急进高原缺氧环境下TLR4、HIF-1α对肠黏膜屏障的影响

机体急进高原时,随着海拔增高氧分压不断降低,出现低氧反应,导致机体各个器官出现严重的损伤和一系列病理生理改变。肠道是连接人体与外部环境之间最大的通道,也是最大的免疫器官,可以阻挡外界有害物质对人体的侵袭。在急进高原缺氧环境下肠道损伤尤为明显,可引起肠黏膜屏障功能不同程度的损伤,导致机体出现明显的胃肠道不适症状,如腹泻、恶心、呕吐、厌食等,严重者可引起全身炎症反应综合征,甚至多器官功能衰竭及死亡。急进高原缺氧环境下肠黏膜屏障损伤的具体机制仍未明确,越来越多的证据表明肠黏膜屏障损伤与固有免疫的重要组成部分Toll样受体及缺氧诱导因子相关,同时Toll样受体4与缺氧诱导因子-lα被认为是炎症和缺氧最主要的信号因子,两者在肠黏膜屏障功能损伤研究中的作用尤为重要,本文将急进高原缺氧环境下Toll样受体4与缺氧诱导因子-lα对肠黏膜屏障的影响作一简要概述。     

高原环境胃肠黏膜损伤研究进展

高原环境的特殊性是导致高原胃肠病的主要因素。高原胃肠病是近年来逐渐深入研究的高原病之一,研究高原肠黏膜损伤机制及其防治对降低高原病发病率、保障高原地区居民的健康尤为重要。本文就高原缺氧对肠黏膜损伤机制及其防治研究进展作一综述。     

缺氧环境下自噬对肠黏膜屏障的影响

肠黏膜屏障是机体屏障系统的重要组成部分,可有效阻止肠道寄生菌及其毒素向肠腔外组织移位,防止机体受内源性微生物及其毒素的侵害.自噬在各种生命活动中发挥着重要作用.在缺血缺氧等应激状态下,自噬对细胞存活、清除细胞内衰老细胞器等起重要作用.缺氧可诱导自噬.多数情况下自噬被认为是细胞的一种保护作用,然而在某些条件下细胞过度自噬也能导致细胞凋亡.肠黏膜屏障损伤的研究是目前医学研究领域的一个重要课题,本文就自噬在缺氧环境下对肠黏膜屏障的影响做一综述.     

基于线粒体调节的高原缺氧损伤防治药物靶点

高原地区海拔高、气压低、氧供不足,这种特殊环境会对机体造成不同程度的损伤,随着共建"一带一路"战略的提出和实施,赴高原人口逐年增加,寻找有效的抗缺氧药物刻不容缓。线粒体是细胞内最大的耗氧细胞器,也是产能细胞器,其结构和功能的变化对维持机体正常运转十分重要。研究表明,线粒体在高原缺氧发生发展过程中作用巨大,其结构可作为抗高原缺氧的药物靶点如:线粒体基因组、可塑性相关蛋白、膜通透性转换孔等。本文将对这些基于线粒体结构调节的高原缺氧损伤防治的靶点进行总结,以期为抗高原缺氧新药研究提供思路和参考。     

急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬变化的初步研究

目的探讨急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬的变化情况。方法50只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组：平原组,急进高原6h组、12h组、24h组、48h组,每组各10只。通过低压低氧动物实验舱模拟急进海拔4767m建立急进高原大鼠模型。观察各组大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤情况,用透射电镜观察肠上皮细胞中自噬体;用免疫组织化学法检测肠上皮细胞中自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达。结果与平原组比较,急进高原组可使其肠黏膜机械屏障发生损伤,并且在急进高原肠黏膜损伤6h后可观测到自噬体,24h后检测到自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达显著增高（P〈0．01）。结论急进高原组大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后自噬相关蛋白Beclinl及LC3B表达明显增加,表明急进高原大鼠肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后细胞自噬活性上调。     

谷氨酰胺对急进高原大鼠肠道微生态影响的实验研究

目的探讨谷氨酰胺对急进高原大鼠小肠黏膜形态结构及肠道微生态的影响。方法W istar大鼠50只,随机分为5组:对照组(A组)、3848米未干预组(B组)、3848米谷氨酰胺干预组(C组)、4767米未干预组(D组)和4767米谷氨酰胺干预组(E组),每组10只,急进海拔3848米和4767米造成大鼠急性缺氧模型,检测小肠黏膜上皮细胞形态结构、肠道菌群失衡及细菌易位的变化。结果高海拔缺氧组大鼠小肠黏膜变薄、肠黏膜水肿、绒毛短缩,肠道菌群失衡显著高于对照组(P0.05),且随着海拔升高,菌群失衡更明显。不同海拔高度细菌易位率也有差异。经谷氨酰胺干预后,肠道的菌群失衡及细菌易位率与高海拔缺氧组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论急进高原缺氧环境可导致小肠黏膜损伤、肠道菌群失衡及细菌易位,肠黏膜屏障破坏,且随着海拔升高而上述改变更明显。谷氨酰胺具有保护肠黏膜屏障及调节肠道菌群失衡的作用。     

添加益生元对急进高原大鼠肠黏膜屏障紧密连接蛋白Occludin的作用研究

目的探讨通过灌胃的方式给予益生元(低聚半乳糖)对急进高原大鼠肠黏膜屏障紧密连接Occludin蛋白的表达及作用。方法在3848米建立高原缺氧模型大鼠共48只,随机选24只为高原缺氧对照组,另24只为添加益生元组,再按2 d、4 d和6 d时间点,分为6组,每组8只。采用免疫组织化学法检测Occludin蛋白表达,用ELISA法测定回肠组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-10(IL-10)。结果和高原缺氧组各时间点比较,添加益生元组Occludin蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01),TNF-α水平降低、IL-10水平升高(P<0.05)。结论益生元可以增加急进高原缺氧大鼠肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白Occludin的表达,改善高原缺氧对大鼠肠黏膜屏障的破坏。     

抗缺氧中药研究进展

氧气是生命活动必不可少的物质基础,由高原低压低氧及呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病等内外界因素引起的缺氧可导致线粒体损伤,能量代谢紊乱,氧化应激,炎症爆发等一系列反应,进而损伤机体。研发安全、有效的治疗药物显得尤为重要。近年来大量研究表明,中药在抗缺氧方面有巨大的潜力。本文归纳总结了抗缺氧中药单体化合物、中药提取物及中药复方的研究进展,为抗缺氧中药的深入研究和开发提供思路,为其临床应用提供参考。     

缺氧诱导血管新生机制的研究新进展

缺氧是机体在缺血、肿瘤等病理因素或高原环境下局部或整体出现的一种内环境状态。大量的研究表明,缺氧可以诱导相应组织血管新生。近年来,我们已逐渐认识到,缺氧可以通过调节几种生长因子的表达以及炎症介质的直接或间接作用促进血管的新生,其中又以血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体的研究较为深人。对于这些机制的研究,为临床治疗缺血或肿瘤性疾病以及研究高原习服等问题提供了有价值的参考。     

低压低氧对氧化-抗氧化系统的影响

低压低氧引起机体各组织器官的病理生理变化,其中氧化应激损伤是大多数疾病的病理生理基础。大量研究发现,低压低氧导致机体内抗氧化酶水平降低,而脂质过氧化终产物丙二醛水平升高,表明低压低氧加重机体的氧化应激损伤。本文描述急性低压低氧暴露以及间歇性低压低氧预处理对氧化-抗氧化系统的影响,并阐述世居高原人群的高原适应性,就不同类型低压低氧对机体氧化-抗氧化系统的影响作一综述。急性低压低氧不仅影响抗氧化酶活性,而且具有抑制抗细胞凋亡蛋白,促进缺氧细胞凋亡的作用,影响氧化-抗氧化系统的平衡。而间歇性慢性低压低氧预处理则对组织器官具有保护作用,为治疗心血管疾病提供了一条非药物治疗的可能途径。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.