完全弗氏佐剂诱导大鼠慢性骨盆疼痛综合征炎性痛模型的制备*

目的: 建立大鼠慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(CPPS)炎性痛模型并进行评价,为CPPS炎症引起的慢性骨盆疼痛的外周及中枢机制研究提供可靠的动物模型。方法: 将60只SD雄性大鼠随机分成空白组,假手术组和模型组,每组20只。采用向大鼠前列腺腹侧叶注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)的方法制备CPPS炎性痛模型。术后观察大鼠一般情况变化;分别于造模后7 d,14 d,21 d,28 d,35 d测定大鼠足底和阴囊热刺激疼痛阈值;取材后前列腺组织称重计算前列腺指数;显微镜下观察大鼠前列腺组织病理变化并用半定量法评价前列腺组织损伤程度,以评价模型是否成功。结果: 模型成功17只,成模率为85%。与空白组和假手术组比较,造模后大鼠的活动度、毛发光泽度降低,排尿量增加。足底和阴囊热刺激疼痛阈值显著降低并可稳定维持1个月以上(P＜0.01)。前列腺湿重和前列腺指数均显著性提高(P＜0.01)。前列腺组织肉眼可见明显水肿,与周围组织粘连严重;镜下可见腺腔萎缩,间质内大量炎性细胞浸润。结论: 利用向大鼠前列腺腹侧叶注射CFA的方法,可成功复制CPPS炎性痛模型,这将为后续CPPS发病机制的研究,特别是疼痛行为与潜在炎症和神经损伤之间的机制联系提供有价值的工具。     

NOS抑制剂对甲醛炎性痛诱导的大鼠痛反应及脊髓神经元凋亡的影响

目的：观察甲醛炎性痛是否可诱导脊髓神经元凋亡以及一氧化氮（NO）对甲醛炎性痛诱导的大鼠痛反应以及脊髓神经元凋亡的影响。方法：采用行为学方法观察大鼠自发痛反应,流式细胞术检测脊髓神经元凋亡率。结果：与正常大鼠比较,甲醛炎性痛可诱导大鼠脊髓神经元凋亡率明显增加,于注射甲醛后3d时最为明显。预先鞘内注射NOS抑制剂L-NAME可剂量依赖性抑制足底注射甲醛诱导的大鼠第一相和第二相痛反应,并可剂量依赖性抑制足底注射甲醛诱导的脊髓神经元凋亡过程;正常大鼠鞘内注射L-Arg也可诱发出伤害性反应和脊髓神经元凋亡。结论：甲醛炎性痛可诱导脊髓神经元发生凋亡,于注射甲醛后3d神经元凋亡最为明显;炎性痛诱导的NO产生增多促进了脊髓伤害性信息传递过程,并在炎性痛诱导的脊髓神经元凋亡过程中发挥促进作用。     

吗啡抑制福氏佐剂致炎大鼠触诱发痛的机制

目的:观察吗啡对炎性大鼠触诱发痛的作用并进一步探讨其机制.方法:应用电生理技术记录后二头半腱(PBST)肌肌电及胫神经A、C类纤维单位放电.结果:静脉注射吗啡(1 mg/kg)能明显抑制大鼠炎症侧PBST肌伤害性屈肌反射,此作用可被纳洛酮(1 mg/kg)阻断;相同剂量的吗啡对来自炎症脚趾的胫神经A类纤维自发放电无影响,但却可明显抑制相同侧C类纤维的自发放电.结论:吗啡抑制炎性大鼠触诱发痛,此作用是通过中枢神经系统而非通过外周神经系统实现.     

反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用及其机制研究

本研究从基础和临床两方面观察了反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用,并结合疼痛患者及慢性痛动物模型中几种神经肽的放射免疫测定及相应受体拮抗剂的药理学研究结果,探讨了产生累加效应的可能机制。结果表明,在临床脊髓损伤性痉挛患者,１００Ｈｚ穴位体表电刺激有效地缓解痉挛并有累加效应;在临床慢性痛患者,２／１５Ｈｚ变频ＴＥＮＳ刺激有效地治疗疼痛并具有累加效应。在关节炎模型大鼠,电针刺激能产生明显的镇痛并具有累加效     

白细胞介素－2中枢镇痛作用途径的探讨

抗ＩＬ－２受体α亚基的单克隆抗体不能阻断ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用,以及丧失与ＩＬ－２受体β亚基结合能力的ＩＬ－２突变体仍具有提高大鼠痛阈的能力,这表明ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用并不是通过ＩＬ－２受体所介导,亦表示ＩＬ－２的免疫和镇痛作用是通过不同的受体途径实现的。加之内源性阿片肽与ＩＬ－２分子有着共同的抗原决定基和结构相似性,提示ＩＬ－２可以与阿片受体直接结合产生中枢镇痛效应。从放射免疫法测定的ＩＬ－２侧脑室注射后不同时间大鼠脑内不同核团的内源性阿片肽含量,推测ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用可能还与弓状核、室旁核、蓝斑等核团的β－ＥＰ和ＬＥＫ有关。     

甲醛炎性痛对大鼠脊髓HO-1表达的影响

目的:观察足底注射甲醛引起的外周组织炎性疼痛是否可诱导大鼠脊髓血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)表达发生改变以及变化的时程特征。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组(n=6):对照组(control组)、甲醛6 h组(F6 h组)、甲醛12 h(F12 h组)、甲醛1 d组(F1 d组)、甲醛2 d组(F2 d组)、甲醛3 d组(F3 d组)和甲醛7 d组(F7 d组)。采用足底注射甲醛溶液复制炎性痛模型,采用免疫组织化学方法检测左、右两侧脊髓后角以及中央管周围灰质HO-1蛋白的表达。结果:Control组大鼠HO-1免疫反应阳性细胞在脊髓后角及中央管周围灰质仅有少量分布,且这些细胞染色较浅。足底注射甲醛后6 h,L5节段双侧脊髓后角和中央管周围灰质HO-1免疫反应阳性细胞数目即有所增多,足底注射甲醛后12 h时,双侧脊髓后角和中央管周围灰质HO-1免疫反应阳性细胞数目进一步增多,阳性细胞染色明显加深,1 d时阳性细胞数目和染色深度均达到高峰,7 d时仍高于control组水平。各时间点双侧脊髓后角比较,阳性细胞数目和阳性细胞染色深度均无明显差异。结论:大鼠足底注射甲醛引起的炎性痛可诱导双侧脊髓后角和中央管周围灰质HO-1表达增多,以注射甲醛后1 d时增多最为明显。     

一种刺激内脏大神经的慢性测痛方法

用聚四氟乙烯绝缘多股银丝作双极电极,埋置于左侧大内脏神经上,以刺激大内脏神经引起行为反应所需的最小电流强度作为内脏痛觉阈值。刺激参数为短串单相方波,串长500ms,波宽1ms,频率40Hz,强度为每隔5s递增约0.1mA,至出现行为反应时停止。30只家兔121次测试,内脏痛阈均值为1.16±0.056mA。在18只家兔中每只兔测定12次痛阈,其阈值相当稳定,波动在0.07mA 之间,用随机区组方差分析无显著意义。在14只家兔中静脉注射芬坦尼(20μg/kg),5min 后阈值升高显著,维持15min,其后渐趋恢复。作者认为,本方法可用于测定内脏痛阈的实验研究。     

电针干预慢性炎性痛的杏仁核潜在蛋白筛选

目的 本研究旨在对完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund's adjuvant,CFA)诱导的慢性疼痛大鼠的杏仁核进行同位素标记的相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ)蛋白质组学分析,并对蛋白质表达进行综合分析,以探讨...     

阻断炎症部位5-HT2A受体对大鼠完全弗氏佐剂诱发炎性痛和脊髓背角神经肽Y表达的作用

炎症时组织释放5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT),对炎性痛觉过敏的产生起重要作用。但炎症组织5-HT2A受体在其中的意义尚不明确。本文旨在研究外周组织5-HT2A受体在慢性炎性痛中的作用。大鼠后足底注射完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA),在局部炎性部位给予选择性5-HT2A受体阻断剂酮色林,用行为学检测后足底对热和机械刺激的撤足反射,用免疫组织化学方法检查脊髓背角和背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)中神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)表达变化。结果显示,炎症局部给予酮色林(20、40、80μg)能剂量依赖性地抑制CFA诱发的热痛觉过敏;每日给予80μg酮色林,在第三天即完全翻转CFA引起的热痛觉过敏,以及部分地减轻触觉超敏。CFA诱发脊髓背角I~II层NPY表达增加,炎症组织局部注射酮色林能抑制脊髓背角NPY的表达增加,但不改变DRG中NPY的表达。这些结果表明:外周炎症组织5-HT2A受体激活参与慢性痛觉过敏的发生;阻断炎症部位5-HT2A受体能缓解疼痛,矫正与病理疼痛密切关联的脊髓背角细胞异常改变。因此,外周5-HT2A受体,有望成为治疗慢性炎性痛觉敏感性增高、不产生中枢神经系统副作用的药物靶点。     

白细胞介素－2的中枢镇痛作用

本实验采用侧脑室给药,以钾离子透入法引起大鼠甩尾反应为指标,测定动物的痛阈,发现白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）具有显著提高大鼠痛阈的作用,此作用能被抗ＩＬ－２单克隆抗体所阻断。纳洛酮能反转ＩＬ－２的镇痛作用,表明其作用机理与阿片受体有关。     

Fragile X mental retardation protein-regulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal cord contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant

Studies have verified that Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein, plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of formalin- and (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced abnormal pain sensations. However, the role of FMRP in inflammatory pain has not been reported. Here, we showed an increase in FMRP expression in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) in a rat model of inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that FMRP was mainly expressed in spinal neurons and colocalized with proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. After consecutive intrathecal injection of fragile X mental retardation 1 small interfering RNA for 3 days post-CFA injection, FMRP expression in the SDH was reduced, and CFA-induced hyperalgesia was decreased. In addition, the CFA-induced increase in spinal TNF-α and IL-6 production was significantly suppressed by intrathecal administration of fragile X mental retardation 1 small interfering RNA. Together, these results suggest that FMRP regulates TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the SDH and plays an important role in inflammatory pain.

     

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)与炎性痛

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)是TRP超家族的成员之一,是一种非选择性的阳离子通道。TRPV1广泛分布于伤害性感受器上,并且在伤害性感受器中起重要作用。TRPV1能够感受伤害性刺激,将之转化为动作电位,传至中枢形成痛觉。炎症时释放的许多炎症介质都能够与TRPV1发生相互作用,产生疼痛或痛觉过敏,并且通过各种不同的信号通路来调制TRPV1的活性。深入研究TRPV1的作用机制,有助于理解痛觉生理和开发新型镇痛药物。     

The role of TRPV1 in different subtypes of dorsal root ganglion neurons in rat chronic inflammatory nociception induced by complete Freund's adjuvant

Background

The aberrant release of the neurotransmitters, glutamate and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), from trigeminal neurons has been implicated in migraine. The voltage-gated P/Q-type calcium channel has a critical role in controlling neurotransmitter release and has been linked to Familial Hemiplegic Migraine. Therefore, we examined the importance of voltage-dependent calcium channels in controlling release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal ganglion neurons isolated from male and female rats and grown in culture. Serotonergic pathways are likely involved in migraine, as triptans, a class of 5-HT₁ receptor agonists, are effective in the treatment of migraine and their effectiveness may be due to inhibiting neurotransmitter release from trigeminal neurons. We also studied the effect of serotonin receptor activation on release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons grown in culture.

Results

P/Q-, N- and L-type channels each mediate a significant fraction of potassium-stimulated release of glutamate and CGRP. We determined that 5-HT significantly inhibits potassium-stimulated release of both glutamate and CGRP. Serotonergic inhibition of both CGRP and glutamate release can be blocked by pertussis toxin and NAS-181, a 5-HT_1B/1D antagonist. Stimulated release of CGRP is unaffected by Y-25130, a 5-HT₃ antagonist and SB 200646, a 5-HT_2B/2C antagonist.

Conclusion

These data suggest that release of both glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons is controlled by calcium channels and modulated by 5-HT signaling in a pertussis-toxin dependent manner and probably via 5-HT₁ receptor signaling. This is the first characterization of glutamate release from trigeminal neurons grown in culture.     

Lipoxygenase inhibitors suppressed carrageenan-induced Fos-expression and inflammatory pain responses in the rat

Lipoxygenase (LO) metabolites are generated in inflamed tissues. However, it is unclear whether the inhibition of the LO activity regulates the expression of c-Fos protein, a pain marker in the spinal cord. Here we used a carrageenan-induced inflammation model to examine the role of LO in the development of c-Fos expression. Intradermally injected carrageenan caused elevated number of cells exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the spinal dorsal horn, and decreased the thermal and mechanical threshold in Hargreaves and von Frey tests. Pretreatment with an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, that generates the LO substrate, prior to the carrageenan injection significantly reduced the number of Fos-(+) cells. A general LO inhibitor NDGA, a 5-LO inhibitor AA-861 and a 12-LO inhibitor baicalein also exhibited the similar effects. Moreover, the LO inhibitors suppressed carrageenan-induced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesic behaviors, which inidcates that the changes in Fos expression correlates with those in the nociceptive behaviors in the inflamed rats. LO products are endogenous TRPV1 activators and pretreatment with BCTC, a TRPV1 antagonist inhibited the thermal but not the mechanical hypersensitivity. Overall, our results from the Fos-LI and behavior tests suggest that LO products released from inflamed tissues contribute to nociception during carrageenan-induced inflammation, indicating that the LO pathway is a possible target for modulating inflammatory pain. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

甲醛炎性痛诱导大鼠海马神经元凋亡

目的：观察甲醛炎性痛是否可诱导大鼠海马神经元凋亡。方法：采用行为学方法观察大鼠自发痛反应,流式细胞术检测海马神经元凋亡率,免疫组织化学法检测海马神经元p53蛋白的表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,大鼠足底皮下注射甲醛后海马神经元凋亡率显著增高,海马各区p53蛋白表达明显增加,二者均于注射甲醛后3d达高峰;足底两次注射甲醛和一次注射甲醛组比较,大鼠自发痛反应增强,并且海马神经元凋亡率进一步增加。结论：甲醛炎性痛可诱导大鼠海马神经元凋亡,这种改变具有一定的时程特征;海马神经元凋亡率与疼痛强度有关;p53蛋白的表达增加可能参与了伤害性信息传入对神经元凋亡的诱导。     

Therapeutic effects of standardized Vitex negundo seeds extract on complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis in rats

The seeds of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) have been commonly used as a folk remedy for the treatment of rheumatism and joint inflammation in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of the extract of V. negundo seeds (EVNS) using Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis (AA) in rat model. As a result, EVNS, with abundant phenylnaphthalene-type lignans, significantly inhibited the paw edema, decreased the arthritis score and spleen index, and reversed the weight loss of CFA-injected rats. Histopathological studies showed a marked decrease of synovial inflammatory infiltration and synovial lining hyperplasia in the joints of EVNS-treated animals. The remarkable decrement of serum inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were observed in EVNS-treated rats, whereas, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was found to be significantly increased by EVNS. The expressions of COX-2 and 5-LOX in PBMC were also inhibited by administration of EVNS. Our results demonstrated that V. negundo seeds possessed potential therapeutic effect on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats by decreasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increasing that of IL-10 in serum as well as down-regulating the levels of COX-2 and 5-LOX, and therefore may be an effective cure for the treatment of human rheumatoid arthritis.     

一氧化氮在炎性疼痛中的作用

一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）是细胞内重要的信使分子和神经递质,它参与多种生命活动,包括炎性疼痛.NO对炎性疼痛的发展和维持起到了重要的作用.研究NO在疼痛中所起到的作用及其机制有利于阐明痛觉生理和发现疼痛治疗的新手段.目前研究表明,脊髓水平NO参与炎性疼痛调制的可能机制主要有NO/cGMP途径、参与调控即刻早期基因、与其他神经递质的协同作用.另外研究表明,3种类型的一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthases,NOS）在炎性疼痛过程中被激活或者有不同程度的增强表达.     

枸杞多糖的抗炎镇痛作用研究

为研究枸杞多糖的抗炎镇痛效应及其潜在分子机制,采用小鼠热板实验、小鼠福尔马林炎症疼痛模型和原代培养的背根神经节神经元细胞对疼痛指标和炎症相关分子进行了检测。实验结果显示枸杞多糖能显著缓解后足注射福尔马林引起的动物II相痛表现(P <0. 05),减少动物两后足重量差值(P <0. 001)和血液(P <0. 001)、脊髓(P <0. 05)组织中白细胞介素6的含量,而对小鼠热板潜伏期无明显影响;枸杞多糖降低原代培养的DRG细胞膜上TRPV1介导的钙信号(P <0. 05)。结果证明枸杞多糖具有良好的抗炎镇痛作用,其镇痛机制可能与降低炎症因子白细胞介素6表达及其引起的TRPV1活性增加有关。