不同灌溉方式下土玉米根际硝态氮的分布

实验着重研究分根条件下常规灌溉、交替灌溉和固定灌溉玉米苗期根际硝态氮的分布, 研究结果表明不同灌水方式下,玉米根际硝态氮的分布不同.在这3种灌水方式的湿润区,NO-3-N的累积趋势为交替灌水＞固定灌水＞常规灌水.     

不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响

在田间试验条件下,以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式,W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式,W3)、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式,W4)5种灌溉模式,每处理每次灌水量均为600 m3·hm-2,研究了山东泰安偏旱年份(2009-2010年)不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)与传统灌溉模式(W4)籽粒产量差异不显著,但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式,与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W3)相比,其小麦籽粒产量明显提高,水分利用效率无显著差异;越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高,且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0 ～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式,降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.     

变饱和带条件下污水灌溉对土壤氮素运移和冬小麦生长的影响

为了研究地下水浅埋区污水灌溉对土壤环境及作物生长的影响,设置地下水埋深(2、3m和4m)和灌水水量(900m3·hm-2和1200m3·hm-2)2个因素,对冬小麦全生育期土壤氮素和冬小麦生长发育指标进行试验,试验在地中渗透仪中进行.结果显示:灌水后,不同处理土壤中硝态氮含量均显著增加,灌水水平越高,土壤中硝态氮含量增加越多;灌水后,灌水水平B1(900 m3·hm-2)不同潜水埋深地下水硝态氮分别增加34.67%、24.94%、20.88%;灌水水平B2(1200 m3·hm-2)不同潜水埋深地下水硝态氮分别增加58.42%、38.98%、27.21%.潜水埋深越浅,地下水中硝态氮的浓度增加越大,这也就表明由于淋溶和硝化作用产生的硝态氮造成浅层地下水污染的风险越大.污水灌溉对冬小麦的生长发育指标和产量有促进作用;相同灌水水平(B1 和B2),地下水埋深影响冬小麦生长发育指标的大小顺序为:2m＞3m＞4m.     

控制性分根交替灌溉下氮形态对番茄生长、果实产量及品质的影响

以高产大果型西红柿品种中研988为材料,采用分根培养的方法,研究了控制性分根交替灌溉(APRI)条件下,不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮)对番茄生长、产量及果实品质的影响.结果表明: 同一灌溉方式或下限处理下,铵态氮对番茄植株前期生长有利,而硝态氮促进番茄植株后期生长,并促进果实产量增加.在APRI同一灌水下限下,硝态氮处理可提高果实维生素C含量及糖酸比,提高营养品质.同一氮素形态供应下,APRI番茄的株高和叶面积均小于正常灌溉(CK),但灌水下限为60%田间持水量(θ_f)的APRI处理番茄茎粗在生长后期有所增加.在同一氮素形态下,与CK相比,APRI各处理的产量均下降,其中灌水下限在40%θ_f的APRI处理产量下降了22.4%～26.3%;而灌水下限在60% θ_f的APRI处理仅下降了5.3%～5.4%,下降幅度相对较小,而品质显著提高,并具有明显的节水效果.因此,控制灌水下限在60%θ_f、供应硝态氮的APRI处理为番茄高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.
     

氮素形态对专用小麦中后期根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮对强筋小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)"豫麦34"、中筋小麦"豫麦49"和弱筋小麦"豫麦50"生育中后期根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,专用小麦根际真菌、细菌、放线菌数量和土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶活性以及根际pH值对氮素形态的反应不同."豫麦34"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌(除成熟期外)和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用;"豫麦49"施用铵态氮,根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量最大,根际真菌数量在孕穗期和开花期以酰胺态氮处理最大,而成熟期以硝态氮处理最大;"豫麦50"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用.不同专用小麦品种均表现为在酰胺态氮处理下,根际土壤脲酶活性最高;在铵态氮处理下,根际土壤蛋白酶活性最高;在硝态氮处理下,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性和pH值最高.     

施氮量对夏玉米根际和非根际土壤酶活性及氮含量的影响

在华北平原潮土上进行田间试验,研究施氮量对夏玉米根际和非根际土壤酶活性及氮含量的影响.结果表明: 不同施氮水平下土壤酶活性均表现出一致的季节性变化趋势.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理能显著提高根际和非根际土壤硝态氮含量及根际土壤铵态氮含量,显著增强土壤几丁质酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性.在整个玉米生育期内,非根际土壤硝态氮含量显著高于根际土壤;非根际土壤铵态氮含量在灌浆期显著高于根际土壤,但在苗期和完熟期则显著低于根际土壤;根际土壤几丁质酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性都显著高于非根际土壤.施氮对土壤有机质含量没有显著影响;在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮范围内,施氮可明显增加土壤全氮含量,但当施氮量超过180 kg·hm^-2时,土壤全氮含量则明显下降.综上,适量施氮能显著增强土壤酶活性,提高土壤全氮含量,改善土壤生化性质.     

干旱荒漠区不同灌木根际与非根际土壤氮素的含量特征

选取广泛分布于阿拉善干旱荒漠区的白刺、霸王、红砂、沙冬青、沙木蓼、梭梭和驼绒藜7种不同的旱生灌木,研究其根际与非根际土壤各种形态氮素、有机碳的含量特征及土壤pH的变化.结果表明,相对于非根际土壤,根际土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮分别平均高24.9%、24.5%和65.1%,土壤有机碳平均高出18.5%,土壤pH值平均低0.14个单位.根际与非根际土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳和pH之间都呈现出了极显著差异(p<0.01).7种灌木根际土壤全氮、硝态氮和有机碳含量均比非根际土壤含量高.除沙冬青根际铵态氮含量较非根际低以外,其余6种灌木根际土壤铵态氮含量均高于非根际土壤.梭梭的根际土壤pH高于非根际,其它6种灌木均是根际pH低于非根际土壤.在根际与非根际,土壤有机碳与土壤全氮之间均呈显著相关,二者表现为线性关系.而土壤全氮与铵态氮在根际与非根际则均无相关性,全氮与硝态氮在根际和非根际土壤均显著相关,且二者也呈线性相关.     

水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响

以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.     

氮素形态对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响

水培条件下,研究不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白,以及甘氨酸与硝态氮、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮的混合氮源)对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响.结果表明:不同氮素形态对小白菜质量、碳氮积累量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量的影响不同;硝态氮处理下小白菜地上部分和根的干质量与鲜质量均最大;甘氨酸对小白菜根系的生长及碳氮积累具有明显的促进作用;在3种氨基酸中,谷氨酰胺更有利于小白菜地上部分的生长和氮积累.聚类分析表明,9种氮素形态处理按营养效应大小分为:硝态氮、谷氨酰胺＞甘氨酸与硝态氮混合氮源、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮混合氮源、甘氨酸、铵态氮＞丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白、对照.有机氮源可以作为小白菜生长的氮源,不同的氮素形态对植物产生的生理效应不同.     

根分泌物对根际矿物营养及根际微生物的效应

综述了根系分泌物对植物生长的生理生态学效应,并就根系分泌物的定义、产生机制、组成成分和影响因素等方面进行了讨论。指出根系分泌物在缓解低矿物营养胁迫对植株造成的伤害及决定根际微生物的种群密度和数量方面起着重要的作用;根系分泌物的产生机制多样,组成成分复杂,影响因素繁多。对根分泌物的深入研究有助于进一步了解植物体与土壤间进行的生理生化过程及其调控机制。     

The interconnected rhizosphere: High network complexity dominates rhizosphere assemblages

While interactions between roots and microorganisms have been intensively studied, we know little about interactions among root‐associated microbes. We used random matrix theory‐based network analysis of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial networks associated with wild oat (Avena fatua) over two seasons in greenhouse microcosms. Rhizosphere networks were substantially more complex than those in surrounding soils, indicating the rhizosphere has a greater potential for interactions and niche‐sharing. Network complexity increased as plants grew, even as diversity decreased, highlighting that community organisation is not captured by univariate diversity. Covariations were predominantly positive (> 80%), suggesting that extensive mutualistic interactions may occur among rhizosphere bacteria; we identified quorum‐based signalling as one potential strategy. Putative keystone taxa often had low relative abundances, suggesting low‐abundance taxa may significantly contribute to rhizosphere function. Network complexity, a previously undescribed property of the rhizosphere microbiome, appears to be a defining characteristic of this habitat.     

Models of the rhizosphere

A mathematical model has been developed which is capable of simulating the population dynamics of microbial biomass surrounding a root which is releasing soluble and insoluble carbon compounds into the soil. The model simulates the interconversions of C between different pools within the soil as well as the diffusion and mass flow of soluble carbon. Two main aspects of carbon release were examined: (i) a strategy where exudate was released uniformly over the root surface was compared to the case where exudation was confined to a small region behind the root tip; (ii) the situation in which all the C released was in soluble form was compared to the case of an approximately equal partition between soluble and insoluble forms. Substantial differences between the different simulations were found. It was shown that the maximum concentration and penetration of soluble exudates differed markedly between different simulations and the implications of this for micronutrient acquisition by phytosiderophores and for colonisation of the rhizosphere by root pathogens were discussed. The different simulations also predicted very different biomass distributions in the rhizosphere in both space and time.     

Osmotolerance of diazotrophic rhizosphere bacteria

In the genusAzospirillum tolerance towards high concentrations of sodium chloride, sucrose or polyethylene glycol increased in the orderA. amazonense A. lipoferum A. brasilense andA. halopraeferens. InA. brasilense andA. halopraeferens the compatible solutes trehaloseglutamate and an unknown compound were identified.A. halopraeferens only could convert choline to the potent compatible solute glycine betaine.Acetobacter diazotrophicus tolerated high concentrations ofsucrose and polyethylene glycol, but was very sensitive towards sodium chloride. In contrast to the more osmotolerantAzospirillum spp. amino acids such as glutamate, serine and histidine were efficiently utilized as carbon and nitrogen sources and betaine, choline and proline did not relieve osmotic stress.New halotolerant bacteria (strains BE and TC) were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice growing in alkaline, saline soil in India. They were oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, very motile bacteria, which showed pleomorphic growth. In semisolid nitrogen free mineral medium they grew and fixed nitrogen microaerobically. These isolates required sodium ions for growth and they tolerated up to 2M sodium chloride in nitrogen containing mineral medium. At osmotic stress conditions the efficient compatible solute ectoine was synthesized.     

茶树根际微生物研究

利用选择性培养基,对土壤肥力肥沃、中等、贫瘠茶园的茶树根际细菌、真菌和放线菌进行了分离。根据菌体形态及培养特征、生理生化指标、DNA的G Cmol％值等,对根际细菌进行了鉴定和分类。研究了不同肥力、不同茶龄的茶园根际细菌的数量和类群的变化;根际真菌的数量变化;根际放线菌的数量变化。主要结果为：土壤肥沃的茶园根际细菌的数量最多,土壤贫瘠的茶园数量最少;相同土壤肥力的茶园,10年生茶园根际细菌的数量最多,4年生的次之,20年生的最少。根际真菌的数量,土壤肥沃茶园的较少,中等和贫瘠茶园的较多。根际放线菌的数量,20年生茶园的明显高于4年生和10年生茶园的,而且,土壤贫瘠茶园的数量较多。从9种不同类型茶园中分离获得的纯化细菌经鉴定分别属于20个属,中等肥力的茶园最适于多数细菌的生长与繁殖,类群最为丰富,但类群的优势度低于另外两种土壤;不同茶龄的茶园随着茶龄的增加,肥沃茶园和中等茶园的根际中有较多的细菌类群定殖,但20a茶龄的类群较少;贫瘠茶园类群的优势度最大。     

Investigations into rhizosphere microflora

Summary Effect of light and dark treatments on rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora of two crops,viz Triticum aestivum. Linn. andHordeum vulgare Linn. has been investigated. Higher microbial population was recorded from the rhizosphere of plants exposed to continuous light while continuous dark set harboured lesser microflora. The microflora in 12 hours alternate light and dark set exhibited an intermediate condition. Amino acids (both qualitatively and quantitatively) in root extracts were the least in continuous dark and the maximum in continuous light set. The variation in root leakage, physiological and morphological condition of the plants was thought to be the cause for change in microbial activity. A part of the Ph. D. thesis approved by University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, India (1969).     

Engineering the plant rhizosphere

1. Download : Download high-res image (64KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image