On relations between sets

With a view to future applications in relational biology, the notion of relations between sets is introduced and several theorems are demonstrated.     

Effect of increased diuresis on the renal excretion of sulfamerazine]

The excretion velocity of sulfamerazine is very slow, caused by a high reabsortion rate in renal tubuli. An increased diuresis by i.p. administration of saline or p.o. load with water has no effect on the sulfamerazine excretion velocity. The enhanced diuresis is accompanied by a decrease of the urine pH-value and consequently by a decreased dissociation rate of sulfamerazine.     

On relations between sets: III

The theory of relations between sets, proposed and outlined in previous publications (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961;28, 117–124, 1966;28, 309–313, 1966), is tentatively expanded and generalized with a view to biological applications.     

On relations between sets: II

The notion of relations between sets, defined in a previous publication (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961) is generalized and some biological examples are given. A generalization ton-ary relation is suggested.     

On the relations between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in Rana temporaria

Summary Dawson (1952) showed that, in Rana, many nerve terminals end round the capillaries of the venous portal system of the median eminence. Our observations not only confirm these facts but show as well that, besides the posterior lobe, the outer zone of the median eminence is also a centre of accumulation of neurosecretory material derived from the pre-optic nucleus. The amount of this neurosecretory material is moreover subject to a certain variation in connection with the seasons and with experimental conditions. The idea is put forward that the outer zone of the median eminence of Rana has to be considered as an analogical organ of the posterior lobe. Indeed, in the median eminence, the same morphological facts can be found, which are advanced for the conception that the posterior lobe is a centre of accumulation and a place of release of neurosecretory material originating from the pre-optic nucleus. On the basis of our observations we presume that the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of Rana can be divided in two sub-units. System I ends in the posterior lobe; system II in the outer zone of the median eminence. The data of the literature indicate that the two systems also probably exist in the higher vertebrates. From these facts it is obvious that the neurosecretory material is transported from the pre-optic nucleus, via the tract, towards the outer zone of the median eminence.     

An increase in the excretion of total protein and albumin by the human kidney during water diuresis

The rate of excretion of the total protein and albumin during an increase in diuresis after water loading was studied in healthy volunteers. In the control period, the excretion of protein (7.3–11.1 mg/2 h) and albumin (0.29–0.42 mg/2 h) was within of the physiological norm range. Water loading (20 ml/kg) caused water diuresis, urine formation rate increased by a factor of 15, and the reabsorption of solute-free water changed into its excretion. The increase in diuresis was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in the urinary protein and albumin excretion, as well as by an increase in the protein-to-creatinine ratio. After water loading, the excretion of total protein, as compared to the initial period, increased by a factor of 8.4, and of the albumin excretion, by a factor of 2.8, exceeding the generally accepted limits of the norm. The role of intraglomerule hemodynamics in the development of physiological proteinuria related to water diuresis is discussed.