth, and vibrios may lack culturability under certain conditions. In the present study, we targeted the same locus for development of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Probe specificity was confirmed by amplification of 28 V. vulnificus templates and by the lack of a PCR product with 22 non-V. vulnificus strains. Detection of V. vulnificus in pure cultures was observed over a 6-log-unit linear range of concentration (10² to 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹), with a lower limit of 72 fg of genomic DNA μl of PCR mixture⁻¹ or the equivalent of six cells. Similar sensitivity was observed in DNA extracted from mixtures of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus cells. Real-time PCR enumeration of artificially inoculated oyster homogenates correlated well with colony hybridization counts (r² = 0.97). Numbers of indigenous V. vulnificus cells in oysters by real-time PCR showed no significant differences from numbers from plate counts with probe (t test; P = 0.43). Viable but nonculturable cells were also enumerated by real-time PCR and confirmed by the BacLight viability assay. These data indicate that real-time PCR can provide sensitive species-specific detection and enumeration of V. vulnificus in seafood.     

Virulence of Vibrio vulnificus strains from marine environments

Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from geographically diverse marine sources were compared with clinical isolates for phenotype and in vitro and in vivo production of virulence factors. There were no differences between environmental and clinical strains on the basis of biochemical characteristics or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Cytolysin and cytotoxin titers produced by environmental strains were generally comparable to those of clinical strains. Of 29 environmental isolates tested, 25 were pathogenic for mice. These data show that environmental V. vulnificus strains are phenotypically indistinguishable from clinical isolates and that approximately 90% of the environmental strains tested produced in vitro virulence factors and in vivo pathogenicity for mice comparable to those produced by clinical V. vulnificus isolates.     

不同壁材微胶囊饲料对黄姑鱼稚鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响

研究采用湿法制粒流化床包衣工艺, 分别以明胶、乙基纤维素、玉米醇溶蛋白为壁材制备微胶囊饲料, 比较其对黄姑鱼稚鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响. 粒径(178-590) m的3种微胶囊饲料质量均大于50%. 扫描电镜观察微胶囊饲料的表面均有一层较为致密的包衣薄膜. 壁材明胶、乙基纤维素、玉米醇溶蛋白微胶囊饲料的包含率分别为95.4%、95.6%和95.8%; 脂类包埋率分别为72.6%、76.5%和64.3%; 氮保留率分别为53.5%、62.3%和54.6%. 将3种微胶囊饲料分别饲喂15日龄黄姑鱼稚鱼30d. 明胶组和玉米醇溶蛋白组稚鱼的体重、全长均显著高于乙基纤维素组(P0.05), 但成活率差异不显著(P0.05); 明胶组稚鱼的体重、全长和成活率均高于玉米醇溶蛋白组, 但差异均不显著(P0.05). 明胶组稚鱼的胰蛋白酶活力显著高于乙基纤维素组和玉米醇溶蛋白组(P0.05), 但淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活力的差异均不显著(P0.05). 与乙基纤维素、玉米醇溶蛋白相比, 明胶更适合作为黄姑鱼稚鱼微胶囊饲料壁材.       

黄姑鱼（ Nibea albiflora） 与大黄鱼（ Pseudosciaena crocea） 精子超微结构的观察与比较

应用扫描电镜（SEM）与透射电镜（TEM）观察了黄姑鱼和大黄鱼精子的超微结构。结果显示,黄姑鱼和大黄鱼精子无论在形态、大小还是超微结构上都十分相似。黄姑鱼和大黄鱼精子均由头部、中段和尾部（鞭毛）3部分组成。精子头部形状近似椭圆形,无顶体,细胞核呈肾形。中心粒复合体位于细胞核背侧,近、远端中心粒相互垂直,远端中心粒分化成基体并形成轴丝。中段的袖套呈筒状,4～5个圆形的线粒体围绕轴丝呈环形排列。精子尾部为单鞭毛,轴丝为典型“9＋2”结构,鞭毛表面质膜形成不规则侧鳍。     

Resuscitation of Vibrio vulnificus from the Viable but Nonculturable State

Like many other gram-negative bacteria, the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus is induced into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state by incubation at low temperatures. The ability of any bacterium to resuscitate from this dormant state would appear to be essential if the VBNC state is truly a survival strategy. The question as to whether the culturable cells which appear following removal of the inducing stress are a result of true resuscitation or of regrowth of a few residual culturable cells has long been debated. V. vulnificus was examined for its ability to resuscitate from this state following a temperature upshift. Several lines of investigation, including dilution studies, determination of the time necessary for appearance of a culturable population, and the effects of nutrient on recovery, all indicated that, at least for V. vulnificus, true resuscitation does occur. Our studies further suggest that nutrient is in some way inhibitory to the resuscitation of cells in the VBNC state and that studies which add nutrient in an attempt to detect resuscitation are able to detect only residual culturable cells which might be present and which were not inhibited by the added nutrient.     

Effects of temperature abuse on survival of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters.

Opaque and translucent morphotypes of a TnphoA-containing strain of Vibrio vulnificus were fed to oysters, which were subsequently stored at temperatures ranging from 0.5 to 22 degrees C for 10 days. Samples of oysters were homogenized and plated at intervals to determine the cell density of V. vulnificus and total aerobic population of bacteria present. At all temperatures, the numbers of V. vulnificus (both morphotypes) declined over the 10-day study period. The same observation was made with a lower inoculum of V. vulnificus. Identical experiments with shucked oysters showed a more rapid decrease in V. vulnificus. Identical experiments with shucked oysters showed a more rapid decrease in V. vulnificus to levels below limits of detection. Little change in the total bacterial counts was observed in shellstock oysters at any of the test temperatures, whereas incubation at the higher temperatures (17 and 22 degrees C) resulted in large increases in total counts in shucked oysters. These data suggest that temperature abuse of oysters may not be a factor in increasing the public health risk of V. vulnificus through raw oyster consumption. However, the data also suggest that even with proper storage, indigenous levels of V. vulnificus may remain sufficiently higher in shellstock oysters to produce infection in compromised hosts.     

Effects of temperature abuse on survival of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters.

Opaque and translucent morphotypes of a TnphoA-containing strain of Vibrio vulnificus were fed to oysters, which were subsequently stored at temperatures ranging from 0.5 to 22 degrees C for 10 days. Samples of oysters were homogenized and plated at intervals to determine the cell density of V. vulnificus and total aerobic population of bacteria present. At all temperatures, the numbers of V. vulnificus (both morphotypes) declined over the 10-day study period. The same observation was made with a lower inoculum of V. vulnificus. Identical experiments with shucked oysters showed a more rapid decrease in V. vulnificus. Identical experiments with shucked oysters showed a more rapid decrease in V. vulnificus to levels below limits of detection. Little change in the total bacterial counts was observed in shellstock oysters at any of the test temperatures, whereas incubation at the higher temperatures (17 and 22 degrees C) resulted in large increases in total counts in shucked oysters. These data suggest that temperature abuse of oysters may not be a factor in increasing the public health risk of V. vulnificus through raw oyster consumption. However, the data also suggest that even with proper storage, indigenous levels of V. vulnificus may remain sufficiently higher in shellstock oysters to produce infection in compromised hosts.