兔侧脑室注射胰高血糖素对血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度的影响

我们最近曾报道,向兔侧脑室内注射胰高血糖素有明显降低血浆自由脂肪酸的作用。本工作又进一步观察了它对空腹血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度的影响。结果发现:(1)对血清总胆固醇浓度无明显作用;(2)能引起血清甘油三酯浓度的下降,且与剂量有依赖关系,在注射后的 75min降低最显著,以后则逐渐恢复;(3)皮下注射阿托品(0.2mg/kg)或静脉注射心得安(5mg/kg)均不能消除侧脑室注射胰高血糖素降低血清甘油三酯的作用;(4)静脉注射酚妥拉明(5mg/kg)能阻断侧脑室注射胰高血糖素的降低血清甘油三酯的作用。这些结果表明脑内的胰高血糖素对血清甘油三酯的影响可能是通过肾上腺素α-受体起作用的。     

侧脑室注射胰高血糖素对兔血浆自由脂肪酸、血糖及胰岛素浓度的影响

胰高血糖素是一种脑-肠肽,但它在脑中的生理作用尚不清楚。本工作在家兔侧脑室埋藏慢性套管,并通过注射20μl含0.5—5μg的胰高血糖素溶液,在注射后的15、45、75、105分钟各取血样测定血糖、血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)和胰岛素的浓度。结果发现:(1)对血糖及血浆胰岛素浓度无明显影响;(2)能引起血浆 FFA 浓度降低,且与剂量有依赖关系,在注射后的45分钟,FFA 降低最明显,以后逐渐恢复;(3)皮下注射阿托品(0.2mg/kg)或静脉注射酚妥拉明(5mg/kg)均不能消除侧脑室注射胰高血糖素降低 FFA 的作用;(4)静脉注射心得安(5mg/kg)能阻断侧脑室注射胰高血糖素的降低 FFA 的作用。这似表明脑中的胰高血糖素可能参与脂代谢的调节,并可能是通过肾上腺素β-受体起作用的。     

肾康注射液对链脲佐菌素诱导的大鼠DN的作用研究

目的:研究肾康注射液(SKI)对糖尿病肾病(DN)的作用。方法:采用大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素65 mg/kg体重建立DN大鼠模型,SKI高、中、低分别腹腔注射SKI 10 m L/kg,5 m L/kg,2.5 m L/kg,2次/天;正常组和模型组分别给予生理盐水5 m L/kg,2次/天;8周后,观察、测量相应生化和病理等指标。结果:SKI可明显增强DN大鼠肾脏对血肌酐和血尿素氮的清除率,显著降低血液中总胆固醇、甘油三脂和低密度脂蛋白的含量和升高血液中高密度脂蛋白含量,显著升高血清中T-SOD和CAT的活力,降低血清中NO及MDA含量和降低血清中NOS的活力,显著改善糖尿病引起的肾组织损伤。结论:SKI对治疗DN的治疗作用是肯定的其主要表现在改善血脂代谢紊乱,增强机体抗氧化应激能力及增强肾脏对肌酐和尿素氮的清除能力进而改善肾脏损伤。     

岩藻多糖在2型糖尿病大鼠模型的作用及机制研究

目的:研究岩藻多糖(Fucoidan)对链脲佐菌素诱导实验性2型糖尿病大鼠的治疗作用.方法:在SD大鼠建立2型糖尿病动物模型,随机分为5组,分别用生理盐水、岩藻多糖高、中、低剂量(600mg/kg、400mg/kg、150mg/kg)、二甲双胍(200mg/kg)灌胃给药30天,同时采用正常SD大鼠为正常对照.测定各组大鼠体重、空腹血糖、血脂和血清胰岛素水平.结果:高、中剂量岩藻多糖能够明显降低模型动物空腹血糖水平,降低空腹胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P<0.05),升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P<0.05),其作用效果与阳性对照药二甲双胍效果相当.低剂量岩藻多糖作用效果不明显.结论:岩藻多糖有降血糖、调节血脂紊乱的功能,时实验性2型糖尿病大鼠有治疗作用.     

脱氢表雄酮对大鼠脂类代谢和抗氧化作用的影响

目的：研究灌胃脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）对大鼠脂类代谢和抗氧化作用的影响。方法：选用健康雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组（n=10）。对照组灌胃给予灭菌生理盐水,实验组灌胃给予20mg／kg、10mg／kg、5mg／kg体重的DHEA受试溶液,灌胃量均为1．5ml。每天一次,连续35d。实验结束后采血测定血糖（BG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TO）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）,血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：DHEA显著降低大鼠血糖、TG、HDL-c及血清和肝脏MDA含量,显著升高血清LDL-c含量和肝脏SOD活性,而对大鼠体重、血清TC含量和SOD活性没有显著影响。结论：DHEA具有降低大鼠血脂和增强抗氧化能力的作用。     

侧脑室注射共轭亚油酸(CLA)对大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

观察侧脑室注射共轭亚油酸(Conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)对SD大鼠糖脂代谢的影响及其可能的机制。方法:向正常SD大鼠侧脑室内注射共轭亚油酸(CLA),分别于注射后2、4、8、12、24小时采血,试剂盒法测血糖、胰岛素、瘦素、血甘油三脂、血胆固醇、血高密度脂蛋白。48小时后处死,分离动物的脂肪(皮下、内脏、肾周、睾周)进行称重,计算体脂比。结果:与对照组相比,侧脑室注射CLA48小时后,大鼠脂体比、皮下脂肪、睾周脂肪均下降。术后2-12h血糖降低,血清胰岛素浓度也降低,而且持续的时间较长(48h)。侧脑室注射CLA对脂代谢有影响,2h时血清甘油三酯升高、胆固醇降低、4h时高密度脂蛋白升高。结论:共轭亚油酸能够通过中枢神经系统调节外周糖脂代谢,这可能与其能减轻体重的机制有关。     

消炎痛对四氧嘧啶引起的大鼠糖尿病的保护作用

本工作观察了预先给予消炎痛对四氧嘧啶引起的糖尿病大鼠血糖、血清胰岛素和胰高血糖素浓度的影响。结果表明:预先皮下注射消炎痛能使糖尿病大鼠血糖浓度明显降低,并且具有明显的量效关系。在消炎痛剂量5,10,15mg/kg时,注射四氧嘧啶48h后血糖浓度由对照组的591.5±38.2mg％分别降低到559.1±53.2,463.2±16.6和266.6±29.9mg％。在注射消炎痛10mg/kg的实验组,血清胰岛素浓度由对照组的10.5±2.7μU/ml增加到31.9±7.0μU/ml,胰高血糖素由对照组的550.0±27.0pg/ml降低到303.1±22.9pg/ml。组织学观察结果表明,消炎痛对四氧嘧啶引起的大鼠胰岛β细胞的损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

新型褪黑素受体激动剂Neu-p11对自发性高血压大鼠血压的影响

目的:探讨Neu-p11对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压及血清一氧化氮(NO)和内皮素-1(ET-1)含量的影响。方法:40只SHR大鼠随机分为4组(n=10):SHR模型组、Neu-p11低剂量组(5mg/kg)、Neu-p11中剂量组(15mg/kg)和Neu-p11高剂量组(50mg/kg)。另取10只WKY大鼠设为正常对照组。每日腹腔注射药物一次,连续5周,观察药物对大鼠收缩压、血清NO及ET-1含量的影响。结果:Neu-p11能有效降低自发性高血压大鼠的收缩压,Neup11低剂量组、Neu-p11中剂量组和Neu-p11高剂量组与SHR组相比具有显著性差异(P0.05);Neu-p11能升高自发性高血压大鼠血清NO含量,降低自发性高血压大鼠血清ET-1含量,与SHR组相比,各组均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:Neu-p11具有抗高血压作用,其作用可能与促进血清中的NO合成与释放以及降低血清ET-1的含量有关。     

芫根提取物对高血脂症大鼠调节作用的初步研究

为了探讨芫根的降血脂功效,分别用剂量为400 mg/kg·d、800 mg/kg·d、1600 mg/kg·d的芫根95%乙醇提取物(EE95)和芫根醇沉水提物(WE)连续灌胃营养型高血脂症模型SD大鼠,检测各组大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平及肝脏系数.结果表明:芫根具有辅助降血脂的功效,与高脂模型组比较,EE95和WE各剂量组均能不同程度地降低TC、TG、LDL-C水平,HDL-C则不同程度高于高脂模型组;EE95高剂量组能降低血清中LDL-C的含量.EE95和WE对大鼠的肝脏系数均无显著影响.     

降浊颗粒预防性给药对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂含量的影响

目的:研究降浊颗粒对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂含量的影响。方法:采用高脂高胆固醇饲喂大鼠4周,建立大鼠高脂血症模型,造模同时给药,分别于给药第2、4周后剪尾取血,检测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量。结果:降浊颗粒分别以800mg/kg、400mg/kg和200mg/kg给大鼠预防性灌胃2周及4周时,均具有明显降低高脂模型动物血清TC、TG和LDL-cho含量,同时使TC/HDL-cho比值也明显降低的作用(与模型组比较分别为(P<0.001;P<0.01或P<0.05),并具有良好的量-效关系。结论:降浊颗粒可明显抑制实验性大鼠高脂血症的形成,主要能明显降低血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。     

Involvement of hypothalamic somatostatin in glucagon-induced suppression of growth hormone secretion in conscious rats

The role of central glucagon in regulating GH secretion was studied in conscious male rats with chronic indwelling intra-atrial and intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) cannulae. Repeated blood sampling every 20 min from 1000 hr to 1700 hr showed two major GH bursts occurring at regular intervals (3.6±0.1 hr) around 1200 hr and 1540 hr. The ICV (lateral ventricle) injection of glucagon (10 μg/rat) at 1100 hr inhibited spontaneous GH secretion, and the mean (±SE) plasma GH levels from 1120 hr to 1700 hr were lower than those in controls injected ICV with the vehicle solution only (31.9±7.8 ng/ml vs. 157.1±13.4 ng/ml, p<0.01). The GH bursts did not appear until 5 hr after the injection. The intravenous (IV) injection of glucagon (10 μg/rat) did not change plasma GH levels or the occurrence of spontaneous GH bursts. The glucagon-induced suppression of GH release was attenuated when anti-somatostatin serum (ASS), but not normal rabbit serum (NRS), was given IV in a volume of 0.25 ml immediately before the ICV injection of glucagon (10 μg/rat) (mean GH levels at 1120–1700 hr: ASS+glucagon, 133.6±26.7 ng/ml vs. NRS+glucagon, 30.5±7.4 ng/ml, p<0.01). These findings suggest that central glucagon may play an inhibitory role in regulating GH secretion by stimulating SRIF release from the hypothalamus in the rat.     

家兔迷走神经-胰岛素系统在脑内八肽胆囊收缩素降低血浆自由脂肪酸中的作用

本工作用制备有侧脑瘘管的进行慢性实验,在迷走神经切断前后向侧脑室内灌注八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8),观察血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)浓度变化与胰岛素释放的关系,以及在用四氧嘧啶破坏胰岛 B 细胞后,对 CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 作用的影响。结果如下:迷走神经切断前向侧脑室灌注 CCK-8引起血浆 FFA 下降,同时,血浆胰岛素水平明显升高,两者变化呈明显负相关。切断迷走神经以后,向侧脑室内灌注 CCK-8,不再产生血浆胰岛素水平的升高,血浆 FFA 浓度下降的反应也消失。破坏胰岛 B 细胞,造成胰岛素分泌障碍,向侧脑室内灌注 CCK-8不再引起血浆 FFA 浓度降低。根据以上结果,似可推想,侧脑室灌注 CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 的作用,可能是通过迷走神经引起胰岛素释放的增加而实现的。     

Role of lipolytic enzymes in the development of hyperlipidemia induced by administration of heterologous albumin in rabbits

Experiments on rabbits have shown hyperlipidemia to develop within the first 48 h after a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA, fraction V). The mean concentration of blood plasma triglycerides (TG) was considerably higher than normal (by 262% after 24 and by 625% after 48 h). The cholesterol content was also elevated (by 80 and 270%, respectively). Following 7 and 14 days the lipid concentration returned to normal. The plasma post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity (PHP-LPL) was lower 24 h and 7 days after BSA injection and the hypotriglyceridemic effect of heparin was less pronounced. The data obtained support the hypothesis that hyperlipidemia provoked by a single intravenous injection of BSA to rabbits results from low PHP-LPL activity and possible changes in TG-rich lipoprotein substrate affinity for the enzyme.     

Effects of Y. pestis mouse toxin on carbohydrate metabolism in rats

Effects of intravenous Y. pestis mouse toxin (LD50) injection on glucose, lactate glucagon, insulin blood levels and cAMP liver content in dynamics of intoxication development were studied. Hypoglycemia, observed 2 hours after toxin administration seems not to be due to the enhanced glucose utilization in peripheral tissues because insulin blood level during this period was decreased and lactate concentration has not been changed. Glucagon content by 2-5 hour of shock was strong elevated. Proposal is made that Y. pestis mouse toxin might induce carbohydrate metabolism alterations via direct liver glucose synthesising enzymes inhibition rather than cAMP-dependent glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis regulation disturbances in this organ.     

Slow elimination of a prazosin metabolite compared to prazosin kinetics after its intravenous administration to rabbits

Serum concentration profiles of prazosin and its metabolite 2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-amine-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline after intravenous bolus administration to rabbits (0.5 mg/kg) were shown to be biphasic. Rapid decline related to distribution was followed by a terminal slope lasting for up to 24 hours. Prazosin level in this phase decreased, its elimination half-life being about 9 hours, while the metabolite serum level was almost constant between 4 and 24 hours and averaged 0.9 mumol/l. This is in keeping with the earlier suggested extremely low elimination rate of this metabolite. Enterohepatic recirculation may account for this phenomenon, as well as a significant rise in the metabolite serum concentration I hour after the injection.     

Profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rabbits after experimentally induced acute pancreatitis

In a recent study we have demonstrated that interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) serum levels correlate positively with the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP), induced by bile acid injected into the pancreatic duct of rabbits. In this article we describe the effect of an IL-10 analogue IT9302 and a monoclonal anti-IL-8 (mon. IL-8) antibody on the content of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rabbits, after induction of AP. We found that the serum content of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) are increased during AP. Injection of IT9302 or mon. IL-8 antibody, diminish the concentration of these cytokines in the serum, with the exception that mon. IL-8 antibody actually increased the circulating level of MCP-1. In addition, intravenous administration of IT9302 increased the serum levels of IRAP, an IL-1beta receptor antagonistic cytokine. Furthermore, intravenous injection of mon. IL-8 antibody increased serum levels of IL-4. It can be concluded that both the human IL-10 analogue IT9302 and mon. IL-8 antibody are able to alter the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in rabbits suffering from experimentally induced AP.     

四种胃肠激素对链佐霉素诱发的小鼠高血糖的影响

本实验用腹腔注射链佐霉素(Streptozotocin简称STZ)方法破坏小鼠胰岛B细胞以诱发高血糖,观察生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)、神经降压素(neurotensin,NT)、胰高血糖素(glucagon,GC)和促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)4种胃肠激素对小鼠高血糖的影响。在每天腹腔注射STZ(60mg/kg)前10分钟分别经皮下注射上述4种胃肠激素,连续注射5天,在实验的第1,6,8,10,15天取血测血清葡萄糖浓度,对照组注射生理盐水(NS)。结果发现:(1)预先注射SS和NT可不同程度地抑制由STZ引起的实验性高血糖,并呈剂量一效应关系,(2)预先注射GC和TRH,血糖浓度仍明显升高,与NS对照组比较无显著差异,(3)取注射STZ后第15天的高血糖小鼠(血糖高于350mg％者)分为8组,分别以SS和NT作治疗性注射,每天一次共5日,并未见对小鼠高血糖有缓解效果;(4)正常小鼠单独皮下注射NS、SS、NT、GC、和TRH,每天一次连续5天,在注射后15天内未见对血糖水平有明显影响。以上结果提示:预防性注射SS和NT可显著抑制由STZ诱发的高血糖的产生。     

Splenic role in the regulation of immune responses.

Evidence for a splenic role in regulating antibody production in other lymphoid tissue was obtained in a system in which cyclical fluctuations of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) occur following a single intravenous injection of aggregated human γ-globulin in rabbits. First, PFC arising simultaneously in the mesenteric nodes, peripheral blood, and spleen appear to be derived from the spleen since splenectomy prior to antigen injection abrogated these responses. Second, a noncyclical appearance of PFC in popliteal nodes of rabbits responding to subcutaneous injection of antigen was converted to a cyclical response by simultaneous intravenous injection of antigen, an effect which was abolished by splenectomy prior to antigen injection. It is suggested that, following an intravenous injection of antigen, both suppressor cells as well as antibody-forming precursors may be activated in the spleen and disseminated to other lymphoid tissue.     

Overproduction of gamma interferon in B/Jas inbred rabbits with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.

Inbred rabbits of the B/Jas strain are highly susceptible to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, developing seizures of encephalitis after intravenous injection of the KOS strain of the virus. Anti-viral interferon activity became detectable in the serum just prior to or at the onset of seizures, its level being lower in the serum than in the cerebrospinal fluid. The activity was of gamma interferon, as suggested by the acid instability and the inability of Mx protein induction. An immunohistochemical analysis of the brain tissues of encephalitic rabbits showed that MHC class I antigen was expressed on the microglia cells of inflamed lesions but not on these cells in uninflamed areas. These findings were discussed in correlation with the pathogenesis of herpetic encephalitis in the inbred rabbits.     

Alterations of Nuclear Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Cerebral Cortex In Vivo

Abstract: Investigation was conducted under in vivo conditions in the adult male rat to determine the basic characteristics of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in the cerebral cortex. Equilibrium with cortical nuclei of an intravenous dose of triiodothyronine (T₃) occurred 3 h after injection and showed a t _1/2 of 1 h for dissociation. Saturation of receptors occurred at 0.5–0.6 ng/mg DNA. The endogenous level of binding in the normal rat was 0.07–0.1 ng/mg DNA, representing a 15% occupancy of total receptors at a serum concentration of 66 ng/dl. These characteristics were then examined under several pathophysiological conditions. In the hypothyroid rat, an apparent 37% in-crease in total binding sites occurred. Under either fasting conditions or insulin or glucagon administration declines in serum T₃ were noted, and the endogenous binding also decreased in parallel. Only glucagon produced a significant reduction in total binding sites. Under the hypoxic condition produced by maintenance under a 7% oxygen atmosphere, a slight increase in apparent total binding sites was found with no change in endogenous binding level. Severe narcosis resulted in no effects on T₃ binding parameters. These results demonstrate specific alterations of thyroid hormone receptors that may be important physiologically.